“彩虹萬里百花開，花間蝴蝶成雙對。千年萬代不分開，梁山伯與祝英臺?！边@個美麗凄婉的“梁祝”故事，與《白蛇傳》《孟姜女》《牛郎織女》并稱中國“四大民間傳說”，被周恩來總理譽(yù)為“東方的羅密歐與朱麗葉”，近日國務(wù)院頒文將梁祝傳說列入我國國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。

梁祝故事聞名遐邇，譽(yù)滿全球，但長期來圍繞著祝英臺的籍貫問題一直紛爭不斷，一段時期，“把祝英臺戶口請回娘家來”成了上虞市民的熱切期盼。

今年2月16日，上虞人民終于如愿以償，中國民間文藝家協(xié)會正式批文，授予浙江上虞為“中國英臺之鄉(xiāng)”稱號。5月23日，美麗的上虞玉水河畔絲竹聲聲，彩蝶翩翩，“中國英臺之鄉(xiāng)”授牌儀式在這里隆重舉行。當(dāng)中共上虞市委書記任其良、市長徐文光從中國民間文藝家協(xié)會領(lǐng)導(dǎo)手中接過這塊沉甸甸的牌匾時，上虞市民歡聲雷動，欣喜異常。

一

世界上太凡一部經(jīng)典作品的誕生，都離不開特獨(dú)的歷史地理環(huán)境，尤其是文化的燭照。上虞有著悠久的人文歷史，燦爛的古文化，自秦建縣以來，名人輩出，造就了光輝燦爛的虞舜文明。

“美哉名區(qū)，秀美孕育，達(dá)人志士，史不絕書?！边@是清代著名學(xué)者徐致靖對上虞的贊美。史載：“舜避丹朱于此……舜與諸侯會事訖，因相虞(通‘娛’)樂，故曰上虞?！?200余年來，上虞這片美麗富饒而又充滿靈氣的土地上，走出了一個個響徹神州的碩賢俊達(dá)：遠(yuǎn)古圣帝虞舜、孟嘗李光、唯物大儒王充、煉丹鼻祖魏伯陽、竹林賢士嵇康、一代名相謝安、山水詩人謝運(yùn)靈、以身盡孝曹娥女等等，以至貞愛情蜚聲中外的祝英臺，無疑是其中最為浪漫和瑰麗的一朵奇葩。

東晉六朝年間，祝英臺出生于上虞祝家莊。自幼聰慧的英臺，受到吳越文化中原始的“女權(quán)”意識影響，偽為男裝求學(xué)杭城，路遇會稽同去求學(xué)的梁山伯，與之義結(jié)金蘭。在三年同窗中兩人結(jié)下了深厚感情，但梁始終不知祝為女子所扮，后梁得真情后趕往祝家求親，不想先歸的英臺已許馬氏，梁終于憂郁病故。最后，祝英臺婚嫁中途經(jīng)梁墓，地忽自裂，剛烈的英臺跳入梁墓，為愛殉情。

故事的梗概原本如此，它最早記載于唐代張讀的《宣言志》：“英臺，上虞祝氏女，偽為男裝游學(xué)，與會稽梁山伯者同肄業(yè)。山伯，守處仁。祝先歸，山伯訪之，方知其為女子，悵然若有所失，告其父母求聘；而祝氏已歸馬氏子矣。山伯后為鄞令，病死，葬貿(mào)城西。祝適馬氏，舟過墓所，風(fēng)濤不能進(jìn)。問之有山伯墓，祝登號慟，地忽自裂陷，祝氏遂并埋焉。”

后來，同樣的情節(jié)在唐中宗梁載言《十道四蕃志》、宋李茂誠《義宗王廟記》、明邵金彪《祝英臺小傳》等文中都有所記載?！渡嫌菘h志》和好多史書中還有這樣的記載：“……事聞于朝，丞相謝安奏封其義婦?！薄Ｗ鳛闁|晉宰相謝安，專門向皇上寫了一個奏本，為一個女子祝英臺之墓討了個“義婦?！狈馓枺@也是件不尋常的事。

二

古往今來，愛情故事可謂車載斗量，恒河沙數(shù)，然而要像“梁山伯與祝英臺”這則愛情故事那樣流傳1600多年而不衰，實(shí)在屈指可數(shù)。更為奇特的是圍繞這則故事的地域之爭，可謂此起彼伏，一浪高過一浪，它成了中國十分奇特的文化現(xiàn)象。

關(guān)于梁祝故事遺存地的歷史爭論近百年來至少有三次大的風(fēng)波：早在1930年，廣州《民俗》、北京《晨報》、杭州的《民國日報》先后向全國征求梁祝資料和涉及各地地方志中的傳說、唱本、戲曲等，以考察梁祝傳說的歷史發(fā)展，故事流變以及地域的傳布，于是全國掀起了第一輪梁祝紛爭。

越劇《梁?！?953年春天進(jìn)中南海，為毛澤東主席和中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作專場演出，一下子轟動了全國，接著文化部決定把它拍攝成為我國第一部彩色影片。在劇本的再創(chuàng)作過程中，出現(xiàn)了一個爭論不休的難題：祝英臺家鄉(xiāng)究竟何處?一時眾說紛紜，爭執(zhí)四起。華東軍政委員會文化部為此專門派人調(diào)查，在查閱了大量歷史資料后，華東軍政委員會文化部得出結(jié)論：“祝英臺是上虞人”，最后確定了影片的第一句唱詞為：“上虞縣，祝家莊，玉水河邊；有一個，祝英臺，才貌雙全……”

2002年10月，蘇浙兩地就梁祝郵票的“發(fā)源地”戰(zhàn)火再起。因?yàn)猷]票首發(fā)的落地戳，意味著對當(dāng)?shù)厥橇鹤９适缕鹪吹氐恼J(rèn)可。不得已，國家郵政局一碗水端平，在其中的四省六地同時首發(fā)“民間傳說——梁山伯與祝英臺”特種郵票，以避免各地爭得面紅耳赤的局面。

其實(shí)關(guān)于祝英臺的故鄉(xiāng)究屬何處?大型工具書《中國人名大字典》中有關(guān)“祝英臺”條目內(nèi)早已明確寫道：“晉·家上虞”。近代著名作家張恨水是一位創(chuàng)作態(tài)度相當(dāng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)者，他是小說《梁山伯與祝英臺》的作者，曾經(jīng)對“祝英臺家鄉(xiāng)究屬何處”一事作了大量的調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)，最后結(jié)論是：“其間(說祝英臺)提到會稽上虞的要占80%”。中國梁祝文化研究會會長周靜書也進(jìn)行了大量的考證，指出：“在中國，至今有梁祝文化遺跡的達(dá)幾十處，而祝英臺故鄉(xiāng)也有五處之多。但本人認(rèn)為從四個方面可以論證，祝英臺故鄉(xiāng)就在上虞?！?/p>

2002年11月，中國民俗學(xué)會副理事長、華東師大陳勤建教授來上虞考察后說：“傳說中人物總要有一個依附點(diǎn)，祝英臺的故事依附點(diǎn)在上虞，一是體現(xiàn)了歷史的真實(shí)，二是體現(xiàn)了藝術(shù)的真實(shí)?！?/p>

三

祝英臺故鄉(xiāng)浙江上虞豐惠鎮(zhèn)祝家莊村，距縣城百官7.3公里。

祝家莊以祝姓為主，地處半山區(qū)，三面環(huán)山，南邊有一條清澈的玉水河，與開鑿于西晉的四十里河貫通，玉水河既是莊的內(nèi)河，又是連接外界的主要交通河道。

上虞祝家莊至今尚有一處保護(hù)完整的祝氏祖堂，它是上虞市市級文保單位。祖堂內(nèi)有“純嘏堂”橫匾一塊，系清代上虞狀元梁國治所題。還有祖堂碑一塊，從斑駁的碑面上尚可發(fā)現(xiàn)，祝氏一族原籍山西太原，漢代遷居到此定居。祝家莊上還有一對“夫妻樹”，高約10米左右，胸徑30厘米，在離地1米左右的地方樹枝連在一起，仿佛是一對手牽手的情人，當(dāng)?shù)匕傩辗Q之為“連理枝”。

老輩傳下一個說法：在100多年以前村中曾有座規(guī)模宏大的宅院，喚作員外府第，建有99間氣勢恢弘的磚雕走馬樓，花園內(nèi)有荷花、九曲橋，栽有金桂、銀桂、方柏等奇花異木。后來太平天國鬧浙江時，一把火將它全部焚毀。村民祝國忠說：“10多年，鄰近幾戶村民在挖土造房時，還能挖掘出大量被煙火燎過的古代磚瓦。”祝家村86歲的祝蓮花說：“因?yàn)橛⑴_是祝員外的千金，所以早年的玉水河叫做‘千金河’，當(dāng)年祝英臺就是從這條河乘船到杭城讀書的，故事從玉水河開始，從此有了‘草橋結(jié)拜’、‘十八相送’、‘樓臺會’等故事?！比缃裨谧＜仪f流傳的“梁?！?，至少有五個版本：《九娘鐘情梁山伯》《梁祝終生不娶嫁》《千金湖的傳說》《聰明伶俐祝九娘》《祝英臺自許終身》等。

“梁?！惫适略居袀€誤區(qū)：故事主角為梁山伯，其實(shí)真正的主角應(yīng)當(dāng)是祝英臺。試想在夫權(quán)、父權(quán)為主而女性完全被排斥在外的封建社會里，一個弱女子要奮力與父母、與封建婚姻作抗?fàn)?，無論從哪方面講祝英臺都要比梁山伯承受更多的磨難，可以說祝英臺是吳越文化孕育出來的一個光彩奪目的中國女性文化符號，勇敢的祝英臺是歷史上一個不可多得的光輝女性，是中國女性形象的完美代表，具有強(qiáng)烈的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。今天“英臺之鄉(xiāng)”花落上虞，我們應(yīng)該共同把這一非物質(zhì)文化傳承好，無愧于先人，對得住后代。

四

上虞有關(guān)部門和民間組織，眼下正圍繞英臺文化主題，抓緊征集具有歷史、文化和科學(xué)價值的梁祝非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)實(shí)物和資料，制定科學(xué)的保護(hù)規(guī)則，將在更大范圍、更多層次、更高檔次上對英臺文化作廣泛有力的傳播弘揚(yáng)工作。當(dāng)前一個集梁祝文化，融傳說、文學(xué)、戲曲、表演于一體的“梁祝專題網(wǎng)站”已經(jīng)建立；為保護(hù)挖掘、傳承弘揚(yáng)英臺文化的“梁祝文化展室”也已誕生；匯集考古、歷史文獻(xiàn)的《梁祝文化大觀》一書的編纂工作也已啟動；與中央電視臺聯(lián)合攝制的40集新編電視連續(xù)劇《梁山伯與祝英臺》正投入拍攝中。

前不久，上虞祝家莊實(shí)業(yè)有限公司已正式注冊成立，企業(yè)家打算投入2.3億元開發(fā)祝家莊風(fēng)情旅游景區(qū)，整個項(xiàng)目控制保護(hù)面積達(dá)5000畝，建設(shè)面積2500畝，將構(gòu)建歷史文化祝家莊、浪漫風(fēng)情祝家莊、休閑度假祝家莊。項(xiàng)目開發(fā)將充分依托英臺文化資源，有效利用自然山水資源，建設(shè)一個集旅游觀光、休閑度假、文化交流、詩意居住于一體的大型旅游景區(qū)，真正擦亮“中國英臺之鄉(xiāng)”這張金名片，使英臺文化與經(jīng)濟(jì)相融，使英臺文化神形兼?zhèn)?，讓它更具價值與生命力，以演繹好浪漫的愛情經(jīng)典，讓梁祝文化這一非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)世世代代傳承下去。

(本文作者為上虞市英臺文化研究會會長)

Verdict: Shangyu is Her Home

By Chen Qiuqiang

Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai， also known as Butterfly Romance， is a 1，600-year-old Chinese folk story. Decades ago， the late premier Zhou Enlai， while recommending a film adapted from the story to foreign friends， dubbed it as the oriental Romeo and Juliet. Recently， the State Council has designated it as a national intangible cultural heritage. Though the romance is well known all over the country， there have been controversies about where the heroine Zhu Yingtai actually came from. Many a place claims to be the hometown of the brave pretty girl.

Now the verdict is pronounced. The China Folk Artists Association issued an official document On February 16， 2006， recognizing Shangyu of Zhejiang Province as her hometown， putting an end to the century-long controversy.

Shangyu in eastern Zhejiang dates back to more than 2，200 years ago. A land with such a long history surely abounds with cultural heritages. The story about the tragic romance first appeared in a book written in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Over centuries， it evolved. One popular version of the romance goes like this: Zhu Yingtai， a pretty and intelligent girl from a wealthy family in Shangyu， disguised herself as a boy and went to Hangzhou to study in a school， where she met Liang Shanbo. The two became very close to each other. For the three years at school， Liang was never aware that his alter ego was a girl， even though Zhu dropped hints to him here and there， until after she graduated and went back to Shangyu. Liang went to propose to Zhu only to find that， arranged by her family， Zhu had already been engaged to another man. Stricken by the sad news， Liang Shanbo pined away with grief and died later. On her way to her wedding， Zhu passed Liang's tomb. Suddenly， the tomb opened and Zhu jumped into the tomb. Later Liang and Zhu became butterflies and flew away.

In the last 100 years， the controversy over Zhu's hometown flared up three times. The year 1930 first witnessed different claims when newspapers in Hangzhou， Guangzhou and Beijing wanted readers across the country to provide what their local legends and traditional operas， if any， said about the romance.

The legend， after being adapted to Yueju Opera， was staged in Zhongnanhai， Beijing for top leaders in 1953. Afterwards， the Ministry of Culture decided to make a movie on the legend. While playwrights were talking about the script， the controversy came up again. A team was organized to investigate the hometown issue. The final conclusion confirmed that Zhu did come from Shangyu， which was sung in the first libretto of the movie.

However， what a movie said about Zhu's hometown did not deter some people to continue to claim Zhu Yingtai as their beloved hometown beauty. The controversy was sparked for the third time in October， 2002 with the issue of a set of postal stamps in memory of the Butterfly Romance. Both Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces wanted to get the honor of being the first to issue the stamps. Reluctant to get involved in the debate， the China Post decided that the set would be issued in six places in four provinces simultaneously， avoiding heading to another around of controversy.

The 2006 verdict by the association is amply justified by history and academic studies and confirmed by many heavy-weight experts.

Zhujia Village， 7.3 kilometers from Baiguan Town， capital seat of Shangyu Municipality， is where Zhu Yingtai actually came from. Most of the people in the village share the surname Zhu. Today， the village maintains an ancestral temple of the Zhu clan. According to a stone tablet in the temple， the Zhu people in Shangyu first moved there from Taiyuan of northern China's Shangxi Province in the Han Dynasty (206B.C.-220A.D.). Older villagers remember what they heard from their forefathers: there was a grand house with a large garden in the village over 100 years ago. It was burned down when troopers from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) came to the province. In the last ten years， the village residents now and then dug up burned bricks near the place where the house used to stand. And villagers can tell various stories about Zhu Yingtai. Since the verdict， Shangyu is all out to promote the love incarnated. A website devoted to the romance has been set up. A small museum has come into being. Local scholars are putting together a book on the basis of historical materials on the two young lovers. And Shangyu is making a 40-episode television play on the romance in conjunction with CCTV. A business company has been set up to develop tourism resources around the village.

(Translated by David)