摘要""對(duì)靜態(tài)行為類(lèi)型、積極和消極靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述,梳理不同類(lèi)型靜態(tài)行為與不同維度心理健康的具體關(guān)聯(lián),以求為心理健康干預(yù)提供新方向。
關(guān)鍵詞""靜態(tài)行為;心理健康;綜述;護(hù)理
doi:10.12102/j.issn.2095-8668.2025.06.008
2023年發(fā)布的《中國(guó)國(guó)民心理健康發(fā)展報(bào)告(2021—2022)》[1]顯示,18~24歲年齡組的抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)檢出率高達(dá)24.1%,其次為25~34歲(12.3%)。根據(jù)全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,1990—2019年,抑郁成為25~49歲成年人健康壽命損失的主要原因,從之前的第8位上升至第6位[2]。因此,確定心理健康的可改變危險(xiǎn)因素十分重要。近年來(lái),靜態(tài)行為(sedentary behavior,SB)作為一種獨(dú)立的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注,被稱(chēng)為一種“新型吸煙”[3]。目前,大多研究認(rèn)為靜態(tài)行為時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),相關(guān)心理健康問(wèn)題越突出[4]。來(lái)自30個(gè)中低收入國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù)表明,當(dāng)每日靜態(tài)行為超過(guò)1~2 h時(shí),青少年抑郁癥狀的患病率隨著靜態(tài)行為的增加而線性增加,且這種關(guān)聯(lián)與身體活動(dòng)無(wú)關(guān)[5]。但也有研究認(rèn)為,并非所有類(lèi)型的靜態(tài)行為都與心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān)[6],長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的積極靜態(tài)行為可能降低相關(guān)抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7]。然而,目前對(duì)于不同類(lèi)型靜態(tài)行為與心理健康之間的關(guān)聯(lián)尚未得到一致證明。因此,本研究試圖梳理兩類(lèi)靜態(tài)行為和總靜態(tài)行為分別與積極心理健康和消極心理健康的相關(guān)研究,理清不同類(lèi)型靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的關(guān)系,以求為心理健康問(wèn)題的預(yù)防和積極心理健康的促進(jìn)提供新的線索。
1 靜態(tài)行為概況
1.1 靜態(tài)行為的定義
靜態(tài)行為是指清醒時(shí)處于坐、倚或躺姿勢(shì)下能量消耗強(qiáng)度≤1.5 METs的行為[8][1 MET=1 kcal/(kg·h)],也稱(chēng)久坐行為。其中,MET值為活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,指活動(dòng)時(shí)耗氧量相對(duì)于休息時(shí)代謝的倍數(shù),如睡覺(jué)的活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度為0.95 METs,站立值為1.8 METs[9]。
1.2 靜態(tài)行為類(lèi)型
靜態(tài)行為根據(jù)不同條件可有多種分類(lèi)。1)根據(jù)是否需要認(rèn)知努力,Kikuchi等[10]于2014年首次提出將靜態(tài)行為分為積極靜態(tài)行為(mentally?active sedentary behavior,MASB)和消極靜態(tài)行為(passive sedentary behavior,PSB)。積極靜態(tài)行為,也稱(chēng)精神活躍的靜態(tài)行為,如使用電腦、讀書(shū)、看報(bào)等;消極靜態(tài)行為,也稱(chēng)被動(dòng)靜態(tài)行為,如看電視、閑坐、坐著聽(tīng)音樂(lè)或說(shuō)話等[10?11]。隨著研究的不斷深入,近年來(lái)更多的研究者將是否有社交互動(dòng)納入積極與消極靜態(tài)行為的分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如聊天、下棋等均屬于積極靜態(tài)行為[12?14]。2)根據(jù)是否涉及基于屏幕的電子產(chǎn)品使用,可分為屏前靜態(tài)行為和非屏前靜態(tài)行為。3)根據(jù)不同情境,可將靜態(tài)行為分為職業(yè)性靜態(tài)行為、閑暇靜態(tài)行為、居家靜態(tài)行為和交通性靜態(tài)行為四大類(lèi)[15]。
然而,無(wú)論在何種條件下,靜態(tài)行為均可分為積極和消極兩大類(lèi),如Hallgren等[16]制定了職業(yè)、交通、閑暇3種情境下消極和積極靜態(tài)行為框架,且由于大多數(shù)職業(yè)性靜態(tài)行為屬于積極靜態(tài)行為。因此,可將靜態(tài)行為分成職業(yè)性靜態(tài)行為、交通性積極靜態(tài)行為、交通性消極靜態(tài)行為、閑暇積極靜態(tài)行為、閑暇消極靜態(tài)行為五種類(lèi)型。Sweetser等[17]也早在2012年就將屏前靜態(tài)行為分為積極屏前靜態(tài)行為和消極屏前靜態(tài)行為。此外,積極和消極的靜態(tài)行為分類(lèi)法可能與心理健康[18]密切相關(guān),但具體影響尚未有一致定論。
1.3 靜態(tài)行為現(xiàn)況和相關(guān)健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
我國(guó)一項(xiàng)大型隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,成人平均每日靜態(tài)行為時(shí)間為8 h[19]。調(diào)查顯示,美國(guó)成年人平均每日靜態(tài)行為時(shí)間達(dá)6.2 h[20],北歐國(guó)家兒童每日靜態(tài)行為7~10 h,成年人和老年人每日靜態(tài)行為7~9 h[21]。以8 h睡眠時(shí)間來(lái)看,靜態(tài)行為約占人們清醒時(shí)間的一半。隨著現(xiàn)代生活方式的變化,靜態(tài)行為的增加引發(fā)了對(duì)其與身心健康關(guān)聯(lián)的廣泛關(guān)注。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)在2020年指南中指出,用任何強(qiáng)度的身體活動(dòng)代替靜態(tài)行為以及中斷靜態(tài)行為均具有健康益處[22]。靜態(tài)行為過(guò)高已被證明顯著增加全因死亡和心血管死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以及心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的發(fā)病率[23]。研究表明,超過(guò)7.5 h的靜態(tài)行為和40歲以上成年人的死亡率之間具有劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系,且超過(guò)9.5 h的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上顯著增加[24]。Cao等[25]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜態(tài)行為與14種非傳染性疾病相關(guān),gt;6 h/d的靜態(tài)行為與12種慢性非傳染性疾病患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)。
2 心理健康的概念
2007年,WHO將心理健康定義為個(gè)人能發(fā)揮自己的潛力,能夠應(yīng)對(duì)正常的生活壓力,能夠高效工作,并為社會(huì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的幸福狀態(tài)[26]。心理健康雙因素模型將心理健康分為消極心理健康和積極心理健康,即心理健康不只是沒(méi)有精神疾病,也不僅僅是高主觀幸福感,而是二者相結(jié)合,努力達(dá)成消極心理健康的消除和積極心理健康的促進(jìn)[27]。其中,積極心理學(xué)關(guān)注人類(lèi)積極的情緒和體驗(yàn),挖掘個(gè)人潛力,常用的積極心理健康結(jié)局有幸福感、積極情緒、生活滿(mǎn)意度等。而消極心理健康關(guān)注人的負(fù)性情緒和精神病理學(xué)癥狀,常用的消極心理健康結(jié)局包括抑郁、焦慮、心理困擾等。因此,本綜述將從積極心理健康和消極心理健康2個(gè)維度來(lái)全面評(píng)估個(gè)人的心理健康。
3 靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的相關(guān)研究
3.1 總靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的相關(guān)性
3.1.1 總靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康的相關(guān)性
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),總靜態(tài)行為與抑郁[4,28?31]和焦慮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32?33]呈正相關(guān)。Zhou等[4]的研究顯示,每日總靜態(tài)行為達(dá)到8 h,抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可增加20%。此外,試驗(yàn)誘導(dǎo)的靜態(tài)行為增加與負(fù)面情緒呈正相關(guān),且控制身體活動(dòng)后,這種相關(guān)性依然存在[34],表明靜態(tài)行為是負(fù)面情緒的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。Edwards等[33]的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,1周的靜態(tài)行為增加可能引起焦慮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,而恢復(fù)正常身體活動(dòng)模式1周后,干預(yù)組的焦慮得分又回到了基線水平,表明靜態(tài)行為對(duì)焦慮抑郁等消極心理健康的影響可能是非長(zhǎng)期的、可逆的??傮w而言,靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康(如焦慮和抑郁)呈正相關(guān)。但有研究指出,總靜態(tài)行為與縱向的重度抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)相關(guān)性[7]。因此,在評(píng)估靜態(tài)行為對(duì)消極心理健康的影響時(shí),應(yīng)考慮其可能的短期性和可逆性。
3.1.2 總靜態(tài)行為與積極心理健康的相關(guān)性
大量研究表明,總靜態(tài)行為與積極心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān)[35?38]。Pengpid等[35]的研究顯示,每日gt;4 h的靜態(tài)行為與大學(xué)生較低的幸福感和生活滿(mǎn)意度有關(guān)。Felez?Nobrega等[37]對(duì)包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的6個(gè)中低收入國(guó)家的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),總靜態(tài)行為增加與50~64歲人群更低的幸福感有關(guān)。Chen等[36]的研究顯示,更多的靜態(tài)行為與老年人更低的積極情緒相關(guān)。此外,Elavsky等[38]通過(guò)加速度計(jì)和情緒日記探究更年期女性瞬時(shí)情緒與靜態(tài)行為的并發(fā)和滯后關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論是瞬時(shí)測(cè)量還是總靜態(tài)行為都與較低的積極情緒相關(guān),且瞬時(shí)測(cè)量的靜態(tài)行為可預(yù)測(cè)積極情緒,即上一時(shí)刻的靜態(tài)行為與下一時(shí)刻較少的積極情緒有關(guān)。表明靜態(tài)行為可能與積極情緒的瞬時(shí)測(cè)量更密切相關(guān),而非回顧性的測(cè)量。然而,也有研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)靜態(tài)行為與幸福感的關(guān)聯(lián)[31,39],且均為加速度計(jì)測(cè)量的70歲以上老年人的靜態(tài)行為。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),研究普遍認(rèn)為,靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康呈正相關(guān),但可能為短期性和可逆性影響;總靜態(tài)行為與積極心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān),尤其在大學(xué)生、中低收入國(guó)家的中年人和老年人中表現(xiàn)明顯。然而,關(guān)于70歲以上老年人的研究結(jié)果卻未能確認(rèn)這種關(guān)聯(lián)。因此,在分析靜態(tài)行為對(duì)積極心理健康影響時(shí),應(yīng)考慮年齡和測(cè)量方式的差異帶來(lái)的潛在影響。
3.2 消極靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的相關(guān)性
消極靜態(tài)行為主要包括看電視、電影、刷短視頻、閑坐等。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),消極靜態(tài)行為與抑郁、心理困擾等消極心理健康呈正相關(guān)[4,6?7,10,18,28,40?44]。大量研究顯示,看電視與成人抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)[4,6,28,40?41]。消極靜態(tài)行為每增加30 min,抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可增加6%[42]。此外,Hallgren等[7]的研究顯示,每日消極靜態(tài)行為≥3 h的參與者在13年隨訪內(nèi)重度抑郁的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高26%,而在非抑郁參與者中則無(wú)此種關(guān)聯(lián),表明消極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)抑郁病人的負(fù)面影響可能更顯著。除抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外,Kikuchi等[10]對(duì)日本老年人的橫斷面研究顯示,每天gt;1 h的消極靜態(tài)行為與心理困擾也呈正相關(guān)。Werneck等[43]的研究顯示,青少年時(shí)期有較多消極靜態(tài)行為的參與者在成年后出現(xiàn)心理困擾的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了44%,11歲女孩的消極靜態(tài)行為與其14歲時(shí)出現(xiàn)抑郁癥狀相關(guān)[18],表明消極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)消極心理健康結(jié)局的影響可能是長(zhǎng)期的。Andrade?Gomez等[44]也發(fā)現(xiàn)花更多時(shí)間看電視的老年女性,在隨訪時(shí)表現(xiàn)出更多的心理困擾和抑郁癥狀。然而,關(guān)于消極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)積極心理健康的影響研究仍顯不足,Yasunaga等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)成年人和老年人看電視時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),個(gè)人快樂(lè)水平越低。王惠[45]的研究顯示,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間看電視降低了中學(xué)生的積極情感。消極靜態(tài)行為與積極心理健康可能呈負(fù)相關(guān),但研究證據(jù)不足。
綜上所述,消極靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康之間的負(fù)面關(guān)聯(lián)在多個(gè)研究中得到了證實(shí),尤其是在抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和心理困擾方面。這些研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了消極靜態(tài)行為可能導(dǎo)致的長(zhǎng)期負(fù)面影響,尤其是在青少年和老年人群體中。然而,關(guān)于積極心理健康的研究較少,未來(lái)的研究應(yīng)關(guān)注消極靜態(tài)行為的具體內(nèi)容、持續(xù)時(shí)間以及其對(duì)不同年齡群體心理健康的影響,以便更全面地理解消極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)心理健康的復(fù)雜作用。
3.3 積極靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的相關(guān)性
積極靜態(tài)行為包括使用電腦、聊天、閱讀、下棋等,其與消極心理健康的關(guān)聯(lián)目前未有統(tǒng)一定論。一些研究認(rèn)為積極靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān)[7,42,46?47]。如Hallgren等[7]的隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,每日≥3 h積極靜態(tài)行為可使抑郁參與者和非抑郁參與者隨訪時(shí)發(fā)生重度抑郁的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別降低29%和26%。Hallgren等[42]使用等時(shí)替代模型發(fā)現(xiàn),每增加30 min積極靜態(tài)行為可使抑郁癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低14%,用30 min的積極靜態(tài)行為代替30 min的消極靜態(tài)行為,可使自評(píng)抑郁癥狀風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和重度抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均降低5%。且與消極靜態(tài)行為相比,積極靜態(tài)行為相關(guān)的焦慮抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低[47?48]。也有研究指出,積極靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康可能呈正相關(guān)[10,28,48?50]。Kikuchi等[10]的研究表明,每天gt;3 h的積極靜態(tài)行為可能與老年人更高的心理困擾有關(guān)。Rebar等[48]的研究顯示,使用電腦更多的人有更嚴(yán)重的抑郁和焦慮癥狀。Zhai等[28]的Meta分析也顯示,使用電腦可能增加抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,對(duì)青少年而言,Kim等[14]的研究顯示,青少年gt;4 h/d的積極屏前時(shí)間的抑郁患病率更高,而與焦慮卻無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。Khan等[49]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),積極屏前時(shí)間與青少年身心健康呈負(fù)相關(guān),且產(chǎn)生身心健康不良影響的速度比消極屏前靜態(tài)行為平均快30 min/d。然而,也有研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)積極靜態(tài)行為與心理困擾[50]和抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6,40]的相關(guān)性,可能與將3 h確定為臨界值以及樣本量較小有關(guān)。Wang等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),平均每日積極靜態(tài)行為gt;1 h和0~1 h的抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別是無(wú)積極靜態(tài)行為的0.26倍和1.54倍,說(shuō)明1 h可能是積極靜態(tài)行為與抑郁關(guān)聯(lián)的臨界值,lt;1 h/d的積極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)心理健康具有保護(hù)作用,而gt;1 h/d則促進(jìn)心理健康問(wèn)題的發(fā)生。未來(lái)應(yīng)增加對(duì)積極靜態(tài)行為產(chǎn)生不同心理健康影響的臨界值研究。此外,積極靜態(tài)行為與積極心理健康可能呈正相關(guān),但相關(guān)研究數(shù)量有限。Yasunaga等[12]的研究表明,聊天、聽(tīng)歌、愛(ài)好等閑暇積極靜態(tài)行為與成年人和老年人的快樂(lè)水平呈正相關(guān)。王惠[45]的研究也顯示,在線聊天能夠提高中學(xué)生的積極情緒。
綜上所述,大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為積極靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān),但也有研究認(rèn)為二者無(wú)關(guān)或呈正相關(guān),可能受到臨界值和年齡等因素的影響。積極靜態(tài)行為與積極心理健康可能呈正相關(guān),但相關(guān)研究數(shù)量有限,尚需進(jìn)一步研究。未來(lái)應(yīng)關(guān)注積極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)心理健康影響的臨界值研究。
4 對(duì)心理健康干預(yù)的啟示
4.1 減少消極靜態(tài)行為時(shí)間
有研究顯示,社會(huì)參與程度較高的老年人消極靜態(tài)行為可能性明顯降低,且社會(huì)參與與消極靜態(tài)行為時(shí)間的相關(guān)性大于與總靜態(tài)行為時(shí)間的相關(guān)性,因此,可以通過(guò)減少消極靜態(tài)行為而不是總靜態(tài)時(shí)間促進(jìn)老年人的社會(huì)參與[51],進(jìn)而提高其幸福感[52]。Hallgren等[42]的等時(shí)替代模型結(jié)果也顯示,用30 min的積極靜態(tài)行為代替30 min的消極靜態(tài)行為,可使自評(píng)抑郁癥狀風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和臨床診斷的重度抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均降低5%。因此,對(duì)于不愿或不便減少總靜態(tài)行為的人來(lái)說(shuō),以積極靜態(tài)行為替代消極靜態(tài)行為或許是一種新的心理健康干預(yù)視角。
4.2 關(guān)注抑郁癥病人的靜態(tài)行為
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)積極情緒較高的人,靜態(tài)行為較少[38],而有更多抑郁癥狀如負(fù)面情緒、冷漠、低能量的人更喜歡久坐[31]。如在抑郁癥病人中,≥3 h消極靜態(tài)行為的比例比普通人更高[40],且消極靜態(tài)行為對(duì)抑郁病人的負(fù)面影響較非抑郁病人更明顯,同樣積極靜態(tài)行為的積極影響也更加顯著[7]。因此,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注情緒低落和抑郁癥病人的靜態(tài)行為,這類(lèi)人群更容易久坐且久坐對(duì)心理健康的影響可能更大。
4.3 用其他活動(dòng)替代靜態(tài)行為
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜態(tài)行為可能會(huì)取代身體活動(dòng)和睡眠的時(shí)間,而身體活動(dòng)[53]和良好的睡眠[54]已被證明有利于心理健康。靜態(tài)行為8~11 h/d和≥11 h/d的人報(bào)告睡眠問(wèn)題的概率分別高出1.61倍和1.75倍[55]。此外,靜態(tài)行為經(jīng)常取代身體活動(dòng)的時(shí)間,尤其是心理健康狀況較差的青少年可能缺乏體育鍛煉的動(dòng)力,從而轉(zhuǎn)向需要很少努力的靜態(tài)行為作為應(yīng)對(duì)機(jī)制,失去身體活動(dòng)對(duì)心理健康的保護(hù)作用[56]。Kandola等[57]的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究也指出靜態(tài)行為會(huì)取代青春期的輕度身體活動(dòng),并且與18歲時(shí)出現(xiàn)抑郁癥狀的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)。綜上所述,未來(lái)可增加干預(yù)性研究,以探究減少不同類(lèi)型靜態(tài)行為對(duì)心理健康的影響,以確定不同人群促進(jìn)心理健康的最佳靜態(tài)行為干預(yù)方式。
5 小結(jié)與展望
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)積極和消極靜態(tài)行為的研究仍處于起步階段。概括而言,總靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康呈正相關(guān),可能是短期且可逆的;與積極心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān),尤其是與積極情緒的瞬時(shí)測(cè)量有關(guān)。而消極靜態(tài)行為可能與消極心理健康呈正相關(guān),且可能為長(zhǎng)期影響;與積極心理健康呈負(fù)相關(guān),但證據(jù)尚不充分。積極靜態(tài)行為與消極心理健康和積極心理健康可能分別呈負(fù)相關(guān)和正相關(guān),但證據(jù)尚不充分。未來(lái)除進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展不同類(lèi)型的靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的因果關(guān)系的研究外,還應(yīng)關(guān)注兩者之間的劑量效應(yīng),增加隨機(jī)對(duì)照干預(yù)研究,探究減少靜態(tài)行為對(duì)心理健康的影響。此外,不同年齡段的人群,靜態(tài)行為具體內(nèi)容具有差異性,應(yīng)具體分析不同人群靜態(tài)行為與心理健康的關(guān)系,將客觀測(cè)量和自我報(bào)告方法相結(jié)合,以確保全面、精確了解靜態(tài)行為的時(shí)長(zhǎng)和類(lèi)型。
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(收稿日期:2024-10-18;修回日期:2025-02-26)
(本文編輯"賈小越)
作者簡(jiǎn)介"王晨晨,碩士研究生在讀
* 通訊作者"楊麗黎,E-mail:3200006@zju.edu.cn
引用信息"王晨晨,楊麗黎,袁巧,等.靜態(tài)行為與心理健康相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展[J].循證護(hù)理,2025,11(6):1065-1070.