02月 The Far Side(非主流)
Prostitution: Legal or Illegal in Canada?
編輯_朱一翔 設(shè)計(jì)_任曉強(qiáng)
Prostitution means exchanging sex for money. Prostitution is legal in Canada and it is legal to be a sex worker, but it's nearly impossible for sex workers to practice prostitution without breaking the law and risking criminal charges.
賣淫意即用性活動(dòng)換取金錢。在加拿大,賣淫是合法的。作為一名性工作者本身是合法的,但是性工作者從事賣淫活動(dòng)的同時(shí)又不觸犯法律和遭受刑事指控的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則幾乎不可能。
Four sections in the Criminal Code make almost every activity related to prostitution illegal and prohibit prostitution in almost every public or private place:
Section 210 outlaws what are called \"common bawdy-houses\".
Section 211 makes it illegal to take or direct a person to a bawdy-house.
Section 212 prohibits \"procuring\" prostitution or \"living on the avails\" of prostitution.
Section 213 outlaws \"communicating in public for the purposes of prostitution\".
加拿大刑法有四節(jié)規(guī)定幾乎將所有與賣淫有關(guān)的活動(dòng)都視為非法,并禁止幾乎所有公共或私人場(chǎng)所的賣淫活動(dòng)。
第210條規(guī)定所謂的“一般的妓院”為非法。
第211條將帶領(lǐng)或指引某人去妓院視為非法。
第212條禁止“拉皮條”或“依靠賣淫收入生活”。
第213條禁止“以賣淫為目的而在公共場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行的聯(lián)絡(luò)”。
Bawdy-houses
妓院
The Criminal Code says a \"common bawdy-house\" is any place that someone keeps or occupies for the purpose of prostitution. Bawdy-houses could include sex workers' homes, hotels, massage parlours, or even parking lots and cars.
加拿大刑法規(guī)定,“一般的妓院”即個(gè)人經(jīng)營(yíng)或占有的任何一個(gè)地方。妓院可包括性工作的家、旅館、按摩院,甚至停車場(chǎng)和小汽車。
The bawdy-house laws force sex workers to make a difficult choice. If a sex worker wants to work indoors in a place where they have more control over their own safety, they risk being charged under the bawdy-house laws. If they choose to do out-calls or work on the street, this usually means giving up control over their working situation - and in the case of working on the street, they risk being charged with \"communicating in public for the purposes of prostitution\".
有關(guān)妓院的法律規(guī)定迫使性工作者不得不做出艱難的選擇。如果一名性工作者想要在一個(gè)能保障自己安全的室內(nèi)從事賣淫活動(dòng),她們就要冒著依據(jù)這些規(guī)定被指控的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但如果她們選擇電話應(yīng)召或在街頭從事賣淫活動(dòng),通常就意味著對(duì)他們的工作處境失去了控制。假如她們?cè)诮诸^招攬生意,就有可能以“以賣淫為目的在公共場(chǎng)合進(jìn)行的聯(lián)絡(luò)”的罪名而遭指控。
Procuring and Living on the Avails
“拉皮條”和“靠賣淫收入生活”
The sections of the Criminal Code that prohibit procuring and \"living on the avails of prostitution\" make it hard for sex workers to work in ways that promote their safety and can make some of sex workers' personal relationships criminal.
加拿大刑法中禁止“拉皮條”和“靠賣淫收入生活”的規(guī)定使得性工作者很難在從事賣淫活動(dòng)時(shí)提高自身安全,還會(huì)使性工作者的一些賣淫活動(dòng)成為非法。
\"Procuring\" makes it illegal for a sex worker to refer a client to another sex worker, to arrange to have another sex worker join him or her with a client, and to allow other sex workers to use his or her home for prostitution. This can make it difficult for sex workers to work together for their own safety.
根據(jù)“拉皮條”的規(guī)定,如果一名性工作者將一名嫖客介紹給另外一名性工作者,安排另外一名性工作者和他/她一起和一名嫖客從事性交易,或允許其他性工作者在自己家中從事賣淫活動(dòng),都屬非法行為。這樣一來(lái),性工作者很難出于自己安全考慮而在一起從事賣淫活動(dòng)。
The Criminal Code says that anyone who regularly spends time with a sex worker and who is supported by the sex worker is assumed to be \"living on the avails of prostitution\". It is up to that person to prove that he or she is not living \"parasitically\" off the money the sex worker makes. This can cast the shadow of possible criminal charges over a sex worker's partner, family members, roommates or friends.
該刑法還規(guī)定,無(wú)論何人,如果他/她經(jīng)常和一名性工作者呆在一起,并靠此性工作者維持生活,他/她的這些行為就被視為是“依靠賣淫收入生活”。但是,至于這個(gè)人是否“像寄生蟲(chóng)一樣”靠此名性工作者的收入生活,是由他/她自己來(lái)證明的。這樣,要對(duì)性工作者的性伙伴、家人、室友或朋友進(jìn)行刑事指控可能就會(huì)困難重重。
Communicating
聯(lián)絡(luò)
The \"communicating\" offence became law in 1985, replacing the previous offence of \"solicitation\". In 1985, Parliament outlawed \"communicating in public for the purposes of prostitution\". This essentially makes it illegal for a sex worker to work in a public place, since they can be arrested for talking to a client on the street, in a bar, or anywhere that is a public place. Since a sex worker risks arrest if the police catch her or him communicating with a client in public, sex workers are often forced to move to darker, more remote areas, like industrial areas or parks, where there are few people to turn to for help if a client or predator becomes aggressive or violent.
“聯(lián)絡(luò)(嫖客)”罪于1985年寫(xiě)入加拿大法律,代替了之前的“拉客”罪。1985年,加拿大議會(huì)宣布“以賣淫為目的在公共場(chǎng)合進(jìn)行的聯(lián)絡(luò)”為非法。這實(shí)際上就意味著性工作者在公共場(chǎng)合拉生意是非法的,因?yàn)樗麄兛赡軙?huì)因在街頭、酒吧或任何其它公共場(chǎng)合與嫖客談話而被捕。因此,性工作者通常被迫轉(zhuǎn)到工業(yè)區(qū)或工業(yè)園等較為隱蔽、偏僻的地區(qū)。而在這些地方,如果嫖客或“野獸”開(kāi)始攻擊行為或施行暴力時(shí),就幾乎無(wú)人可以求助了。
Since Parliament outlawed \"communicating\" 20 years ago, over 90 percent of prostitution-related charges have been brought under this section of the Criminal Code. During the same period, the murder and disappearance of sex workers in Canada has escalated.
自從議會(huì)20年前宣布“聯(lián)絡(luò)(嫖客)”非法以來(lái),90%以上與賣淫有關(guān)的指控都是依據(jù)此節(jié)規(guī)定提出的。同一時(shí)期加拿大性工作者被謀殺或失蹤案件急劇上升。
Advocating for Legitimate Sex Work?
色情產(chǎn)業(yè)合法化?
Existing laws, and the way in which they're enforced, push sex workers into situations that put their health and safety at risk, and leave them open to stigma and discrimination, violence, and possible exposure to HIV. For example, criminalizing acts of prostitution puts sex workers under constant threat of arrest, meaning they often do not have time to assess the risk of taking a particular client or to negotiate terms (like insisting on safe sex). Criminalization also pits police and sex workers against each other, effectively alienating sex workers from the protective services of police if, for example, a client becomes aggressive or violent.
現(xiàn)有的法律及其執(zhí)行方式使性工作者陷入危及到其健康和安全的境地,使其遭受羞辱、歧視、暴力,并可能感染艾滋病。比如,將賣淫行為視為非法使性工作者經(jīng)常受到逮捕的威脅,也就是說(shuō)他們/她們通常沒(méi)時(shí)間考慮接受某一嫖客的危險(xiǎn)性或講條件(如堅(jiān)持安全性行為)。另外,這還使警察和性工作者處于對(duì)立狀態(tài)。比如,如果嫖客進(jìn)行攻擊或施行暴力時(shí),性工作者幾乎不可能受到警察的保護(hù)。
\"We need to decriminalize sex work and recognize it as legitimate work,\" said Csete. \"Only then will sex workers, especially women, be able to legally take steps to make their working conditions more safe and secure.\"
“我們需要將性工作合法化,”Csete稱,“只有這樣,性工作者,尤其是女性性工作者,才能采取合法措施使她們的工作環(huán)境更為安全?!?/p>
Notes
1. Prostitution /7prCsti5tju:FEn/ 從事賣淫活動(dòng),與此相關(guān)的還有prostitute妓女,從事賣淫活動(dòng)的人。英語(yǔ)還有許多詞可以表示從事該行業(yè)的人,比如:whore、streetwalker、floozy等等。
2. prohibit /prE5hibit/ 嚴(yán)令禁止,相關(guān)短語(yǔ)為prohibit someone from doing sth.禁止某人做某事。該詞的名詞形式為prohibition 禁令,常以其復(fù)數(shù)形式表示禁酒令。
3. be charged with… 因某事而受到指控,也可用be accused of…來(lái)表達(dá)該意思。
4. HIV 艾滋病病毒,其全稱為Human Immunodeficiency Virus;我們常說(shuō)的“艾滋病”是AIDS的音譯,全稱是Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome獲得性免疫缺損綜合癥。
Links
國(guó)外的色情業(yè)
美國(guó)
色情一般可以分為色情交易類和色情制品類。由于有美國(guó)憲法第一修正案規(guī)定的出版自由,類似《閣樓》這樣的色情出版物,是合法的。還有就是近年大規(guī)模流行的色情視頻類產(chǎn)品。
美國(guó)色情業(yè)總體來(lái)說(shuō),是一個(gè)盈利非常巨大的行業(yè)。每年帶給美國(guó)人10億美元的凈利潤(rùn),NBA聯(lián)賽也甘拜下風(fēng)。通用汽車、美國(guó)在線時(shí)代華納、馬利特集團(tuán)等著名的大公司,早已涉足了色情影片的拍攝和生產(chǎn),并因此大發(fā)橫財(cái)。在美國(guó),每年生產(chǎn)制作大約1.1萬(wàn)部色情錄像。通過(guò)電視、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行推銷,或者送到各地的色情電影商店進(jìn)行銷售。全美40%的旅館都提供色情電影服務(wù)。連希爾頓、威斯汀這樣的飯店也未能免俗。
日本
色情業(yè)是深入日本社會(huì)的傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)。盡管日本在45年前就明令禁止娼妓行業(yè),但是官方對(duì)色情業(yè)實(shí)際上是睜一眼閉一眼。日本的色情場(chǎng)所非常多,每個(gè)來(lái)過(guò)日本的人都能感受到這一點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樯闃I(yè)主會(huì)以各種方式進(jìn)行宣傳招攬生意,所以日本政府對(duì)該行業(yè)也有一套管理辦法,在衛(wèi)生、經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所的位置、從業(yè)者和嫖客的年齡、愛(ài)滋病預(yù)防、廣告種類等方面加以嚴(yán)格的限制,尤其這些年更加強(qiáng)了對(duì)未成年少女賣淫和未成年少年進(jìn)入“紅燈區(qū)”的監(jiān)察力度。光顧這些地方的不僅僅是喜好尋花問(wèn)柳的嫖客,許多日本職員、學(xué)生因工作學(xué)習(xí)壓力大、婚姻不幸、精神狀態(tài)不佳也來(lái)此尋求解脫。
荷蘭
色情業(yè)在荷蘭是合法的,色情場(chǎng)所可以合法經(jīng)營(yíng),每年都為政府貢獻(xiàn)大量稅收。荷蘭政府對(duì)色情業(yè)進(jìn)行正規(guī)、有序的管理,雙方均可從中獲利,另外,這種政策也使性犯罪的數(shù)量處于較低水平。目前,在荷蘭的大城市都有成規(guī)模的紅燈區(qū),許多外國(guó)游客為此特地前往荷蘭。其中,阿姆斯特丹的紅燈區(qū)規(guī)模相對(duì)較大,在歐洲也比較有名氣。由于性工作者的一再努力使她們得到了更多權(quán)力,但受歧視的地位還是沒(méi)有改變。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)與色情
在網(wǎng)絡(luò)這個(gè)虛擬的世界里,色情業(yè)似乎找到了更大的發(fā)展空間。所有現(xiàn)實(shí)中的色情形式都可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn),至少可以將之視為載體或媒介。美國(guó)心理學(xué)家金伯利·揚(yáng)警告說(shuō):“不要以為虛擬的色情就無(wú)足輕重,實(shí)際上它就像埋藏在地下的重型炸彈,可以毀掉美國(guó)人的私人生活與事業(yè)前途?!痹S多人認(rèn)為沉溺于網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情都是下層人士的惡習(xí)。其實(shí)不然,在過(guò)去的7年間,這位心理學(xué)家通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)解答人們提出的問(wèn)題,數(shù)以千計(jì)的人中許多可都是律師、醫(yī)生和政府官員。他們是每個(gè)星期日都去教堂的。
涉足網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情的人大致可分為三類,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示:
第一類大約占10%,他們中毒最深,即使不在網(wǎng)上胡混,也會(huì)在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中伺機(jī)“作案”。
第二類大約占20%,他們剛剛涉足這個(gè)陷阱。一旦這些網(wǎng)站被查禁和取締了,他們便會(huì)懸崖勒馬,浪子回頭。
剩下的大多數(shù)屬于第三類,約占70%。他們只是抱著“娛樂(lè)”、“休閑”的態(tài)度,就像偷偷瞄兩眼女士?jī)?nèi)衣廣告,翻閱《花花公子》雜志——完全出于好奇,并非無(wú)藥可救的好色之徒。