劉世一

gold, golden

（1）gold “金子的”、“含金的”、“金（制）的”。指含有金子，像金子或由金子做成的，沒有比較級，只能出現(xiàn)在被修飾的名詞前面。

He jumped into the water and brought up a gold axe.

他躍身跳入水中，撈上來一把金斧頭。

He once worked in a gold mine. 他曾在一個金礦工作過。

Mrs. Smith bought a gold watch. 史密斯太太買了一塊金表。

（2）golden “金黃色的”、“黃金般的”。一般指外表像金子或具有金子的光澤。為性質(zhì)形容詞，可以有比較級。該詞用于轉(zhuǎn)義時，含有“寶貴”的意義。

Overhead, he saw great golden stars.

在頭頂上空，他看到一顆顆金色的大星星。

A girl with golden hair was sitting beside him.

他身旁坐著一位金發(fā)女郎。

In early June, you will see vast stretches of golden wheat everywhere.

六月初，到處可以看到一望無際的金黃色的麥子。

could, can

（1）can表示能力，意為“能、能夠、會”。表示許可，意為“可以、可能”，相當(dāng)于may。如：

I can speak a little Japanese. 我能說一點(diǎn)兒日語。

You can/may go home now. 現(xiàn)在你可以回家了。

在否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中，表示說話人“懷疑、猜測、驚異、不肯定、不相信”的態(tài)度。如：

He cant be more than thirty. 他不可能超過三十歲。

Can the news be true? 這個消息會是真的嗎？

How can you be so careless! 你怎么會如此粗心！

表示建議或請求時，可用Can I (we)…?和Can you…?結(jié)構(gòu)，語氣比較客氣。如：

Can we go now? 我們現(xiàn)在可以走了嗎？

Can you come here for a minute, please? 請你到這兒來一下，好嗎？

（2）could表示過去的能力或可能性。用來表示請求許可，此時could并不表示過去，它可與can互換，只是用could更婉轉(zhuǎn)、更客氣。如：

She said she could swim at the age of four. 她說她四歲時就會游泳。

Could you tell me the way to the post office?

請告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？

Could/Can you give me a cup of tea? 請給我一杯茶喝，好嗎？

但要注意的是，could表示請求時主要用于疑問句中，答語中不能用could。其應(yīng)答語是肯定的，通?？梢哉fCertainly./Of course./With pleasure.等；若應(yīng)答語是否定的可以說Im sorry I cant./No, Im afraid not.等。如：

——Could you help me carry the new books to the classroom?

請你幫我把新書搬到教室里去好嗎？

——Certainly.當(dāng)然可以。

——Could you lend me your pen? 我可以借用你的鋼筆嗎？

——Yes, you can./No, you cant. 可以。/不行。

當(dāng)用于疑問句中和否定句中表示“驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度”,這時could也可與can互換，只是could的語氣比can緩和一些。如：

How could he be so happy? 他怎么會如此高興？

The sweater is so old; it couldnt/cant be Lilys.

這件毛衣如此舊了，它不可能是莉莉的。

join， join in, take part in

（1）join意為“加入某一種組織，成為其中一員”，后面還可接表示人的名詞或代詞，表示加入到某人或某些人的行列中去。join是非延續(xù)性動詞，不可與時間段狀語連用，這時可用be with, 這一短語表示狀態(tài)，可與時間段連用。

I joined the army three years ago. 我三年前就參軍了。

My uncle joined the Party in 1978. 我叔叔是1978年入黨的。

Ive been with the group for many years.

我參加這個組織已經(jīng)多年了。

（2）join in表示“加入”，“參與”某種活動，in之后可接名詞或v-ing形式，表示“參加某人的活動”，可以說join sb. in (doing) sth.。

He joined them in the work. 他同他們一起工作。

Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我們一起打籃球好嗎？

（3）take part in指參加會議或群眾性活動，重在說明句子主語參加該項(xiàng)活動并在其中發(fā)揮的作用。

The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday.

昨天老師參加了我們的討論。

When will you take part in the meeting? 你將什么時候參加會議？

注意：join in后面可以不跟賓語，take part in后面必須跟賓語。

start, begin

（1）begin是很普通的用語。指開始某一行動或進(jìn)程，與end相對。

New term begins on September first. 新學(xué)期九月一日開始。

The English evening will begin at 9:00. 英語晚會九點(diǎn)開始。

What time do you begin school? 你什么時候開始上學(xué)？

（2）start動作性較強(qiáng)，著重于開始或著手這一點(diǎn)，帶有突然開始的意思，其反義詞為stop。

Lets start to sweep the room at once.

咱們現(xiàn)在就立刻開始打掃這個房間吧。

As soon as we got there, it started raining. 我們一到那兒就下雨了。

（3）這兩個動詞都可以作及物或不及物動詞，作及物動詞時都可跟名詞、動詞-ing形式或動詞不定式。在許多場合它們實(shí)際上沒有什么差異。

Shall we start/begin dinner? 我們可以吃飯了嗎？

Hell begin/start working. 他將開始工作。

When did we start/begin this lesson?

我們是什么時候開始講這一課的？

但是，在表示“（機(jī)器）開動”、“創(chuàng)辦”，“開設(shè)”、 “出發(fā)”，“動身”等情況時，只能用start,不能用begin。

The man cant start the car. 這輛車這個人發(fā)動不起來。

He started a new shop last year. 去年他新開了一家商店。

We must start early. 我們得早點(diǎn)出發(fā)。

how long, how soon

（1）how long是“多久（時間）”的意思，表示的是多長時間。用于對時間段提問，詢問某一動作進(jìn)行多長時間了。

It takes two months to finish the work. (對劃線部分提問）

→How long does it take to finish the work?

（2）how soon是“過多久”的意思，用于將來時態(tài)的問句中，回答用“in+ 一段時間”的時間狀語。

We can be ready in five minutes. (對劃線部分提問）

→How soon can you be ready?

練習(xí)：

根據(jù)句意用所給詞語的適當(dāng)形式完成句子。

1. gold, golden

① He bought a ____ ring for his wife.

② The ____ sunshine made the place look even more beautiful.

③ Overhead, he saw the ____ sun hanging in the sky.

④ Did you hear the story about the ____ mountain?

⑤ He often went to the beach and enjoyed the ____ sunset on the sea.

2. can, could

① ____ you speak Chinese?

② He ____ speak English very well now.

③ ____ you tell me about it?

④ She ____ not ride a bicycle last year.

⑤ ____ I take this book home to read?

⑥ ____ you carry the heavy box?

⑦ Turn around; you ____ took this way.

3. join, join in， take part in

① My father is going to ____ the parents meeting.

② They danced and danced until a lot of us ____.

③ You go first. Ill ____ you soon.

④ We ____ the peasants ____ getting in the rice.

⑤ We hope everybody will ____ this struggle.

⑥ Have you ____ the League?

4. begin, start

① The children like to see the train ____.

② The students ____ doing their homework.

③ He ____ a newspaper last month.

④ School ____ at eight. The children all ____ early.

⑤ It ____ to get dark before we know it.

⑥ I ____ at seven and arrived at nine.

5. how long， how soon

① ——____ will George come back from Australia?

——In four days.

②——____ have Henry and Emma been in China?

——For about two years.

③——____ will your father leave for London?

——In a week, I think.

④——____ did it take you to finish the work, Jenny?

——Three days.

Keys:

1.①gold ②golden ③golden ④gold ⑤golden

2.①Can/Could ②can ③Can/Could ④could ⑤Could/Can ⑥Can ⑦can

3.①take part in ②joined in ③join ④joined, in ⑤join in/take part in

⑥joined

4.①start ②began/started ③started ④begins/starts, start ⑤began/started

⑥started

5.①How soon ②How long ③How soon ④How long