生態(tài)是環(huán)境也是品牌

浙江“西大門”開化，處于三省七縣交界要地，山多地少，30多萬人口散居于兩千多平方公里的七山八岙之間。開化早先山清水秀，林木茂盛，直到上個世紀(jì)七八十年代，還能看到一排又一排木頭方陣順江漂流而下，這木材可是百姓的衣食之源，百姓的食宿、賦稅、生老病死全靠木材。但是后來樹砍多了，一座座山頭猶如拔了毛的雞，光禿禿的極易造成洪澇災(zāi)害和水土流失，老百姓形容說：“開山到山尖，平地叫皇天?！?/p>

開化的生態(tài)遭到了破壞，不但使百姓生活遭受貧困，更讓錢塘江源泉受到嚴(yán)重威脅！開化古稱“歙饒屏障”，水系橫跨錢塘江和長江兩大流域。她像母親的乳汁，源源不斷哺育著下游的兒女。錢塘江發(fā)源于開化齊溪鎮(zhèn)蓮花尖，全長640公里。源頭周圍層層疊疊覆蓋著濃綠，挺拔林木在云霧繚繞中若隱若現(xiàn)，翠綠的青竹漫山遍野，后來由于忽視林木的休養(yǎng)生息，亂砍亂伐，錢江源頭地逐漸顯出枯竭之態(tài)！開化縣委縣政府充分認(rèn)識到“寸樹斗水丈地濕”的道理，一旦山頭光禿，必致源頭枯竭，這樣便對不起錢江流域的父老鄉(xiāng)親。只有生態(tài)立縣，摒棄傳統(tǒng)的“砍樹賣錢”，從根本上保護(hù)與拓展綠色，才是百姓真正的出路，也是對錢江流域父老鄉(xiāng)親的最好交代！

開化縣委縣政府對“生態(tài)立縣”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的有利條件和制約因素作了系統(tǒng)分析，并于1998年在全國率先提出“生態(tài)立縣”戰(zhàn)略，喊響了：生態(tài)是環(huán)境、是資源、是商品、是品牌、是特色、是市場，生態(tài)環(huán)境就是生產(chǎn)力！

為了送出一江清水

開化在生態(tài)戰(zhàn)略中首先實行退耕還林，這一來最先涉及的是農(nóng)民的利益。余貴勤老漢上世紀(jì)90年代以前，墻上掛著山苞谷，墻下堆著山紅薯，人和牲畜的基本口糧都有了，但退耕還林后，損失雖能獲補(bǔ)，家里的人畜生活來源斷了！后來他在有關(guān)部門的指導(dǎo)下，承包了50多畝低矮山坡種了楊梅，又套種作物，以短補(bǔ)長，到了第三年，楊梅開始結(jié)果，第四年獲得大豐收。相比于刀耕火種玉米紅薯，余老漢屈指一算，竟多賺3000多元，這下子他高興了，認(rèn)識到真正能讓農(nóng)民致富的，還是生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)！

為了防止錢江源頭的污染，開化又推出鼓勵山民下山脫貧舉措。錢江源頭最高的村叫楓樓田，在高山水庫的南側(cè)，海拔千米。楓樓田有九級瀑布凌空而下，恢宏壯觀，四周有參天古樹，殷紅的山花與幽靜的深潭渾然一體，人稱“九瀑十八潭”。在這個美麗的自然保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)，有200多村民祖祖輩輩居住于此，他們平日里油、鹽、醬、醋，化肥、農(nóng)藥、建材都要到一個多小時路程以外的山下購買。為潔凈源頭，政府要求全村移民。村里的年青人舉雙手同意，可是老人們不樂意，他們眷戀于滿山的毛竹、樹木，也眷戀這里涼爽的氣候。政府針對這一情況從貼近生活的小事開展工作，積極為他們下山創(chuàng)造條件。這些年來，開化縣投入資金4.48億元，完成了“高、遠(yuǎn)、邊”地帶生態(tài)移民，讓48個自然村、5958戶人家搬到了56個生態(tài)移民小區(qū)和移民點生活，讓他們的泥墻棚屋——換成了磚墻洋房。

與此同時，開化還投入數(shù)億元資金，整修全縣千座小水庫，并在城內(nèi)修建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)防洪堤十多公里，并新建污水處理廠進(jìn)行污水再生利用。通過水治理，開化當(dāng)前的水資源總量和人均資源占有量，分別是全國、全省人均占有量的3倍多。縣控斷面水環(huán)境、交界斷面水質(zhì)達(dá)標(biāo)率100%，2006年6月，開化縣連續(xù)30個月保持了Ⅱ類水出境，高于省定要求。

為保證送出一江清水，開化還特別注重治污達(dá)標(biāo)，把企業(yè)改制、結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、關(guān)停企業(yè)與科技創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)改造相結(jié)合。開化縣造紙廠是最早關(guān)閉的國有企業(yè)，這個廠建于60年代末，固定資產(chǎn)累積達(dá)億元，年利稅1000萬元。1997年關(guān)閉時，廠里許多工人不肯離去，但他們最終還是識大局，顧大體；開化皇峰水泥有限公司年產(chǎn)值1.05億元，年利稅2000萬元，因為排放超標(biāo)，2005年也被關(guān)閉。從1997年開始，為了送出一江清水，開化縣先后忍痛關(guān)閉了“十五小”等污染環(huán)境企業(yè)180家，關(guān)閉企業(yè)的年總產(chǎn)值達(dá)13.4億元，年利稅2.67億元。

一片綠意在“玉壺”

生態(tài)立縣讓開化轉(zhuǎn)窮為富，如今開化龍頂茶早已名揚(yáng)四海，食用菌、綠化苗木、高山蔬菜、竹業(yè)、蠶桑等發(fā)展迅速，開化對他們的農(nóng)特產(chǎn)品打的“錢江源”品牌已是婦孺皆知，龍頂名茶等無公害、綠色、有機(jī)食品基地已成規(guī)模，成了開化農(nóng)民主要經(jīng)濟(jì)收入。

富起來的開化人領(lǐng)略到了大自然的回報。這些年自實施生態(tài)立縣以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)基本競爭力在全國排名由2001年的第953位上升到2006年的第498位，前移了455位，人均生產(chǎn)總值由1000美元向3000美元過渡。農(nóng)民的人均純收入增加了，生態(tài)質(zhì)量也明顯提高了，城鎮(zhèn)人均公共綠地面積達(dá)36.79平方米，全縣森林覆蓋率從建國初的30.9%提高到80.2%。旅游業(yè)也以“錢江源”為品牌，通過展示錢江源國家森林公園及古田山國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)等，人們對開化的山、開化的水、開化的空氣贊口不絕。生態(tài)立縣讓開化走出了一條經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、生態(tài)效益相統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展路子，改變了農(nóng)民的謀生致富理念。發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的思路產(chǎn)生了深刻的變化。

開化一片綠意，滿目青翠，一條芹江長波浩蕩，把開化城托在了碧波蕩漾的江水里。一位作家嘆道：“走在細(xì)雨飄零的山道上，暮春的色彩卻依舊殘留在萬綠叢中，開化是江南綠都，張揚(yáng)的是綠，推銷的是綠，呵護(hù)的也是綠。開化的綠是群山鋪設(shè)的，開化的綠不是一種點綴，開化的綠滲透在骨子里。”開化在送出一江清水的同時，奉獻(xiàn)出開化百姓的一片赤誠之心。

Riverhead Sees Afforestation Again

By Sun Hongqi

Kaihua County， Zhejiang Province's western gate， borders two other provinces and six other counties. The 300，000 residents live in villages and towns across seven mountains and eight valleys that cover an area of over 2，000 square kilometers. For centuries， local people lived on trees. As late as the 1980s， rafts made of timbers floating from Kaihua down the Qiantang River were still a common sight. This way of life did a great harm to the county. Mountains were stripped of forests and floods became more and more frequent and fierce. Land erosion became worse.

What is more， the worsening ecology in the county was harming the 640-kilometer-long Qiantang River， which starts in Kaihua County.

The county government became aware of the importance of ecological protection. In 1998， ecological protection as a principle of overriding importance was adopted.

The first thing the government did was to plant trees in farming fields which had been opened up through deforestation. Before the reforestation， Yu Guiqin could manage to produce enough for a living， though it was not much. After the reforestation， he received government subsidy to make up for his loss， but he did not have grain to eat. Under the guidance of the government， he contracted over 3 hectares of low hills where he planted waxberry trees and planted some cash crops between the waxberry trees. In the third year， he began to harvest waxberry and in the fourth year， he had a bumper harvest. At the end of that year， he found he had made 3，000 yuan more than before afforestation. He was happy with the ecological farming.

To prevent pollution at the riverhead， villagers in mountains have been encouraged to move out.The government has built 56 new communities with an investment of 448 million yuan and relocated 5，958 households in 48 villages. The county has also spent several hundred millions on refurbishing thousands of small-scaled reservoirs across the county to prevent water pollution. Up to June， 2006， the county had kept quality of the waters up to grade II for 30 months.

The county has also shut down 180 factories that discharged heavy pollutants. Though the aggregate amount of 1.34 billion yuan as the total output value contributed by these shutdown factories was gone， the county has been greener and has become economically stronger in these years. New pillar products such as edible fungi， tree seedlings， mountain vegetables， bamboo， silkworm， etc， are not only ecological but also profitable. Their developments are growing with great momentum. On the other hand， tourists are flocking to the beautiful county to see the riverhead and breathe its fresh air.

At the latest national survey， the county moved fast up from number 953 in 2001 up to number 498 in 2006 in terms of the basic economic competitiveness. The annual per capita GDP is now moving toward 3，000 US dollars.

(Translated by David)