張菲菲

高考英語書面表達(dá)的評分原則中有五個檔次，這五個檔次對過渡性詞語的使用都有明確的規(guī)定。

過渡性詞語的恰當(dāng)使用不僅關(guān)系到書面表達(dá)的質(zhì)量，而且直接影響著考生書面表達(dá)的成績。為此，筆者特意總結(jié)了高考中常用的過渡性詞語，并利用近兩年的高考題進(jìn)行有針對性的訓(xùn)練，希望對考生有所幫助。

一、 過渡詞的種類

1. 根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，過渡詞可以分為以下十五類：

（1）表并列關(guān)系的過渡詞:

and, also, as well, as well as，or, too, not only ... but also, both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor

（2）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡詞:

besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover (此外，而且), whats more（更重要的是），whats worse（更糟糕的是）

（3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對比的過渡詞：

but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary(相反), although, despite, in spite of, whereas（而）, unlike, nevertheless（然而）, not only ... but also, here ... there,years ago ... today, this ... that, the former ... the latter, then ... now, the first ...whereas the second, once ... now, on the one hand ... on the other hand, some ... others

（4）表原因的過渡詞:

because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）

（5）表結(jié)果的過渡詞:

so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby（從而）, hence（因此）, so ... that, such ... that

（6）表條件的過渡詞:

if, unless, on condition that（條件是）, as/ so long as（只要）

（7）表時間的過渡詞:

when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards（事后）, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, from now on, at present, immediately, the moment

（8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過渡詞:

first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s) （后來）, meanwhile（幾乎同時）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（終于）

（9）表換一種方式表達(dá)的過渡詞:

in other words, that is to say, to put it another way

（10）表進(jìn)行舉例說明的過渡詞:

for instance, for example, like, such as

（11）表陳述事實(shí)的過渡詞:

in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth

（12）表強(qiáng)調(diào)的過渡詞:

certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously

（13）表比較的過渡詞：

like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to

（14）表目的的過渡詞：

for this reason, for this purpose(為此), so that, in order to, so as to

（15）表總結(jié)的過渡詞:

in a word(總之，簡言之), in general, in short(總之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary

2. 文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合?！皢ⅰ本褪情_頭, “承”是承接，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)。

（1）用于“啟”的過渡詞語(常用在段落或文章的開頭)

first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,

It is often said that ...

As the proverb says ...

It goes without saying that ...

It is clear / obvious that ...

Many people often ask ...

（2）用于“承”的過渡詞語(通常用在段落中的第一個擴(kuò)展句中)

second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，

It is true that ...

Everybody knows that ...

It can be easily proved that ...

No one can deny that ...

The reason why ... is that ...

There is no doubt that ...

To take ... for an example (instance)...

We know that ...

What is more serious is that ...

（3）用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞語(通常用在段落中的第二個擴(kuò)展句中)

but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(無論如何), nevertheless(雖然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ... , yet, instead,

I do not believe that ...

Perhaps youll ask why ...

This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to ...

Though we are in basic agreement with ..., yet differences will be found,

Thats why I feel that ...

（4）用于“合”的過渡詞語(通常用在段落的結(jié)論句或文章的結(jié)論段中)

in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(畢竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(總之), on the whole(就整體而言), to sum up

From this point of view ...

On account of this we can find that ...

The result is dependent on ...

Thus, this is the reason why we must ...

二、過渡詞的應(yīng)用實(shí)例

有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過多的簡單句，成了簡單句的堆砌；有的寫復(fù)雜句時，動輒用so， and， then， but， or， however， yet等，這非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用不同的過渡詞來出現(xiàn)豐富句型，把思想表達(dá)得更清楚，意義更連貫。例如：

1. 學(xué)生習(xí)作

TV and website

TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.

They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.

Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporters.

Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.

這段文字多用簡單句來表達(dá)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果合理使用過渡詞，將單句前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就能把一個比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

修改后的文章：

TV and website

Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.

However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites changes all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporters.

In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.

三、選用所提供的過渡性詞語填入所給的段落中的空白處，使之意義通順，邏輯貫通。

（1）

2005年湖北卷(in fact, in my opinion，for one reason， so, for another reason, therefore)

Im very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. Ive been thinking about the question you asked me. __________________, you should come back after you finish your studies abroad.__________________ , what you are studying is badly needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job.__________________, I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you.__________________ , I think it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parents as they are getting old.

________________________ , I think its a good idea for you to return.________________________what are you waiting for?

（2）

2005年福建卷 (in my opinion, it is known to us all, whats more, on the other hand, so, but, instead of )

My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations________________________that some students cheat in examinations at school.

As students, we often take examinations at school,__________________sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us.__________________ , some of us are lazy and dont work hard at our lessons.______ ____________ when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.

________________________, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard______ cheating in examinations.__________________ , we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.

(3)

2006年福建卷(as we all know, only in this way, surely, therefore, in my opinion, however, as well as, besides )

__________________, we are what we eat.

______________________________, its very important for us to form healthy eating habits.

__________________ , bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us often go to school without breakfast; some like to have snacks; some others are particular about food; and still some eat or drink too much. All these bad habits will____________ do harm to our health.

To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit______ main food.____________, wed better have meals regularly.

______________________________, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body.______________________________ can we have enough energy to study better.

參考答案：

(1)

In my opinion, For one reason, In fact, For another reason, Therefore, So

(2)

Its known to us all, but, On the other hand, So, In my opinion, instead of, Whats more

(3)

As we all know, Therefore, However, surely, as well as, Besides, In my opinion, Only in this way