賓語(yǔ)從句在初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中占有很重要的位置,是初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),在中考中占很大分值,經(jīng)常在選擇、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換和閱讀中出現(xiàn),成為中考試卷中必考查的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一。因此能否真正理解、掌握賓語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)知識(shí)對(duì)于提高學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)至關(guān)重要。
1.概念:
賓語(yǔ)從句屬于主從復(fù)合句,據(jù)字面理解,在主句的賓語(yǔ)中有一個(gè)從句充當(dāng)主句的賓語(yǔ),這個(gè)從句就是賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.可接賓語(yǔ)從句的詞有:say,tell,think,know,see,hear,hope,guess,suppose,mind,feel等。或由形容詞構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu),如:afraid,sure,sorry,Slad等。
3引導(dǎo)詞
(1)that(從句是陳述句時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用that,它本身無(wú)詞義,在口語(yǔ)中可省略。)
(2)if或whether(從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)用可或whether,含義是“是否”。)
if、weather一般情況下可互換,但以下情況只用whether。 ①構(gòu)成whether···or not句式;②在介詞后面;③在不定式的前面。
(3)連接代詞、連接副詞(從句中是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)用。)
連接代詞(what,which,who,whose)
連接副詞(when,where,how,why)
4.賓語(yǔ)從句的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
賓語(yǔ)從句的符號(hào)取決于主句。如果主句是陳述句,句尾用句號(hào);如果主句是疑問(wèn)句,句尾用問(wèn)號(hào);
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序都用陳述語(yǔ)序(即正常的主謂語(yǔ)序)。
He says that Jimwill miss a10tof lessons.
He asked whether we shouldholdaspotsmeetings.
DO you know what the popula-tion of Dalianis?
特例:如從句本身即為主謂語(yǔ)序時(shí),變成賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)語(yǔ)序不需要改變的情況。
He asked what was wrong withyou?
He asked what was the troublewithyouy
He asked what was the matterwithyou?
6.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句可根據(jù)需要選用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
(2)當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句根據(jù)需要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去某種時(shí)態(tài)。(即一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)等。)
特例:①當(dāng)從句講述的是客觀事實(shí)或真理時(shí),從句時(shí)態(tài)不受主句限制,都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
②Could you tell me……為委婉的語(yǔ)氣,按一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)處理。
Hesays thathe is good at Eng-lish.
He says that he has been illfOrtwodays.
I don’t know if he will cometomorrow.
Heaskedmewherellived.
She said that she had been illfOrtwodays.
She said that she would returnsoon.
Theteachersaid“l(fā)ighttravelsfasterthansound”.
Hesaid“theearthisround”.
She said “the sun rises in theeast”.
Could you tell me where thenearesthosnital is?
7.賓語(yǔ)從句變否定句
如果主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)I或we謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為think、guess、believe時(shí),變否定句要否定轉(zhuǎn)移,即否定主句。
Ithinkchickencallswim(變否定句)。
I don’t think chicken canswim.
8.賓語(yǔ)從句變反義疑問(wèn)句
賓語(yǔ)從句的主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)I或we時(shí),變反義疑問(wèn)句時(shí)看從句,如果主句主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)則看主句。
I think he is a good student,isn’the?
They want tO know if he is agoodstudent,don’tthey?
9.賓語(yǔ)從句的同義句轉(zhuǎn)換
在賓語(yǔ)從句中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)“疑問(wèn)詞動(dòng)詞不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu),它可與“疑問(wèn)詞+主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+謂語(yǔ)”進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
Can you tell me how l can get to the station?
Can you tell me how to get to the station?
10.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
如find、make、think等帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞后,為了避免結(jié)構(gòu)混亂常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),將實(shí)際賓語(yǔ)放在后面。
I find it important that weshould learn English well.
Ifound that he was agood stu-dent.(復(fù)合句)
I found him a good student.(簡(jiǎn)單句)
11.做賓語(yǔ)從句選擇題的技巧
將下列句子變成賓語(yǔ)從句:
(1)“Where does he live?”He asked.
He asked where he lived.
(2)“How much milk is therein the bottle?”Heasked.
He asked how much milk thereis in the bottle?
從以上兩例可以看出作賓語(yǔ)從句選擇題時(shí)要四看:
①看從句語(yǔ)序,②看時(shí)態(tài),③看有無(wú)助動(dòng)詞,④看動(dòng)詞變化形式。
所以使用以上四種方法很容易快速、準(zhǔn)確做出答案。
例如:Doyou know_______nextyear?(正確是C)
A.when he CaUle here.
B.when did he come here
C.when he will come here
D.when will he come here
(A時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì),B多助動(dòng)詞,且時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì),D語(yǔ)序不對(duì)。)
通過(guò)以上數(shù)例,可以說(shuō)按照新課程改革的要求,我們應(yīng)具有創(chuàng)新精神,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極性,發(fā)揮群體的優(yōu)勢(shì),倡導(dǎo)自主、合作、探究的學(xué)習(xí)方式,使他們得到充分、和諧、健康的發(fā)展。要讓學(xué)生把學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)化,養(yǎng)成自己搜集、整理、總結(jié)所學(xué)知識(shí)的能力,找出其內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)其規(guī)律性,使同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)更加容易、靈活、牢固。由被動(dòng)接受變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)探究,不斷提高和培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新能力,取得良好的學(xué)習(xí)效果,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)素質(zhì)教育的目的。
(作者單位:克東縣名山中學(xué))
責(zé)任編輯/張 燁