[摘要] 在當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化信息化的時代,我國要建立完善的社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制,必須學(xué)習(xí)借鑒先進(jìn)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論,在翻譯域外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論時要做到“信、達(dá)、雅”,準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出作者的原意。薩繆爾森《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》出版以來的多種不同版本是伴隨著美國和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而變化的,從它的演變中能夠看到美國及世界經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的變遷,翻譯工作也應(yīng)該反映這種新的變化,以適應(yīng)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)工作者的需要。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 翻譯 準(zhǔn)確性
美國麻省理工學(xué)院教授保羅·A·薩繆爾森和耶魯大學(xué)教授威廉·D·諾德豪森合著的《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》,是半個世紀(jì)以來世界上最為暢銷的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教科書。它首版發(fā)行于1948年,之后大約每三年更新一次,2001年推出第17版。該書被譯成法文、德文、意大利文、瑞典文、西班牙文、葡萄牙文、日文、中文、阿拉伯文、俄文、匈牙利文、捷克文、羅馬尼亞文、塞爾維亞文、越南文等40余種文字,銷售總量已超過1000萬冊。
最近,筆者閱讀由McGraw-Hill Companies出版的英文第17版《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》時,參考蕭琛主譯該書第17版中譯本,發(fā)現(xiàn)中譯本有多處不妥切之處,歸納起來有四種情況:譯文不準(zhǔn)確、誤譯、多譯和漏譯。為了行文的方便,文中以“17(英)”代表英文第17版,“16(英)” 代表英文第16版(機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社影印,1998年7月第1版),“17(中)”代表蕭琛主譯英文第17版的中文版(人民郵電出版社,2004年1月第1版 )。所謂“不準(zhǔn)確” 是指17(英)和16(英)大意相同,而第17(英)有的詞匯已經(jīng)作了修改,17(中)卻未反映出來?!板e誤” 是指17(英)較16(英)有較大的變化,可是17(中)未做相應(yīng)的修正?!岸嘧g”是指16(英)中有的句子,17(英)中已經(jīng)刪除,但在17(中)依然存在的句子?!奥┳g”是指17(中)漏掉了17(英)的句子。另外,文中出現(xiàn)“左”、“右”代表每一頁的左半部分和右半部分。
現(xiàn)以第20章《宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)概要》里發(fā)現(xiàn)的不妥切之處分類列舉如下:
一、不準(zhǔn)確
1.17(英)第414頁,左第2段第3行:“The communist leaders of the former SovietUnion proclaimed that they would overtake the West economically. History proved that to be a hollow promise, …”
16 (英) 第371頁,右最后一段第3行:“The communist leaders of the former Soviet Union proclaimed that they would soon overtake the West economically.History proved that to be a hollow macroeconomic promise , …”
17(中)第331頁,倒數(shù)第1段譯文是:“前蘇聯(lián)的共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人曾夸口不久后將在經(jīng)濟(jì)上超過西方,歷史證明這只是一句空洞的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的口號?!憋@然,17(英)已經(jīng)去掉“soon”和“macroeconomic”兩個單詞,而在17(中)沒有修改過來,把16 (英)的譯文照搬過來了。
2.17(英)第414頁,左第3段:“This chapter will serve as an introduction to macroeconomics. It presents the major concepts and shows how they apply to key historical and policy questions of recent years .”
16(英)第372頁,右第3段:“This chapter will serve as an introduction to macroeconomics. It presents the major concepts and theories and shows how they apply to many of the key historical and policy questions of recent years .”
17(中)第332頁,左第2段譯文是:“本章介紹宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),闡釋其基本概念和理論要點,以及如何用它們解釋近年來許多非常重要的歷史問題和政策問題。”
17(英)已經(jīng)刪除“and theories”和“many of the”,而17(中)仍然保留著“理論要點”和“許多”的字樣。顯然,譯者最起碼是沒有認(rèn)真看原文,就把16(英)的譯文照搬過來。作者對16(英)的修改是結(jié)合美國經(jīng)濟(jì)和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,理論和實踐緊密結(jié)合的,他們對某些詞匯的取舍,不是隨意的,而是有用意的。
3.17(英)第415頁,左倒數(shù)第1段第1句:“…and macroeconomists often differ on the proper approach to take when confronted with high inflation, rising unemployment, or slow growth.”
16(英)則是:“…and macroeconomists differ greatly on …when confronted with high inflation, rising unemployment, or stagnant growth.”
17(中)譯文卻是:“面對高通貨膨脹率、高失業(yè)率和經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯,宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的主張非常地不統(tǒng)一?!薄皁ften differ on”與“differ greatly on”雖然只是一字之差(前者是經(jīng)常地不統(tǒng)一,后者則是非常地不統(tǒng)一),可是它們的意思有很大的不同。再有“slow growth.”與“stagnant growth.”,前者是“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長緩慢”,后者則是“經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯”,二者的含義是有區(qū)別的。
4.17(英)第416頁,右第2段第1句中“Real GDP”譯成“實際GDP的各種變動”。尋找原因發(fā)現(xiàn)16(英)原文則是“Movements in real GDP…”,也就是說,17(中)的譯文對應(yīng)的還是16(英)。
5.17(英)第423頁,圖20-5文字說明“international trade”,應(yīng)該是“國際貿(mào)易”,而在17(中)譯文卻為“外貿(mào)”,這顯然是16(英):“foreign trade”的譯文。
6.17(英)第426頁,左圖20-7文字解釋“military spending”確切的譯文是“軍事開支”在17(中)譯文為“國防開支”,這又是16(英)中“defense spending”的譯文。
另外,17(英)第418頁腳注不準(zhǔn)確,計算通貨膨脹率的公式中“100%”應(yīng)該寫成“100”,不應(yīng)該有“%”。
二、誤譯
1.17(英)第 413頁, 第4段原文是:“The development of macroeconomics has been one of the major breakthroughs of twentieth-century economics,…At the same time, economists have endeavored to understand the mechanics of long-term economic growth.…or take measures to deal with imbalances that arise in foreign trade or international finance .”
16(英)第372頁,左第2段是:“One of the major breakthroughs of twentieth-century economics has been the development of macroeconomics.…In the last 30 years,economics have devoted their attention to undersdanding the mechanics of long-term growth.…or curb large foreign trade surpluses or deficits.”
17(中)第331頁,第4段譯文是:“20世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的一項主要突破是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展。……在過去的30年中,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家又致力于討論長期增長機(jī)制問題?!刂茖ν赓Q(mào)易或國際金融領(lǐng)域中過多的盈余或赤字?!焙苊黠@,17(英)“At the same time,”應(yīng)該是“與此同時” 而譯文是:“在過去的30年中”。最后一句話的譯文應(yīng)該是“采取一些措施來處理在外貿(mào)和國際金融領(lǐng)域中的不平衡?!边@些句子顯然是16(英)的譯文。
2.17(英)第421頁,左倒數(shù)第1段:“The exact nature of monetary policy is one of the most important areas of macroeconomics.A policy of “tight money” in the United States raised interest rates , slowed economic growth, and raised unemployment in the period 1979~1982.”
16(英)第379頁,右第2段卻是:“The exact nature of monetary policy—the way in which the central bank controls the money supply and the relationships among money,output, and inflation—is one of the most fascinating, important, and controversial areas of macroeconomics.A policy of tight money in the United States—lowering the rate of growth of the money supply—raised interest rates, slowed economic growth, and raised unemployment in the period 1979~1982.”
17(中)第337頁,右第3段譯文是:“貨幣政策的性質(zhì)(中央銀行控制貨幣供應(yīng),以及貨幣、產(chǎn)出和通貨膨脹三者之間聯(lián)系的方式)是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中最吸引人、最重要、也最富爭議的領(lǐng)域之一。1979年~1982年美國緊縮的貨幣政策(降低貨幣供給的增長率)使得利率上升,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度放慢,失業(yè)增加。”這一段的錯誤更明顯了,17(英)中去掉了“the way in which the central bank controls the money supply and the relationships among money,output, and inflation”、“fascinating”和“and controversial”可是17(中)譯文中仍然出現(xiàn)“(中央銀行控制貨幣供應(yīng),以及貨幣、產(chǎn)出和通貨膨脹三者之間聯(lián)系的方式)”、“最吸引人”和“也最富爭議”這樣的譯文。“tight money”在17(英)已經(jīng)加上雙引號了,而16(英)沒有,在17(中)也沒有體現(xiàn)出來。
類似的錯誤還有:17(英)第418頁,左第2段第2句是“What exactly do economists look at when they talk about ‘the overall price level?’” 17(中)譯文為:“為了理解這個目標(biāo),我們需要一些關(guān)于衡量總體價格變動趨勢的背景知識?!边@個譯文與原文相差甚遠(yuǎn),譯文應(yīng)該是“當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家討論總體價格水平時,他們用什么做判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)呢?”
17(英)第426頁,左第2段倒數(shù)第6行:“…the economy grew very rapidly…”譯文是“經(jīng)濟(jì)都在大大高于其潛在產(chǎn)出能力的水平上運行?!憋@然,譯文是文不對題的,應(yīng)該是“經(jīng)濟(jì)快速地增長”。
17(英)第427頁,右倒數(shù)第2段倒數(shù)第6行:“…with the introduction of the indoor toilet, …”譯成了“ 托馬斯·庫帕發(fā)明了室內(nèi)衛(wèi)生間之后,……”而正確的譯文應(yīng)該是“……隨著室內(nèi)衛(wèi)生間的采用……”
三、多譯
1.17(英)第414頁,右倒數(shù)最后一段:“What are the sources of price inflation ,and how can it be kept under control? A market economy uses prices as a yardstick to measure economic values and conduct business. ”
16(英)第373頁,左第3段:“What are the sources of price inflation ,and how can it be kept under control? Economists have learned that high rates of price inflation have a corrosive effect on market ecomomies. A market economy uses prices as a yardstick to measure economic values and as a way to conduct business. ”
17(中)332頁,右第2段譯文是:“通貨膨脹的原因是什么?如何控制它?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中高通貨膨脹的腐蝕作用。市場經(jīng)濟(jì)將價格視為衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)價值的尺度和引導(dǎo)商業(yè)行為的手段?!弊g文中“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中高通貨膨脹的腐蝕作用?!笔嵌嘧g的。
2.17(英)第415頁,左倒數(shù)第2段第2句為:“Increasing the rate of growth of output over the long run may require greater investment in education and capital, but higher investment requires lower current consumption of items like food, clothing,and recreation. Additionally, policymakers are sometimes forced to rein in the economy through macroeconomic policies when it grows too fast, or when unemployment falls too low, in order to prevent rising inflation.”
16(英)第373頁,右倒數(shù)第3段第2句:“Increasing the rate of growth of output over the long run may require greater investment in knowledge and capital; to increase investment requires lower current consumption of items like food,clothing, and recreation.
Of all the macroeconomic dilemmas, the most agonizing is the tradeoff between unemployment and inflation.High unemployment and high inflation produce economic distress and political unrest.But when output rises too rapidly and unemployment falls,the situation tends to drive up prices and wages. Policymakers are forced to rein in the economy through macroeconomic policies when it grows too fast, or when unemployment falls too low, in order to prevent rising inflation.”
17(中)第332頁,右倒數(shù)第2段譯文是:“長期產(chǎn)出增長率的提高要求對教育和資本有大量的投資,而更多的投資又勢必要減少對食品、服裝和娛樂等當(dāng)前的消費。
在諸多宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩難困境中,最令人痛苦的是失業(yè)率與通貨膨脹率之間的此消彼長的關(guān)系。高失業(yè)率和高通貨膨脹率都會導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣和政治不穩(wěn)定。但是當(dāng)產(chǎn)出過快增長而失業(yè)率迅速下降之時,價格和工資勢必快速上升。在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長過快或失業(yè)率過低的時候,政策制定者往往不得不采用宏觀政策來抑制經(jīng)濟(jì)增長以防止出現(xiàn)通貨膨脹?!逼渲械摹霸谥T多宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩難困境中,最令人痛苦的是失業(yè)率與通貨膨脹率之間的此消彼長的關(guān)系。高失業(yè)率和高通貨膨脹率都會導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣和政治不穩(wěn)定。但是當(dāng)產(chǎn)出過快增長而失業(yè)率迅速下降之時,價格和工資勢必快速上升?!倍际嵌嘧g的內(nèi)容。
另外,17(英)第418頁,右第1段第1句在17(中)多譯出:“我們稱價格水平的變動程度為通貨膨脹率。”一句話。
四、少譯
17(英)第421頁,右第1段第2句:“One problem that has produced many innovative ideas is controlling inflation.”未翻譯。
在當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化信息化的時代,我國要建立完善的社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制,學(xué)習(xí)借鑒先進(jìn)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論是很必要的,翻譯域外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論自然是勢所必然。在翻譯工作中要全部做到“信、達(dá)、雅” 實屬難事,但至少應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出作者的原意。《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》出版以來的多種不同版本是伴隨著美國和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而變化的,從它的演變中能夠看到美國及世界經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的變遷,翻譯工作應(yīng)該反映這種新的變化,這是翻譯者義不容辭的責(zé)任。