[摘要]" 目的: 探討中老年人群血漿低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)亞型水平與后循環(huán)缺血(posterior circulation ischemia,PCI)的關(guān)聯(lián)性。方法: 共納入2023年1月至2024年5月于江蘇大學(xué)附屬人民醫(yī)院就診的中老年P(guān)CI患者168例,依據(jù)磁共振彌散加權(quán)成像的梗死改變情況,分為短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)組(83例)及腦梗死組(85例),另隨機(jī)選取同期在本院體檢的81例中老年健康受試者作為對照組。收集三組的一般資料,測定血漿高密度脂蛋白、中間密度脂蛋白及LDL亞型水平;采用Logistic回歸分析中老年P(guān)CI發(fā)生的影響因素;運(yùn)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評價(jià)血漿LDL-3、LDL-4水平對中老年P(guān)CI的診斷價(jià)值。結(jié)果: 與對照組相比,TIA組和腦梗死組的血漿LDL-3和LDL-4水平明顯升高(Plt;0.05),高血壓比例明顯增加(Plt;0.05),而LDL-1水平明顯降低(Plt;0.05);與對照組相比,腦梗死組的吸煙者比例、糖尿病比例、三酰甘油水平均明顯升高(Plt;0.05)。Logistic回歸顯示,高血壓(OR=2.114,95%CI:1.024~4.364,Plt;0.05)、血漿LDL-3(OR=1.006,95%CI:1.003~1.009,Plt;0.001)和LDL-4(OR=1.007,95%CI:1.002~1.013,Plt;0.05)是中老年P(guān)CI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而血漿LDL-1(OR=0.402,95%CI:0.201~0.806,Plt;0.05)是PCI的獨(dú)立保護(hù)因素。血漿LDL-3、LDL-4的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)分別為0.847、0.798,敏感度分別為86.9%、70.8%,特異度分別為72.8%、86.4%,兩指標(biāo)聯(lián)合診斷的AUC為0.853。結(jié)論: 血漿LDL-3和LDL-4水平升高,以及LDL-1水平降低,均與中老年P(guān)CI發(fā)生呈一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" 后循環(huán)缺血;低密度脂蛋白亞型;腦梗死;小而密低密度脂蛋白(sdLDL)
[中圖分類號]" R743" [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" A" [文章編號]" 1671-7783(2025)02-0166-05
DOI: 10.13312/j.issn.1671-7783.y240124
[引用格式]孫常秀, 陶洋, 丁金國, 等. 中老年血漿低密度脂蛋白亞型水平與后循環(huán)缺血的關(guān)聯(lián)性分析[J]. 江蘇大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版), 2025, 35(2): 166-170,179.
[基金項(xiàng)目]鎮(zhèn)江市社會(huì)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)性科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(FZ2023058)
[作者簡介]孫常秀(1983—),女,副主任技師,碩士,主要從事腦血管病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究;顧紅兵(通訊作者),主任技師,博士,E-mail: 104150017@qq.com
Association between plasma low density lipoprotein subtype level and posterior circulation ischemia in the middle-aged and elderly patients
SUN Changxiu, TAO Yang, DING Jinguo, GU Hongbing
(Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212002, China)
[Abstract]" Objective: To investigate the association between plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subtypes and posterior circulation ischemia (PCI) in the middle-aged and elderly patients. Methods: A total of 168 middle-aged and elderly PCI patients who were treated in the Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University from January 2023 to May 2024 were included. According to the infarct changes of magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging, they were divided into transient ischemic attack (TIA) group (83 cases) and cerebral infarction group (85 cases). In addition, 81 middle-aged and elderly healthy subjects who underwent physical examination in the hospital during the same period were randomly selected as the control group. The general data of the three groups were collected, and the levels of high-density lipoprotein, intermediate density lipoprotein, and LDL subtypes were measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of posterior circulation ischemia in middle-aged and elderly patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of plasma LDL-3 and LDL-4 levels for PCI in middle-aged and elderly patients. Results: Compared with the control group, the levels of plasma LDL-3 and LDL-4 and the proportion of hypertension in TIA group and cerebral infarction group were significantly increased (Plt;0.05), while the level of LDL-1 was significantly decreased (Plt;0.05). Compared with the control group, the proportion of smoking and diabetes, and the level of triacylglycerol (TG) were significantly increased in cerebral infarction group (Plt;0.05). Logistic regression showed that hypertension(OR=2.114, 95%CI: 1.024-4.364, Plt;0.05), plasma LDL-3(OR=1.006, 95%CI: 1.003-1.009, Plt;0.001) and LDL-4 (OR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.002-1.013, Plt;0.05) were independent risk factors for PCI in middle-aged and elderly patients, while plasma LDL-1 (OR=0.402, 95%CI: 0.201-0.806, Plt;0.05) was an independent protective factor for PCI. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of plasma LDL-3 and LDL-4 was 0.847 and 0.798, the sensitivity was 86.9% and 70.8%, and the specificity was 72.8% and 86.4%, respectively. The AUC of the combined diagnosis of the two indicators was 0.853. Conclusion: The increase of plasma LDL-3 and LDL-4 levels and the decrease of LDL-1 levels are related to the occurrence of PCI.
[Key words]" posterior circulation ischemia; low density lipoprotein subtype; cerebral infarction; small and dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL)
后循環(huán)缺血(posterior circulation ischemia,PCI)是臨床常見的缺血性腦血管病,約占缺血性卒中的20%,國內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PCI的臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)為眩暈、肢體麻木、視物模糊、惡心嘔吐、構(gòu)音障礙等,嚴(yán)重者會(huì)突然暈倒,對于患者的日常生活產(chǎn)生重要影響[1-3]。由于后循環(huán)主要向腦干等重要生命中樞供給血液,且具有特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)和血流分布特點(diǎn),一旦發(fā)生梗死,其致死率、致殘率高于前循環(huán)腦梗死,因此,在臨床上需引起更高程度的重視[4]。根據(jù)缺血程度以及癥狀的持續(xù)時(shí)長,PCI可進(jìn)一步分為短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)及腦梗死[5]。研究表明,脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂是缺血性心腦血管病發(fā)展的重要病理基礎(chǔ),脂質(zhì)指標(biāo)主要包括總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等[6]。其中,LDL是臨床上用于監(jiān)測血脂代謝的常用指標(biāo),是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[7]。但是臨床發(fā)現(xiàn),很多合并嚴(yán)重的心腦血管疾病患者常規(guī)血脂檢測的LDL水平仍然處于正常范圍,這使得關(guān)于LDL亞型的研究逐步受到重視[8]。LDL具有異質(zhì)性,按照顆粒大小,被進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為LDL-1~7等7種亞型,其中,LDL-3~7稱為小而密LDL(sdLDL),研究證實(shí)sdLDL與心腦血管疾病關(guān)系更為密切[9]。但是,目前外周血LDL亞型水平對中老年P(guān)CI的影響尚不清楚。因此,本研究擬對中老年P(guān)CI患者的血脂水平和LDL亞型分布特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,探究其與PCI臨床表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)將研究結(jié)果報(bào)道如下。
1" 對象與方法
1.1" 對象
本研究為回顧性研究,選擇2023年1月至2024年5月期間、江蘇大學(xué)附屬人民醫(yī)院收治的168例以TIA或腦梗死就診的門診及住院患者為研究對象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有患者均符合中國后循環(huán)缺血的專家共識中關(guān)于PCI的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10];年齡≥40歲,發(fā)病至入院時(shí)間在72 h以內(nèi);所有患者接受MRI檢查明確后循環(huán)供血區(qū)缺血狀態(tài);對頭暈或眩暈為主訴者進(jìn)行Dix-Hallpike檢查并排除良性發(fā)作性位置性眩暈。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾?。谎翰?、外周血管疾??;家族性高脂血癥;肝腎功能異常;合并心房顫動(dòng)、免疫性血管炎等非動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化所致的缺血性卒中;惡性腫瘤、腎衰竭、心力衰竭等嚴(yán)重終末期疾病。
按照PCI患者缺血程度、癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)長以及磁共振彌散加權(quán)成像(DWI)的梗死改變情況,即癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)長是否超過24 h、DWI高信號是否改變,進(jìn)一步將168例分為TIA組(83例)及腦梗死組(85例)。其中TIA組男44例,女39例;年齡40~94歲,平均(68.14±11.63)歲。腦梗死組男48例,女37例;年齡41~92歲,平均(68.45±10.86)歲。同時(shí),選取既往無心腦血管疾病病史的同期于我院健康體檢并排除PCI者81例作為對照組,其中男45例,女36例;年齡43~97歲,平均(68.90±11.79)歲。三組性別和年齡經(jīng)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2" 方法
1.2.1" 收集患者一般資料nbsp; 收集PCI患者和對照組的一般資料,包括年齡、性別、吸煙史、飲酒史、高血壓和糖尿病史。實(shí)驗(yàn)室相關(guān)血脂指標(biāo)檢查包括TC,LDL,HDL,TG,LDL-1~LDL-7亞型和中間密度脂蛋白(IDL-A、IDL-B、IDL-C);以及神經(jīng)影像學(xué)資料(MRI頭部檢查)。
1.2.2" 主要試劑和儀器" 樣本密度分離液試劑盒及蘇丹黑染色液購自大連芮禹醫(yī)療器械有限公司;DYY-12型電泳儀購自北京六一生物科技有限公司;高速離心機(jī)購自四川蜀科儀器有限公司。
1.2.3" 標(biāo)本采集及相關(guān)指標(biāo)檢測" 所有受試者禁食禁水8~10 h,于次日清晨(7:00-9:00)從肘靜脈采用真空負(fù)壓管采取空腹血樣。EDTA-K2抗凝管收集2 mL血樣,室溫靜置30 min,以4 000 r/min離心10 min,提取上層血漿,所有實(shí)驗(yàn)室血脂相關(guān)指標(biāo)均由本院檢驗(yàn)科在當(dāng)天4 h內(nèi)完成檢測。
1.3" 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。所有計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以[M(P25~P75)]表示,多組間比較采用Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗(yàn),兩兩比較采用Bonferroni法;應(yīng)用Logisitc回歸分析PCI的相關(guān)影響因素,并繪制ROC曲線。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1" 臨床資料比較
與對照組相比,TIA組和腦梗死組血漿LDL-3、LDL-4水平明顯升高,高血壓比例明顯增加,而LDL-1水平顯著降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);同時(shí),腦梗死組的TG水平、吸煙比例、糖尿病比例顯著高于對照組(Plt;0.05)。與TIA組相比,腦梗死組的LDL-3、LDL-4顯著升高(Plt;0.05)。三組間LDL、LDL-2、HDL、IDL-A、IDL-B、IDL-C、TC、飲酒者比例等差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。見表1。
2.2" 影響PCI發(fā)生的因素分析
選取與對照組存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的高血壓、LDL-1、LDL-3、LDL-4為自變量,以是否患有PCI為因變量進(jìn)行二分類Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示,LDL-1、LDL-3、LDL-4以及高血壓均是PCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立影響因素,其中,LDL-3、LDL-4、高血壓是其危險(xiǎn)因素,而LDL-1是其保護(hù)因素(Plt;0.05)。見表2。
2.3" LDL-3和LDL-4的ROC曲線分析
ROC曲線顯示,血漿LDL-3水平的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.847,敏感度與特異度分別為86.9%和72.8%;血漿LDL-4水平的AUC為0.798,敏感度與特異度分別為70.8%和86.4%;血漿LDL-3和LDL-4聯(lián)合診斷的AUC為0.853,敏感度與特異度分別為71.4%和91.4%。表明LDL-3和LDL-4均能夠有效預(yù)測中老年P(guān)CI的發(fā)生,兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合診斷模型預(yù)測PCI發(fā)生的AUC最高,相較于運(yùn)用單一指標(biāo)進(jìn)行判斷更有優(yōu)勢。見圖1。
3" 討論
PCI是中老年人群中較常見的缺血性腦血管疾病,以短暫意識喪失、肢體共濟(jì)失調(diào)、視覺障礙等為主要臨床表現(xiàn)[11]。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、椎動(dòng)脈夾層、血栓栓塞等會(huì)影響椎基底動(dòng)脈的供血條件,是PCI發(fā)生發(fā)展的主要病理因素[12-13]。高血壓與心腦血管疾病密切相關(guān),會(huì)加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,破壞凝血機(jī)制,損傷內(nèi)膜,增加PCI的發(fā)生概率[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,中老年TIA和腦梗死患者合并高血壓占比均顯著高于健康對照,證實(shí)了高血壓是影響PCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。由于椎基底動(dòng)脈管徑較細(xì),長時(shí)間吸煙會(huì)破壞血管內(nèi)壁細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,致使后循環(huán)血管進(jìn)一步縮窄,引發(fā)后循環(huán)供血低灌注[15]。糖尿病會(huì)引起脂代謝異常,增加血液黏度,易于造成椎基底動(dòng)脈血栓形成,增加PCI發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,腦梗死患者合并糖尿病、具有吸煙史的比例均顯著高于健康對照。由此表明,合并高血壓與PCI發(fā)生有關(guān),合并糖尿病、吸煙均與PCI病情嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。
具有諸多亞型的LDL是臨床監(jiān)測血脂代謝的常用指標(biāo),其中顆粒直徑較大的亞型LDL-1和LDL-2稱為大而輕LDL,而顆粒直徑較小的亞型LDL-3~7稱為sdLDL[17]。大而輕LDL承擔(dān)著膽固醇運(yùn)輸?shù)纳锕δ?,并且對?dòng)脈粥樣硬化具有保護(hù)作用,被認(rèn)為是正常的LDL[18]。而sdLDL由于顆粒較小,更加易于穿透動(dòng)脈壁,且具有易氧化、易沉淀、半衰期長等特點(diǎn),被認(rèn)為是有損健康的LDL[19]。相較于前循環(huán),后循環(huán)側(cè)支較少、血管結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特、血流速度復(fù)雜、交感神經(jīng)分布較稀疏,具有更易于形成斑塊、導(dǎo)致局部動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的條件[20]。在血流速度較低的后循環(huán)中,sdLDL易形成氧化型LDL,使攜帶的膽固醇沉淀在椎基底動(dòng)脈血管壁形成粥樣斑塊,當(dāng)斑塊脫落時(shí)將會(huì)進(jìn)一步阻塞血管、發(fā)生梗死,造成后循環(huán)供血不足[21-22]。已有研究表明sdLDL與心腦血管疾病具有關(guān)聯(lián)性[23],但是sdLDL各成分與PCI關(guān)聯(lián)性的研究較少。本研究結(jié)果顯示,TIA組和腦梗死組的LDL-3及LDL-4水平相較于對照組明顯升高,提示高水平的sdLDL可能參與了PCI的發(fā)生。經(jīng)Logistic回歸分析,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)LDL-3和LDL-4是PCI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而LDL-1是PCI的獨(dú)立保護(hù)性因素。由此提示,血漿sdLDL水平升高、大而輕LDL水平降低更易于導(dǎo)致PCI。
脂代謝異常是PCI的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,但在常規(guī)血脂檢測中,由于僅檢測LDL總量、并未區(qū)分LDL各亞型的水平,尤其是sdLDL各成分的含量,致使心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識別和預(yù)警能力受限[24-25]。本研究ROC曲線結(jié)果表明血漿LDL-3和LDL-4水平或可應(yīng)用于中老年P(guān)CI患者的輔助診斷,且兩者聯(lián)合預(yù)測優(yōu)于單一指標(biāo),運(yùn)用sdLDL進(jìn)行聯(lián)合檢測可能是更優(yōu)的預(yù)測方式。
綜上所述,本研究表明中老年P(guān)CI患者血漿LDL-3和LDL-4亞型水平升高且LDL-1水平降低,與PCI臨床癥狀具有一定相關(guān)性,在臨床診療中應(yīng)密切關(guān)注血漿LDL亞型水平,以便早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并預(yù)防PCI的發(fā)生。但本研究樣本量偏少且LDL-5~7亞型水平與PCI臨床表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系也需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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[收稿日期]" 2024-07-27" [編輯]" 何承志