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        優(yōu)質(zhì)大果中熟白肉枇杷新品種中白的選育

        2024-12-31 00:00:00蔣際謀鄧朝軍許奇志陳秀萍胡文舜蘇文炳張雅玲魏偉淋黃敬峰鄭少泉
        果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2024年10期
        關(guān)鍵詞:中白大果中熟

        摘" " 要:中白是從早鐘6號(hào)×貴妃雜交群體中選育的優(yōu)質(zhì)大果中熟白肉枇杷新品種。該品種樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸偏強(qiáng),樹(shù)冠圓頭形,中心干較明顯,枝梢較強(qiáng)壯。平均單果質(zhì)量60.1 g,大小整齊;果實(shí)倒卵圓形,果基鈍圓少數(shù)尖峭,果頂鈍圓微凹;果皮橙黃色,厚度中等偏薄,銹斑少,果點(diǎn)密度中等,果點(diǎn)中等大;萼片平展,萼孔閉合;果肉黃白色,平均厚度10.9 mm,肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩、化渣、汁多;平均可溶性固形物含量(w)13.4%,味鮮、風(fēng)味濃郁,品質(zhì)優(yōu);平均可食率71.2%,平均種子4.6粒·果-1;在福建福州地區(qū),果實(shí)4月中下旬成熟。高接換種后第2年可少量開(kāi)花,第3年枝梢抽穗率50%左右,第4年株產(chǎn)22.8 kg,折合666.7 m2產(chǎn)709.7 kg,早結(jié)、豐產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。中白是一個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)、大果、豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、抗性較強(qiáng)的中熟白肉枇杷新品種,適宜在福建、四川、重慶、云南等枇杷產(chǎn)區(qū)應(yīng)用。

        關(guān)鍵詞:枇杷;新品種;中白;中熟;優(yōu)質(zhì);大果

        中圖分類號(hào):S667.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)10-2139-05

        Breeding of a new high-quality, large-fruit, mid-ripening and white-flesh loquat cultivar Zhongbai

        JIANG Jimou, DENG Chaojun, XU Qizhi, CHEN Xiuping, HU Wenshun, SU Wenbing, ZHANG Ya-ling, WEI Weilin, HUANG Jingfeng, ZHENG Shaoquan*

        (Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science/Fujian Breeding Engineering Technology Center for Longan and Loquat, Fuzhou 350013, Fujian, China)

        Abstract: Zhongbai, a hybrid between Zaozhong 6 (♀, the female parent) and Guifei (♂, the male parent), is a new high-quality loquat cultivar with big-fruit and mid-ripening period. Zaozhong 6 is well known for its orange-yellow flesh, extra early-ripening and big-fruit, while Guifei is white-flesh, late-ripening and big-fruit. Zhongbai exhibits moderately strong tree vigor and a round-shaped crown with an obvious central leader and long and sturdy shoots. The panicle emergence stage of Zhongbai occurs from mid-October to late-November in Fuzhou, Fujian province. The initial flowering stage, the full-blooming stage and the late-blooming stage of Zhongbai are from late-November to early-December, from early-December to mid-December, and from late-December to early-January of the following year, respectively. The fruit of Zhongbai ripens from mid- to late-April. The ripening period of Zhongbai is 10 days later than that of its female parent Zaozhong 6, and about 7 days earlier than that of its male parent Guifei. Zhongbai has many characteristics, for example, the size of fruit is not uniform and the average weight of fruit is 60.1 g; the shape of fruit is obovate; the shape of most fruit base is obtuse, while a few is acuminate; the shape of most fruit apex is obtuse with slight concave. The color of pericarp is yellow with less rust spots; the pericarp has obvious fruit streak; the thickness of pericarp is moderately thin. The density of fruit dots is medium, and the size of fruit dot is medium large; the attitude of sepals is flattened and the calyx cavity of fruit is closed. The color of flesh is yellow white and the average thickness of flesh is 10.9 mm. The average total soluble solids content is 13.4% and the taste of flesh is characterized by tenderness, absence of flesh dregs, rich flavor, juiciness and excellent quality. The average edible rate of fruit is 71.2% and the average number of seeds is 4.6. A small amount of flower could be found in the second year after top-grafting, and the flowering rate is about 50% in the third year after top-grafting. The high yield period of Zhongbai starts from the fourth year. According to the investigation, the yield of a single tree is about 22.8 kg, which is equivalent to 709.7 kg per 666.7 m2. These results indicate that Zhongbai has the characteristics of early fruiting, as well as high and stable yield. Zhongbai has been applied in different areas and ecological environments across China for regional and productive experiments, and it also shows excellent characteristics in most of the prominent loquat production areas. In summary, Zhongbai is a new loquat cultivar with mid-ripening period, big-fruit, white flesh, high quality, high and stable yield, and strong resistance, and it is suitable to be applied in prominent loquat production areas, such as Fujian, Sichuan, Chongqing and Yunnan.

        Key words: Loquat; New cultivar; Zhongbai; Mid-ripening; High quality; Big-fruit

        枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)原產(chǎn)于中國(guó),是未受外來(lái)同類果品直接沖擊的亞熱帶特色常綠果樹(shù)。中國(guó)是枇杷主產(chǎn)國(guó),生產(chǎn)總量占全世界的2/3以上,主產(chǎn)區(qū)有四川、福建、浙江、云南、江蘇等省份。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),紅肉枇杷品種在生產(chǎn)上占主導(dǎo)地位,風(fēng)味品質(zhì)同質(zhì)化較嚴(yán)重,不利于枇杷產(chǎn)業(yè)的良性發(fā)展。白肉枇杷是中國(guó)特有的枇杷資源,是鮮食枇杷中的極品,具有“無(wú)冕之王”之美譽(yù),其肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩、清甜、風(fēng)味濃郁獨(dú)特,深受廣大消費(fèi)者的青睞[1],但傳統(tǒng)品種由于果小、可食率不高、耐貯性不強(qiáng)等原因,產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大一度受限。近二十多年以來(lái),中國(guó)相關(guān)科研、教學(xué)單位采用實(shí)生選種、雜交育種等方式培育了貴妃、新白8號(hào)[2]、三月白[3]、香妃[4]、迎雪[5]、粵暉[6]等系列白肉枇杷新品種,為枇杷產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供了品種支撐。福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所歷經(jīng)20多年,雜交育成優(yōu)質(zhì)、大果、中熟的白肉枇杷新品種中白,已在福建、云南、四川、浙江等產(chǎn)區(qū)示范應(yīng)用,為進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化枇杷品種結(jié)構(gòu)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

        1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)

        2004年,項(xiàng)目組根據(jù)前期研究總結(jié)的性狀遺傳規(guī)律[7-8],以創(chuàng)制的大果型優(yōu)質(zhì)雜交枇杷新品種早鐘6號(hào)[9]為母本,以發(fā)掘的晚熟、優(yōu)質(zhì)、大果白肉枇杷新品種貴妃[3]為父本,開(kāi)展人工有性雜交育種,翌年獲得431粒種子,播種后獲得后代實(shí)生苗376株,2005年定植于閩侯科輔枇杷育種示范基地(福建福州)。2009年后,這批雜交后代樹(shù)陸續(xù)開(kāi)始開(kāi)花結(jié)果,2010年從中初選出果實(shí)綜合性狀優(yōu)于父母本的優(yōu)質(zhì)、大果的中熟白肉枇杷新株系042-272(表1),初定名白早鐘8號(hào)。經(jīng)SSR分子鑒定,確定了該株系是早鐘6號(hào)和貴妃的雜交后代[10]。為了加快育種進(jìn)程,同年開(kāi)始采用高接方式,對(duì)該優(yōu)株進(jìn)行兩代無(wú)性子代的遺傳穩(wěn)定性測(cè)定,該株系的優(yōu)良性狀均表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定(表2)。2018年始,該優(yōu)系在福建福州、福清、莆田,四川攀枝花,重慶萬(wàn)州、合川,云南屏邊,浙江蘭溪等不同生態(tài)栽培區(qū)開(kāi)展區(qū)域試驗(yàn)與生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn),均表現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、大果、豐產(chǎn)等優(yōu)良性狀。2023年4月,該優(yōu)系通過(guò)福建省科技成果評(píng)審(閩農(nóng)科評(píng)[2023]4號(hào)),并正式定名為中白(圖1)。

        2 主要性狀

        2.1 植物學(xué)特征

        中白枇杷的樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸偏強(qiáng),樹(shù)冠圓頭形,中心干較明顯,灰白色。分枝力較強(qiáng),新梢茸毛多,成熟枝梢棕褐色,茸毛中等多,1年生枝梢長(zhǎng)度19.0~44.0 cm、粗度0.96~1.29 cm、葉片19~39枚。葉片倒卵圓形,葉尖漸尖,基部狹楔形;葉緣微波浪形,鋸齒起始點(diǎn)在中下部,鋸齒淺且間距中等,鋸齒形狀銳尖;葉片深綠色,較光亮,葉脈明顯,葉片質(zhì)地中等,葉背茸毛多;葉長(zhǎng)16.0~22.2 cm、寬5.2~6.8 cm,葉脈13~18對(duì)?;ㄋ胫械却笮?,支軸姿態(tài)平伸,花量多[11]。

        2.2 果實(shí)性狀

        中白枇杷平均單果質(zhì)量60.1 g,大小整齊;果實(shí)倒卵圓形,縱徑54.5~60.1 mm,橫徑46.3~49.3 mm,側(cè)徑44.1~48.2 mm,果基鈍圓少數(shù)尖峭,果頂鈍圓微凹;果皮橙黃色,厚度中等偏薄,銹斑少,果點(diǎn)密度中等,果點(diǎn)中等大;萼片平展,萼孔閉合;果肉黃白色,平均厚10.9 mm,肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩、化渣、汁多;平均可溶性固形物含量13.4%,味鮮、風(fēng)味濃郁;平均可食率71.2%;平均種子4.6?!す?1,種子三角體形,種皮黃褐色,斑點(diǎn)多且大,種皮不開(kāi)裂。

        2.3 物候期

        中白枇杷在福州春梢發(fā)生期1月下旬至3月上旬,第一次夏梢5月上旬至7月下旬,第二次夏梢6月上中旬至7月下旬,秋梢8月上旬至9月上旬,晚秋梢10月底至11月中旬。初花期11月下旬至12月上旬,盛花期12月上旬至中旬,終花期12月下旬至翌年1月上旬。在福州果實(shí)成熟期4月中下旬,比母本早鐘6號(hào)遲熟10 d以上,比父本貴妃早熟7 d左右。

        2.4 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性

        中白的枝梢長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較壯,低位多頭高接換種后第2年枝梢總數(shù)16枝·株-1,平均枝梢長(zhǎng)度63.7 cm、粗度12.8 mm、葉片數(shù)34枚、枝梢抽穗率27.4%;第3年枝梢總數(shù)154枝·株-1,平均枝梢長(zhǎng)度54.3 cm、粗度12.2 mm、葉片數(shù)27枚、枝梢抽穗率54.5%;第4年株產(chǎn)22.8 kg,折合666.7 m2產(chǎn)709.7 kg(按666.7 m2栽植31株計(jì))。

        2.5 適應(yīng)性和抗病性

        經(jīng)福建福州、莆田,四川攀枝花,重慶萬(wàn)州、合川,云南屏邊,浙江蘭溪,廣東深圳等地多年多點(diǎn)觀察鑒定,中白枇杷均表現(xiàn)早結(jié)、豐產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、大果等優(yōu)良性狀,適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng);對(duì)裂果、銹斑病的抗性較強(qiáng)。

        3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

        中白的枝梢成枝率較高、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較壯,幼齡樹(shù)宜在新梢長(zhǎng)至20~30 cm摘心促發(fā)分枝,并選留1~3個(gè)長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較好、不同方位的新梢,利于樹(shù)冠快速形成;幼齡結(jié)果樹(shù)根據(jù)樹(shù)勢(shì)和結(jié)果量,在夏梢抽生期每個(gè)枝梢選留1~3個(gè)新梢,以降低樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)勢(shì),花芽生理分化期控水控肥,提高枝梢抽穗率。

        中白為大果白肉枇杷新品種,坐果率較高,果實(shí)大小均勻,宜根據(jù)樹(shù)勢(shì)和枝梢數(shù)選留50%~80%的枝梢結(jié)果;疏果時(shí)根據(jù)枝梢長(zhǎng)勢(shì)選留分布均勻、大小一致的幼果3~8?!に?1,留果負(fù)載量以成熟果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量>50 g且穗質(zhì)量>250 g為宜。

        中白為中熟枇杷品種,在福州的成熟期4月中下旬,部分年份氣溫回升較早,在果實(shí)成熟期間須關(guān)注氣溫變化,注意監(jiān)測(cè)橘小食蠅的發(fā)生,及早做好橘小食蠅的防控。

        中白枇杷果實(shí)對(duì)裂果、銹斑等病害的抗性較強(qiáng),套袋栽培時(shí),宜在幼果橫徑>2 cm至果實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)色前套袋,套袋以原漿牛皮紙袋為佳。

        施肥以有機(jī)肥為主,每年花芽形態(tài)分化期或幼果期采用溝施方式施入畜禽糞或商品有機(jī)肥,配施磷鉀肥及中微量元素,施肥量約占全年總施肥量的50%左右,有水肥一體化設(shè)施的果園也可以在此期間分批次施用配方水溶肥。

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        ZHENG Shaoquan,XU Xiudan,HUANG Jinsong,ZHOU Jianqiang. Study on heredity of several characters in loquat Ⅰ. genetic trendency of fruit agronomic characters[J]. Journal of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,1993,8(1):19-26.

        [8] 鄭少泉,蔣際謀,許家輝,許秀淡,黃金松. 枇杷若干性狀的遺傳研究Ⅱ. 果實(shí)成熟期及葉片抗葉斑病的遺傳傾向研究[J]. 福建省農(nóng)科院學(xué)報(bào),1997,12(2):36-39.

        ZHENG Shaoquan,JIANG Jimou,XU Jiahui,XU Xiudan,HUANG Jinsong. Study on heredity of several characters in loquat Ⅱ. Genetic tendency in fruit mature period and resistance to leaf spot[J]. Journal of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,1997,12(2):36-39.

        [9] 黃金松,許秀淡,鄭少泉. 特早熟大果型枇杷新品種:早鐘6號(hào)[J]. 中國(guó)果樹(shù),1993(4):4-6.

        HUANG Jinsong,XU Xiudan,ZHENG Shaoquan. A new breed of extremely early maturing large fruit type loquat:Zaozhong 6[J]. China Fruits,1993(4):4-6.

        [10] 胡文舜,鄧朝軍,許奇志,蔣際謀,姜帆,陳秀萍,鄭少泉. 19個(gè)枇杷雜交新品種(系)的SSR鑒定和指紋圖譜構(gòu)建[J]. 熱帶亞熱帶植物學(xué)報(bào),2020,28(2):153-162.

        HU Wenshun,DENG Chaojun,XU Qizhi,JIANG Jimou,JIANG Fan,CHEN Xiuping,ZHENG Shaoquan. Identification and fingerprint construction of 19 new hybrid varieties (lines) of loquat by SSR[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2020,28(2):153-162.

        [11] 鄭少泉. 枇杷種質(zhì)資源描述規(guī)范和數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M]. 北京:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2006.

        ZHENG Shaoquan. Descriptors and data standard for loquat[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.

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