[摘要]"目的"研究α7煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體(α7"nicotinic"acetylcholine"receptor,α7nAChR)激動(dòng)劑PNU-282987對(duì)膿毒癥小鼠腸損傷及線粒體自噬的影響。方法"選取30只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠作為研究對(duì)象,分為對(duì)照組、模型組、PNU-282987組,每組10只。PNU-282987組在造模前1h和造模后2h分別給予1mg/kg"PNU-282987腹腔注射;造模后24h取回腸組織,采用蘇木精-伊紅染色觀察病理改變并進(jìn)行Chiu’s評(píng)分,采用醋酸鈾-枸櫞酸鉛雙染色觀察線粒體自噬情況,采用Western"blot法檢測(cè)α7nAChR、自噬標(biāo)志蛋白微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈(microtubule-associated"protein"1"light"chain,LC)3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ及Beclin-1、線粒體自噬相關(guān)蛋白PTEN誘導(dǎo)激酶(PTEN-induced"kinase,PINK)1及Parkin的表達(dá)水平;取血清和回腸組織,檢測(cè)白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-10。結(jié)果"三組小鼠回腸組織中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin的表達(dá)水平比較,模型組小鼠高于對(duì)照組,PNU-282987組小鼠高于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。三組小鼠的Chiu’s評(píng)分比較,模型組小鼠高于對(duì)照組,PNU-282987組小鼠低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。PNU-282987組小鼠回腸組織中α7nAChR水平高于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論"α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑PNU-282987改善膿毒癥小鼠腸損傷,分子機(jī)制可能是激活回腸組織線粒體自噬、減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]"膿毒癥;腸損傷;α7煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體;線粒體自噬
[中圖分類號(hào)]"R631""""""[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]"A""""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.02.011
Effect"of"α7nAChR"agonist"on"intestinal"injury"and"mitochondrial"autophagy"of"sepsis"mice
FEI"Liping,"TANG"Kankai,"LIU"Fengqi,"CHEN"Zhidong
Department"of"Critical"Care"Medicine,"the"First"People’s"Hospital"of"Huzhou,"Huzhou"313000,"Zhejiang,"China
[Abstract]"Objective"To"investigate"effects"of"α7"nicotinic"acetylcholine"receptor(α7nAChR)"agonist"PNU-282987"on"intestinal"injury"and"mitochondrial"autophagy"in"sepsis"mice."Methods"A"total"of"30"male"C57BL/6J"mice"were"divided"into"control"group,"sepsis"group"and"PNU-282987"group,"10"mice"each"group."In"PNU-282987"group,"1mg/kg"PNU-282987"was"injected"intraperitoneally"1h"before"and"2h"after"modeling,"respectively."Intestinal"tissue"were"taken"back"24h"after"modeling,"and"pathological"changes"were"observed"by"hematoxylin-eosin"staining"and"Chiu’s"score"were"made."Mitochondrial"autophagy"were"observed"by"uranium"acetate-lead"citrate"double"staining,"and"α7nAChR,"autophagy"marker"protein"microtubule-associated"protein"1"light"chain(LC)3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ"and"Beclin-1,"and"mitochondrial"autophagy-related"protein"PTEN-induced"kinase"(PINK)1"were"detected"by"Western"blot."Serum"and"ileum"tissues"were"taken"to"detect"interleukin"(IL)-1β,"IL-6,"IL-10."Results"Comparison"of"Beclin-1,"LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ,"PINK"1"and"Parkin"in"the"mice"ileum"tissues"among"three"groups,"model"group"were"higher"than"control"group,"and"PNU-282987"group"were"higher"than"model"group,"the"difference"were"statistically"significant(Plt;0.05)."Comparison"of"mice"in"Chiu’s"score"among"three"groups,""model"group"was"higher"than"control"group,"and"PNU-282987"group"was"lower"than"model"group,the"difference"were"significant(Plt;0.05)."PNU-282987"group"α7nAChR"level"in"the"mice"ileal"tissue"was"higher"than"model"group,"the"difference"was"significant"(Plt;0.05)."Conclusion"α7nAChR"agonist"PNU-282987"improves"intestinal"injury"in"sepsis"mice,"activation"of"mitochondrial"autophagy"and"reduction"of"inflammation"in"ileum"may"be"the"related"molecular"mechanism.
[Key"words]"Sepsis;"Intestinal"injury;"α7"Nicotinic"acetylcholine"receptor;"Mitochondrial"autophagy
在膿毒癥發(fā)生、發(fā)展中,腸損傷可引起腸道菌群易位、宿主炎癥反應(yīng)加劇,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致膿毒癥病情加重、多器官衰竭及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。乙酰膽堿是體內(nèi)調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng)的重要神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),迷走神經(jīng)興奮引起節(jié)后纖維末梢釋放乙酰膽堿、作用于免疫細(xì)胞表明的乙酰膽堿受體并發(fā)揮減少促炎因子釋放、抑制炎癥反應(yīng)的作用[1-2]。α7煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體(α7"nicotinic"acetylcholine"receptor,α7nAChR)是介導(dǎo)乙酰膽堿抗炎活性的重要乙酰膽堿受體亞型,在膿毒癥小鼠中切除迷走神經(jīng)可減輕腸損傷,提示乙酰膽堿通路在膿毒癥誘導(dǎo)腸損傷中起保護(hù)作用。在巨噬細(xì)胞中敲低α7nAChR表達(dá)可加重炎癥反應(yīng)、抑制線粒體自噬,提示α7nAChR具有抗炎活性[3]。PNU-282987是α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑,在新生兒壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎、膿毒癥相關(guān)肺損傷和腎損傷等模型中發(fā)揮抗炎和組織保護(hù)作用[4-6];但PNU-282987對(duì)膿毒癥誘導(dǎo)腸損傷的影響及機(jī)制尚不清楚。本研究通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察PNU-282987對(duì)膿毒癥小鼠腸損傷及線粒體自噬的影響,旨在探討α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑在膿毒癥誘導(dǎo)腸損傷中的治療價(jià)值及分子機(jī)制。
1""資料與方法
1.1""實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物、藥品與試劑
C57BL/6J小鼠30只,雄性、6~8周齡、體質(zhì)量(20±2)g,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用許可證號(hào):SYXK(浙)2020-0018。本研究經(jīng)湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)[倫理審批號(hào):倫審第(2021KYLL034)號(hào)]。α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑PNU-282987購(gòu)自美國(guó)MCE公司,蘇木精-伊紅(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色試劑購(gòu)自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-10酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自武漢賽洛菲生物科技有限公司;α7nAChR單克隆抗體、Beclin-1單克隆抗體、微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈(microtubule-associated-protein"light"chain,LC)3單克隆抗體、PTEN誘導(dǎo)激酶(PTEN-induced"putative"kinase,PINK)1單克隆抗體、Parkin單克隆抗體購(gòu)自美國(guó)Abcam公司。
1.2""動(dòng)物分組、造模、給藥及取材
30只小鼠分為對(duì)照組、模型組、PNU-282987組,每組10只。對(duì)照組進(jìn)行假手術(shù)操作,麻醉、開腹、顯露盲腸,但不結(jié)扎和穿孔。模型組、PNU-282987組通過盲腸結(jié)扎穿孔手術(shù)制備膿毒癥模型,小鼠禁食過夜后腹腔注射0.3%戊巴比妥鈉10ml/kg麻醉。沿腹白線做1cm切口,進(jìn)入腹腔、顯露盲腸,將腸管輕柔拉出并用無菌縫線在盲腸1/2處結(jié)扎,在盲腸底部用22G注射器針頭穿刺,擠出腸腔內(nèi)糞便并將腸管放回腹腔,逐層縫合切口。PNU-282987組參照文獻(xiàn)[6],在造模前1h和造模后2h分別給予1mg/kg"PNU-282987腹腔注射,對(duì)照組和模型組在造模前1h和造模后2h分別給予等劑量生理鹽水腹腔注射。造模后24h進(jìn)行取材,麻醉后經(jīng)心尖取血1ml,離心分離血清并放置在–80℃保存;而后麻醉法安樂死小鼠,打開腹腔并在距回盲瓣3cm處剪取遠(yuǎn)端回腸組織2cm,用于HE染色和透射電鏡觀察;剩余的近端回腸組織用液氮冷凍,放置在–80℃保存,用于促炎因子水平和蛋白表達(dá)水平檢測(cè)。
1.3""小鼠回腸組織的HE染色與透射電鏡觀察
將小鼠遠(yuǎn)端回腸組織作蠟切片,采用試劑盒進(jìn)行HE染色,在顯微鏡下觀察回腸組織病理改變,拍照記錄并按照Chiu’s標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]進(jìn)行評(píng)分。將小鼠遠(yuǎn)端回腸組織用2.5%戊二醛固定12h后進(jìn)行醋酸鈾-枸櫞酸鉛染色,在透射電鏡下觀察線粒體自噬情況。
1.4""小鼠血清及回腸組織中促炎因子與蛋白表達(dá)水平的
檢測(cè)
取–80℃保存的小鼠回腸組織,按照1mg回腸組織∶4μl磷酸鹽緩沖液∶10μl組織裂解液混合并勻漿,組織勻漿液離心后取上清,采用試劑盒進(jìn)行酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法實(shí)驗(yàn),檢測(cè)IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10水平;另取血清樣本,采用試劑盒進(jìn)行酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法實(shí)驗(yàn),檢測(cè)IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10水平。取–80℃保存的小鼠回腸組織約50mg,在沸水中變性10min,冰浴降溫后放置在–80℃?zhèn)溆?。檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá)水平時(shí),取變性的蛋白樣本進(jìn)行Western"blot法檢驗(yàn),電泳、濕轉(zhuǎn)聚偏二氟乙烯膜后孵育一抗,4℃過夜;次日室溫孵育二抗1h,最后滴加增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光(enhanced"chemiluminescence,ECL)顯影液并在凝膠成像系統(tǒng)中顯影,用Image"J軟件對(duì)顯影得到的蛋白條帶進(jìn)行灰度值計(jì)算。
1.5""統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS24.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(")表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2""結(jié)果
2.1""小鼠回腸組織中的α7nAChR表達(dá)變化
模型組小鼠血清及回腸組織中的α7nAChR表達(dá)水平低于對(duì)照組,PNU-282987組小鼠回腸組織中α7nAChR表達(dá)水平高于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。
2.2""PNU-282987對(duì)膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織病理改變及Chiu’s評(píng)分的影響
對(duì)照組小鼠回腸組織的絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)和腺體結(jié)構(gòu)完整;模型組小鼠回腸組織的頂部絨毛出現(xiàn)剝脫,可見炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);PNU-282987組小鼠回腸組織的絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)損傷和腺體結(jié)構(gòu)損傷較模型組減輕。模型組小鼠的Chiu’s評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05),PNU-282987組小鼠的Chiu’s評(píng)分低于模型組(Plt;0.05)。
2.3""三組小鼠血清及回腸組織中促炎細(xì)胞因子水平的比較
模型組小鼠血清及回腸組織中的IL-1β、IL-6水平高于對(duì)照組,IL-10水平低于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05);PNU-282987組小鼠回腸組織中的IL-1β、IL-6水平低于模型組,IL-10水平高于模型組(Plt;0.05),見表1。
2.4""PNU-282987對(duì)膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織的線粒體自噬影響
對(duì)照組小鼠回腸組織中線粒體呈橢圓形、外膜光滑,內(nèi)部線粒體嵴形態(tài)完整,未見自噬體形成;模型組回腸組織中線粒體腫脹、外膜不規(guī)則、內(nèi)部線粒體嵴斷裂,可見雙側(cè)膜結(jié)構(gòu)包裹的線粒體;PNU-282987組小鼠回腸組織中線粒體腫脹減輕、內(nèi)部線粒體嵴無明顯斷裂,自噬體包裹的線粒體減少,見圖1。
2.5""三組小鼠回腸組織中自噬標(biāo)志蛋白與線粒體自噬相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的比較
三組小鼠自噬標(biāo)志蛋白比較,模型組小鼠回腸組織中的Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表達(dá)水平高于對(duì)照組,PNU-282987組小鼠的Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表達(dá)水平高于模型癥(Plt;0.05)。三組小鼠的線粒體自噬相關(guān)蛋白比較,模型組小鼠回腸組織中的PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平高于對(duì)照組,PNU-282987組小鼠回腸組織中的PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平高于模型組(Plt;0.05),見圖2。
3""討論
膿毒癥病情危重且可累及全身多個(gè)器官并引起功能障礙。腸黏膜屏障損傷是膿毒癥發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中常見的靶器官受累表現(xiàn),腸內(nèi)細(xì)菌及毒素、其他炎癥介質(zhì)經(jīng)受損引起全身炎癥反應(yīng)加劇、多器官功能障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,嚴(yán)重者進(jìn)展為膿毒癥休克、甚至死亡[7-9]。目前,關(guān)于膿毒癥相關(guān)腎損傷、肺損傷的分子機(jī)制研究較多,但關(guān)于膿毒癥誘導(dǎo)腸損傷的認(rèn)識(shí)不足,在膿毒癥治療的臨床實(shí)踐中缺乏腸損傷的有效干預(yù)手段。
膽堿能抗炎通路是體內(nèi)重要的抗炎信號(hào)通路之一,乙酰膽堿作為該通路中發(fā)揮抗炎作用的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),通過與細(xì)胞表面的乙酰膽堿受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮抑制炎癥反應(yīng)激活、減少促炎因子釋放的作用[10]。研究表明切斷迷走神經(jīng)的方式阻斷乙酰膽堿的作用后,膿毒癥小鼠腸黏膜的炎癥反應(yīng)顯著加劇,提示膽堿能抗炎通路參與膿毒癥誘導(dǎo)腸損傷的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[3]。α7nAChR是膽堿能抗炎通路中介導(dǎo)乙酰膽堿抗炎作用的重要受體[11-12]。細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示敲低α7nAChR表達(dá)可加劇巨噬細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),提示α7nAChR有抗炎作用。膿毒癥相關(guān)肺損傷、腎損傷大鼠模型中α7nAChR表達(dá)降低,PNU-282987可顯著改善膿毒癥大鼠的炎癥反應(yīng)及肺損傷[11-12]。
本研究膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織中的α7nAChR表達(dá)水平降低,提示回腸組織中的α7nAChR抗炎活性削弱,進(jìn)而引起膿毒癥小鼠出現(xiàn)腸損傷。本研究使用α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑PNU-282987對(duì)膿毒癥小鼠進(jìn)行干預(yù),檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示干預(yù)后膿毒癥小鼠的回腸病理改變減輕,血清及回腸組織中的促炎細(xì)胞因子水平均下降,表明α7nAChR在膿毒癥發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中參與腸損傷,膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織中α7nAChR表達(dá)下降可導(dǎo)致腸黏膜損傷及炎癥反應(yīng)加劇。
膿毒癥發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中臟器功能損傷的發(fā)生可能與線粒體自噬障礙有關(guān)。自噬是通過清道夫作用清除受損細(xì)胞器、維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)的生物學(xué)過程,線粒體自噬能保證線粒體在病理?xiàng)l件下正常完成調(diào)控能量代謝、活性氧生成、鈣離子穩(wěn)態(tài)、細(xì)胞凋亡等功能,減輕病理?xiàng)l件引起的組織或細(xì)胞損傷。LC3-Ⅰ向LC3-Ⅱ轉(zhuǎn)化、Beclin-1表達(dá)增加是自噬激活的標(biāo)志。PINK1和Parkin是兩種調(diào)控線粒體自噬的標(biāo)志蛋白,前者主要定位于線粒體外膜、可觸發(fā)線粒體自噬,而后招募并活化Parkin;活化的Parkin使線粒體貼上Ub標(biāo)記并被自噬受體識(shí)別、啟動(dòng)自噬過程[13-14]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明膿毒癥相關(guān)腦損傷、心肌損傷、腎損傷模型中線粒體自噬水平增加,激活自噬減輕膿毒癥引起的臟器損害[15-17]。本研究膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織中的Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin表達(dá)水平均增加,透射電鏡下顯示線粒體嵴斷裂或消失,可見被雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu)包裹的線粒體,以上結(jié)果均提示線粒體自噬發(fā)生激活;PNU-282987干預(yù)后,膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織的線粒體自噬進(jìn)一步激活,提示α7nAChR對(duì)線粒體自噬有激活作用,膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織中α7nAChR表達(dá)下降可導(dǎo)致線粒體自噬障礙、腸黏膜損傷及炎癥反應(yīng)加劇。
綜上,膿毒癥小鼠回腸組織中α7nAChR參與線粒體自噬及炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)控,α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑PNU-282987改善膿毒癥小鼠腸損傷,激活回腸組織線粒體自噬、減輕炎癥反應(yīng)是可能的分子機(jī)制,α7nAChR激動(dòng)劑PNU-282987有可能成為膿毒癥治療過程中治療腸損傷的潛在藥物。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2024–09–07)
(修回日期:2024–11–25)