【第一步】掌握過去完成時(shí)的確切含義

過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，它表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。請看下圖：——★——◆——●

更早的動(dòng)作(過去完成時(shí))

過去某一時(shí)間或過去另一動(dòng)作

現(xiàn)在將來時(shí)間

【第二步】掌握過去完成時(shí)的用法

過去完成時(shí)態(tài)常用于以下一些情況：

一、主語+過去完成時(shí)+when引導(dǎo)的從句(注：從句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去式)。，例如：

Tom was surprised that most of the guests______when he______at the party．

A．1eft；had arrived B．1eft；arrived

C．had left；had arrived D．had left；arrived

正確答案為D。guests先“離開”，Tom后“到達(dá)”。

二、主語+過去完成時(shí)+by短語。例如：

We______four thousand new words bv the end of last year．

A．had learned B．have learned C．1earned D．will have learned

根據(jù)by短語中的last year得知，正確選項(xiàng)為A。

三、主語+過去完成時(shí)+by the time引導(dǎo)的從句(注：從句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去式)。例如：

He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten．到十歲時(shí)，他已經(jīng)建起了自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

四、主語+過去完成時(shí)+before引導(dǎo)的從句(注：從句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去式)。例如：

He had studied English for five years before he came here．來這兒之前，他已經(jīng)學(xué)了五年英語了。

五、根據(jù)上下文的時(shí)間關(guān)系來確定。例如：

1．The pen I______I______is on my desk，right under my nose．

A．think；lost B．thought；had lost C．think；had lost D．thought；have lost

正確答案為B。“丟筆”是在“認(rèn)為”之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

2．Helen______her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband———home．

A．has left；comes B．1eft；had come C．had left；came D．had left；would come

正確答案為C。had to wait說明事情發(fā)生在過去，而“忘帶鑰匙”的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“等丈夫回家”之前。

六、表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算或意圖，用過去完成時(shí)。常用動(dòng)詞有：hope，think，expect，intend，mean，suppose，want等。例如：

They had wanted to help but couldn’t get here in time．他們本來是要來幫忙的，但未能及時(shí)趕到。

七、It was+時(shí)間+since+主語+過去完成時(shí)。例如：

They asked me to have a drink with them．I said that it was at least ten yearssinge I_____a good drink．

A．had enjoyed B．was enjoying C．enjoyed D．had been enjoying

正確答案為A。

【第三步】掌握過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

一般過去時(shí)表示“現(xiàn)在”以前的任何時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，過去完成時(shí)則表示過去某一時(shí)間或過去另一動(dòng)作以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。試比較：

1．誤：They had seen five English films last month．

正：They saw five English films last month．上個(gè)月他們看了五部英文電影。

2．誤：How many houses did they build in their village by the end of last year?

正：How many houses had they built in their village by the end 0f last year?

到去年年底他們村建造了多少房屋?

上面第一個(gè)例句表示“上個(gè)月(1ast month)”這個(gè)過去時(shí)間內(nèi)完成的動(dòng)作，因此用一般過去時(shí)；第二個(gè)句子表示“到去年年底(by the end of last year．”過去時(shí)間“以前”完成的動(dòng)作，因此用過去完成時(shí)。如能弄清這個(gè)時(shí)間關(guān)系，就可以正確使用過去完成時(shí)。

【第四步】掌握不用過去完成時(shí)的情況

以下幾種情況不用過去完成時(shí)：

1．句中如有yesterday，last year，in 1996，three years ago等表示很確定的過去時(shí)間的狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞必須用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

They came to China ten years ago．他們十年前來過中國。

2．漢語中雖然有“了”、“曾”、“過”等字眼表示動(dòng)作完成，但沒有說明動(dòng)作是過去某一時(shí)間以前完成的，譯成英語時(shí)要用一般過去時(shí)，不可用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

He taught English for three years．他教過三年英語。

3．?dāng)⑹鲈谶^去連續(xù)發(fā)生的兩件以上的事，雖然時(shí)間有先后之別，仍用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

They decided to stay there，so they built their homes and made their farms．

Exercises：

單項(xiàng)填空：

1．I lost the book I_____．

A．have bought B．bought C．had bought D．had been bought

2．The bus had gone when I at the bus stop．

A．have arrived B．a(chǎn)rrived C．had arrived D．a(chǎn)m arriving

3_Tom______of visiting his grandmother，but the bad weather made himchange his mind．

A．has thought B．thought C．had thought D．had been thought

4．－Did you meet Tom at the airport?

－No，he bv the time I there． A．has left；got B．had left；arrived C．1eft；arrived D．1eft：had got

5．—Why didn’t Tom attend the meeting yesterday．9

－He______Beijing．

A．has gone to B．had gone to C．went to D．had been to

6．－I______t0 come to help you．

－But you didn’t come．

A．have meant B．had meant C．meant D．will mean

7．Finally Mary was admittedby Beiijing University，for which she______five times．

A．had tiled B．was trying C．has tried D．tried

8．－I have bought you the books you want．

－Oh，good，I______afraid you had forgotten．

A．was B．a(chǎn)m C．had been D．have been

Keys：1～5 CBCBB 6～8 BAA

責(zé)任編輯，張彩萍mirenr@sina．com