[摘要]目的探討外周血中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)、系統(tǒng)性免疫性炎癥指數(shù)(SII)在嬰幼兒川崎病(KD)及不完全性川崎?。↖KD)中診斷的臨床意義。方法回顧性收集2015年4月至2021年10月于惠州市中心人民醫(yī)院兒科診斷為川崎病的198例嬰幼兒作為KD組,進(jìn)一步分為完全性川崎?。–KD)組155例和IKD組43例;另選取198例健康嬰幼兒作為健康對(duì)照組。統(tǒng)計(jì)組間冠狀動(dòng)脈損害發(fā)生率,比較組間臨床特征、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo)及外周血NLR、PLR、SII水平的差異,使用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線、Youden指數(shù)檢驗(yàn)各指標(biāo)對(duì)KD的診斷效能。結(jié)果 嬰幼兒KD患兒中,IKD組發(fā)熱熱程中位天數(shù)10.51天較CKD組熱程8.99天長,IKD組1~18月齡共有32例(74.4%)、冠脈損害共有9例(20.9%),其占比均較CKD組高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2/Z值分別為-3.12、12.04和5.36,P<0.05);KD組外周血血常規(guī)白細(xì)胞(WBC)、淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值(ALC)、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值(ANC)、血小板(PLT)、NLR、PLR、SII指標(biāo)的水平均較健康對(duì)照組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z值分別為128.6、228.3、56.1、51.4、236.7、146.8、250.0,P<0.05)。IKD組的ALC和PLT水平高于CKD組,而ANC和NLR水平則低于CKD組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z值分別為-49.19、-56.13、51.04、59.80,P<0.05);ROC曲線分析顯示,WBC、PLR、SII對(duì)川崎病的診斷效能如下:WBC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.829,靈敏度73.2%,特異度81.8%,Youden指數(shù)0.551;PLR的AUC為0.852,靈敏度73.7%,特異度86.9%,Youden指數(shù)0.606;SII的AUC為0.959,靈敏度89.4%,特異度94.5%,Youden指數(shù)0.849。結(jié)論不完全性川崎病患兒多見于小月齡幼兒,發(fā)熱病程更長,且更易發(fā)生冠脈損害。不完全性川崎病組ANC和NLR水平低于完全性川崎病組,而ALC和PLT水平明顯升高。早期監(jiān)測WBC、PLR、SII水平的變化,尤其是SII水平升高,結(jié)合部分川崎病特征性體征,可有助于不完全性川崎病的早期診斷。
[關(guān)鍵詞]嬰幼兒;川崎病;不完全性川崎?。恢行粤<?xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;血小板淋巴細(xì)胞比值;系統(tǒng)性免疫性炎癥指數(shù)
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2025.04.012
[中圖分類號(hào)]R174.6[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A[文章編號(hào)]1673-5293(2025)04-0078-07Clinical values of NLR,PLR and SII in peripheral blood for diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in infants
XU Mingyan1,2,ZOU Yawei2,LIANG Yanjin1,CAI Junqin1,LIU Riyang1
(1.Division 1,Department of General Pediatrics,Huizhou Municipal Central Peoples Hospital,
Guangdong Huizhou 516000,China;2.Department of Pediatrics,The First Affiliated Hospital of
Guangzhou Medical University,Guangdong Guangzhou 510000,China)[Abstract] Objective To investigate clinical values of peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR),platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune inflammatory index (SII) for diagnosis of infantile Kawasaki disease (KD) and incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD). Methods The clinical data of 198 infants who were diagnosed as KD in Department of Pediatrics,Huizhou Municipal Central Peoples Hospital from April 2015 to October 2021 were retrospectively collected and analyzed as KD group.198 infants with KD were divided into complete KD (CKD) group (155 cases) and IKD group (43 cases).Other 198 healthy infants were selected as healthy control group.The incidences of coronary artery damage in the three groups were recorded,and the differences in clinical features,laboratory tests and NLR,PLR and SII levels in peripheral blood were compared among the three groups.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden index were used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy of the indexes for KD. Results Among infants with KD,the mean fever course in IKD group was 10.51 (8,12) days,which was longer than 8.99 (7,10) days in the CKD group.In the IKD group,there were 32 infants with IKD (32/43,74.4%) aged 1-18 months and 9 cases (9/43,20.9%) of coronary artery damage,both of which accounted for higher proportions than those in the CKD group,and the differences were statistically significant (χ2/Z=-3.12,12.04 and 5.36 respectively,Plt;0.05).In blood routine examination,the plasma levels of white blood count (WBC),absolute lymphocyte count (ALC),absolute neutrophil count (ANC),platelet count (PLT),NLR,PLR and SII indexes of the infants in the KD group were higher than those in the healthy control group,and the differences were statistically significant (Z=128.6,228.3,56.1,51.4,236.7,146.8 and 250.0 respectively,Plt;0.05).The plasma levels of ALC and PLT in the IKD group were higher than those in the CKD group,while the levels of ANC and NLR were lower than those in the CKD group,and the differences were statistically significant (Z=-49.19,-56.13,51.04 and 59.80 respectively,all Plt;0.05).ROC curve analysis shown that the efficacy of WBC,PLR and SII for diagnosing KD were as follow:the area under the curve (AUC),the sensitivity,the specificity and the Youden index of WBC were 0.829,73.2%,81.8% and 0.551 respectively,and those of PLR were 0.852,73.7%,86.9% and 0.606 respectively,and those of SII were 0.959,89.4%,94.5% and 0.849 respectively. Conclusions IKD is more commonly seen in young month-aged infants who have long fever course,and these infants are more prone to coronary artery damage.Compared with CKD,peripheral blood routine indexes of those IKD infants presented lowered ANC and NLR levels,and significantly elevated ALC and PLT levels.Early monitoring changes in peripheral blood routine indexes,such as the levels of WBC,PLR and SII,especially the elevated SII level,and combining some characteristic signs of KD,all these measures are conducive to early diagnosis of IKD.
[Key words] infant;Kawasaki disease;incomplete Kawasaki disease;neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;systemic immune inflammatory index川崎?。↘awasaki disease,KD)是一種病因未明的主要影響中小血管系統(tǒng)性血管炎,全世界各國均有發(fā)生,以亞洲地區(qū)為多,是發(fā)達(dá)國家獲得性心臟病的主要原因[1]。目前全球性的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查研究證實(shí)川崎病的發(fā)病率在種族、地區(qū)、流行年份、季節(jié)等方面均有差異[2]。川崎病主要好發(fā)于5歲以下兒童,男孩發(fā)病率較女孩高,未經(jīng)治療的川崎病患兒約25%會(huì)發(fā)生心臟并發(fā)癥,治療后約7.9%患兒存在心臟并發(fā)癥,其中存在心臟病變后遺癥病人約占2.3%[3]。近年來,不完全性川崎病(incomplete Kawasaki disease,IKD)發(fā)病率逐漸上升,其中以發(fā)病年齡小于2歲及發(fā)病年齡大于6歲為主[4],目前冠狀動(dòng)脈損害主要檢查手段為超聲檢查,且最高檢出率在發(fā)病后2周[5],往往錯(cuò)過了急性期靜注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)治療的最佳時(shí)段。IKD更容易出現(xiàn)冠脈損害,且IKD在嬰幼兒中癥狀更為不典型,且難以早期診斷[6]。因此尋找早期預(yù)測KD特別是IKD的指標(biāo)顯得更為迫切,對(duì)改善患兒預(yù)后以及生活質(zhì)量有很大的臨床意義。
外周血是臨床上經(jīng)濟(jì)、便捷的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),能間接反應(yīng)出機(jī)體本身免疫細(xì)胞的變化。其中包含了外周血中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、外周血血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)及外周血系統(tǒng)性免疫性炎癥指數(shù)(systemic immune inflammatory index,SII)[7-9]。故當(dāng)PLR水平降低時(shí),代表著血小板的下降以及淋巴細(xì)胞相對(duì)升高,可以反應(yīng)機(jī)體的炎癥反應(yīng)及免疫平衡被打破;SII水平下降時(shí),則可顯示血小板、中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值下降,淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值相對(duì)升高,三者同時(shí)改變故更能反映機(jī)體的炎癥及免疫的改變。
PLR、NLR、SII作為一種新的炎癥性免疫性標(biāo)志物在川崎病的診斷、不完全性川崎病中診斷中有著潛在的預(yù)測意義,本文為此做出研究,為臨床提供參考意見,以利于早期識(shí)別、早期診斷、及早治療以降低冠狀動(dòng)脈損害等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
川崎病組(KD組):選取2015年4月至2021年10月期間就診于惠州市中心人民醫(yī)院兒科并住院治療的KD患兒198例,年齡段分布于1月至36月齡;根據(jù)2017年美國心臟學(xué)會(huì)(American heart association,AHA)不完全川崎病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]對(duì)198例川崎病患兒進(jìn)行分組,分為完全性川崎?。╟omplete Kawasaki disease,CKD)組155例,IKD組43例。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]:①川崎病疾病的診斷根據(jù)2017年AHA關(guān)于川崎病診斷、治療及長期管理[10];②均為嬰幼兒,第一次診斷為川崎病的病例,就診期處于川崎病發(fā)熱期,按照上述指南應(yīng)用足量(2g/kg)靜注人免疫球蛋白及阿司匹林的治療,在疾病的急性期完成實(shí)驗(yàn)室及冠狀動(dòng)脈彩超檢查;③均具有完整的臨床資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室資料及影像學(xué)資料。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①排除其他已知的外傷、全身血液系統(tǒng)疾病等慢性疾病史;②半年內(nèi)由長期服用影響血常規(guī)指標(biāo)的藥物;③明確診斷影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的心臟病病史;④入院治療過程中沒有使用丙種球蛋白或在住院前已經(jīng)應(yīng)用丙種球蛋白的患兒;⑤實(shí)驗(yàn)室資料缺失,治療過程中斷的病例。健康對(duì)照組:選取同期年齡段區(qū)間位于1月至36月齡健康兒童198例,排除炎癥性疾病、心血管系統(tǒng)疾病、免疫性疾病、腫瘤性疾病、外傷等患兒。
本研究已獲得醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批號(hào):kyll2024019)。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1數(shù)據(jù)收集
本研究選取住院期間KD組患兒的病例資料、臨床表現(xiàn)、急性期實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)。IVIG治療前實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)采集時(shí)間為發(fā)熱6±3(天)。對(duì)照組為同期嬰幼兒的基本信息、血常規(guī)指標(biāo)。病例組及對(duì)照組的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)應(yīng)用同一種檢測方法及同一種記錄方法。KD 組患兒在急性期、亞急性期以及隨訪期這三期進(jìn)行的心臟彩色多普勒超聲檢查結(jié)果。
1.2.2指標(biāo)計(jì)算
完成初步數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)及整理,KD組患兒靜注丙種球蛋白治療前后的血常規(guī)、健康兒童組的血常規(guī)指標(biāo)做出基本參數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)及計(jì)算:NLR的計(jì)算,NLR=ANC/ALC; PLR的計(jì)算,PLR=PLT/ALC; SII(×109/L)的計(jì)算,SII=PLT×ANC/ALC。
1.2.3標(biāo)本采集及測定
研究對(duì)象采集的血樣統(tǒng)一為外周靜脈血標(biāo)本,采血及儲(chǔ)存的操作方法嚴(yán)格按照使用說明書。血常規(guī)的檢測:2mL血液置于EDTA2K抗凝管內(nèi),采用全自動(dòng)分析儀進(jìn)行全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)的檢測。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 26數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))[n(%)]進(jìn)行描述,組間數(shù)據(jù)比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);對(duì)于計(jì)量資料,先進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),若結(jié)果顯示不服從正態(tài)分布,則采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)方法進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),包括K獨(dú)立樣本Kruskal-Wallis秩和檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,統(tǒng)計(jì)量用Z表示。若結(jié)果顯示服從正態(tài)分布,則采用t檢驗(yàn)、方差分析統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示。根據(jù)以上結(jié)果選出適合指標(biāo)判斷診斷效能時(shí)使用受試者工作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線求出指標(biāo)的截?cái)嘀怠⑶€下面積、靈敏度、特異度及Youden指數(shù),曲線下面積越大,診斷效能越強(qiáng)。Plt;0.05為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般資料情況
KD組共198例,男性兒童共126例(63.6%),女性兒童共72例(36.4%);IKD共43例(21.7%),CKD共155例(78.3%);冠脈損害共22例(11.1%),非冠脈損害共176例(88.9%);而在IKD組與CKD組的對(duì)比中,本文結(jié)果顯示IKD組患兒發(fā)熱熱程中位天數(shù)10.51天較CKD組熱程8.99天更長,1~18月齡的小嬰兒IKD的發(fā)病率(74.4%)更高,冠脈損害的發(fā)生率(20.9%)更高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,Z值分別為-3.12、12.04和5.36,P<0.05。嬰幼兒IKD組與CKD組在實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine amino transferase,ALT)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、血紅蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、鈉離子(nartrium+,Na+)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、紅細(xì)胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)的對(duì)比中,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,Z值分別0.07、0.039、0.365、0.002、-0.768、-0.182,P>0.05。
2.2外周血指標(biāo)的組間比較
KD組外周血血常規(guī)WBC計(jì)數(shù)、ALC、ANC、PLT計(jì)數(shù)、NLR、PLR、SII指標(biāo)的水平均較對(duì)照組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,Z值分別為128.6、228.3、56.1、51.4、236.7、146.8、250.0,P<0.05。IKD組、CKD組及對(duì)照組在這些指標(biāo)的對(duì)比,IKD組在ALC、PLT的水平上較CKD組高,ANC及NLR的水平則較CKD組低,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,Z值分別為-49.19、-56.13、51.04、59.80,P<0.05。
2.3 ROC結(jié)果
應(yīng)用ROC曲線檢驗(yàn)WBC、PLR、SII診斷川崎病的效能,曲線下面積、靈敏度、特異度、Youden指數(shù)分別為WBC:0.829,73.2%,81.8%,0.551;PLR:0.852,73.7%,86.9%,0.606;SII:0.959,89.4%,94.5%,0.849。
3討論
近年來,NLR、PLR、SII在炎癥性疾病、各類腫瘤、心血管疾病、自身免疫性疾病上作為重要的標(biāo)志物來預(yù)測患者的生存率及預(yù)后方面均有重要的意義[11]。SII是近年來新提出的新型炎癥指標(biāo),并得到了眾多學(xué)者的關(guān)注及應(yīng)用,結(jié)合NLR及PLR可以更好的反映機(jī)體的炎癥狀態(tài)。那么這些指標(biāo)在嬰幼兒KD特別是IKD中是否有新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
3.1嬰幼兒KD一般資料
本文研究中共198例嬰幼兒KD病例,男性兒童共126例(63.6%),女性兒童共72例(36.4%);IKD共43例(21.7%),CKD共155例(78.3%);冠脈損害共22例(11.1%),非冠脈損害共176例(88.9%),根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)加拿大2020川崎病心血管后遺癥診斷和管理指南[12]中指出男性占比65.1%,IKD占比大約20%,與本文研究結(jié)果相近;文獻(xiàn)指出目前經(jīng)過治療后的川崎病冠脈損害約7.9%,而本文研究川崎病患兒冠脈損害的占比明顯偏高,這可能與本研究對(duì)象以年齡更小嬰幼兒為對(duì)象相關(guān)。同時(shí)IKD組與CKD組的對(duì)比中,本文結(jié)果顯示1~18月的小嬰兒IKD的發(fā)病率(74.4%)更高,發(fā)熱熱程更長,冠脈損害的發(fā)生率(20.9%)更高,與既往相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)得出的結(jié)論相一致[13-14]。此結(jié)果考慮嬰幼兒癥狀不典型,IKD的發(fā)病率較高,導(dǎo)致川崎病診斷時(shí)間延遲,發(fā)熱時(shí)間較長、炎癥反應(yīng)劇烈,錯(cuò)過最佳靜脈注射丙種球蛋白時(shí)機(jī)相關(guān),這更能體現(xiàn)嬰幼兒川崎病診斷時(shí)機(jī)以及盡早靜脈注射丙種球蛋白的重要性。
3.2 NLR、PLR、SII等外周血指標(biāo)在CKD與IKD間對(duì)比
國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)中有相關(guān)報(bào)道顯示NLR及PLR、SII水平的升高對(duì)川崎病診斷以及對(duì)川崎病患兒發(fā)生冠脈損害有預(yù)測意義[15],但罕見這三個(gè)指標(biāo)在CKD與IKD之間的對(duì)比。本文研究WBC、ANC、ALC、PLT及NLR、PLR、SII三個(gè)免疫指標(biāo)的水平在KD組與兒童對(duì)照組對(duì)比的同時(shí),還深入研究了CKD組、IKD組以及對(duì)照組之間在這些指標(biāo)水平上的差別,結(jié)果顯示ANC、ALC、PLT、NLR指標(biāo)的水平在CKD組、IKD組及對(duì)照組兩兩比較的結(jié)果中,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。其中ANC在IKD組中的水平較CKD組低,而ALC及PLT在IKD組中的水平卻比CKD組高,該結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)猜測可能與CKD與IKD免疫炎癥反應(yīng)的通路以及反應(yīng)程度不一致相關(guān)[16]。IKD中ALC更高,而ANC水平更低,關(guān)于此結(jié)果國內(nèi)外的流行病學(xué)研究提示可能與感染病原體相關(guān)[17],不同的病原體感染,引起的免疫反應(yīng)通路不一致,如病毒以及支原體不典型病原體感染引起的免疫通路為細(xì)胞免疫為主[18],而細(xì)菌病原體感染引起的免疫通路則主要以體液免疫為主[19],最后引起外周血血細(xì)胞的成分比例不一致。同時(shí)IKD組中PLT的水平較CKD組更高,考慮是因?yàn)镮KD癥狀不典型,早期識(shí)別困難,導(dǎo)致炎癥持續(xù)時(shí)間更長相關(guān),這更加印證了IKD早期診斷的困難以及診斷時(shí)間的滯后性,最終也導(dǎo)致冠脈損害的發(fā)生率更高。解決這一問題的辦法是尋找更有力的標(biāo)志物來幫助KD的診斷特別是不完全性川崎病的早期診斷。
3.3 WBC、PLR、SII診斷KD的效能
故本文研究也根據(jù)以上結(jié)果挑選出WBC、PLR以及SII這三個(gè)指標(biāo)預(yù)測嬰幼兒川崎病做出研究,應(yīng)用ROC曲線得到曲線下面積,同時(shí)對(duì)這些指標(biāo)診斷嬰幼兒川崎病的靈敏度及特異度進(jìn)行研究,并應(yīng)用Youden指數(shù)對(duì)診斷指標(biāo)的效能做出評(píng)估。本次診斷KD的因子中,WBC及PLR免疫指標(biāo)的曲線下面積位于0.8~0.9之間,WBC的Youden指數(shù)0.551,當(dāng)WBC的截?cái)嘀禐?1.75×109/L時(shí),診斷川崎病的效能尚可,預(yù)測川崎病準(zhǔn)確度良好,靈敏度為73.2%,特異度為81.8%;而PLR免疫指標(biāo)的Youden指數(shù)是0.606,截?cái)嘀禐?6.9時(shí),診斷川崎病的效能較WBC強(qiáng),預(yù)測川崎病準(zhǔn)確度良好,靈敏度73.7%、特異度86.9%。SII免疫指標(biāo)預(yù)測川崎病的曲線下面積為0.959,Youden指數(shù)0.849,截?cái)嘀禐?99.8×109/L,診斷川崎病的效能好,預(yù)測川崎病的準(zhǔn)確度高,靈敏度89.4%及特異度94.4%。PLR、SII這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)與川崎病的診斷之間的關(guān)系在國外文獻(xiàn)罕見有相關(guān)報(bào)道,國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)可見高水平的PLR及SII可作為川崎病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[20],也有研究提示PLR對(duì)川崎病的診斷有一定的預(yù)測作用[21],但國內(nèi)罕見SII這個(gè)指標(biāo)在川崎病診斷預(yù)測上有相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。
本文實(shí)用性強(qiáng),外周血血常規(guī)指標(biāo)易獲取,根據(jù)本研究的方法可以快速了解患兒的是否患有川崎病的傾向,特別在嬰幼兒不完全性川崎病。同時(shí)增加了SII這個(gè)新型指標(biāo)在川崎病中的臨床應(yīng)用,具有研究創(chuàng)新性。本文的研究結(jié)果在嬰幼兒川崎病,特別是不完全性川崎病的早期識(shí)別,早期確診中有重要的作用,使其盡快得到恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委?,降低心臟等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。但本文此次研究為非多中心研究,病例數(shù)較少,后續(xù)希望可拓展至多中心聯(lián)合研究,增強(qiáng)該研究的說服力。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:史瑞明]
[中文編輯:?;?;英文編輯:楊周岐]