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        細徑金剛石線鋸鋸縫內切削液流場仿真研究

        2024-12-06 00:00:00陳佳虎葛培琪
        金剛石與磨料磨具工程 2024年6期

        摘要 隨著工件大尺寸化及鋸絲細線化,鋸切加工過程中的鋸縫越來越深且窄,切削液在鋸切過程中無法充分發(fā)揮作用,對切片質量影響較大?;谟嬎懔黧w力學(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)數(shù)值模擬,通過建立 CFD 鋸縫模型,對金剛石線鋸鋸切加工材料時鋸縫內切削液流場進行分析研究。仿真分析發(fā)現(xiàn):在小尺寸鋸縫內,隨著走絲速度增大至 25 m/s,切削液更能充分進入鋸縫,在鋸絲與工件接觸區(qū)域及非接觸區(qū)域充滿液體后,接觸區(qū)域流體壓力在 0.179 0 MPa 左右,非接觸區(qū)域流體壓力在 0.159 0 MPa 左右;切削液黏度和表面張力在一定范圍內的降低,有利于保證鋸縫內切削液的相對飽和與穩(wěn)定,同時可以使鋸縫內切削液壓力分布更為穩(wěn)定。

        關鍵詞 金剛石線鋸;計算流體力學;小尺寸鋸縫;切削液流場

        中圖分類號 TG58; TG74; O357 文獻標志碼 A

        文章編號 1006-852X(2024)06-0781-08

        DOI 碼 10.13394/j.cnki.jgszz.2023.0235

        收稿日期 2023-11-07 修回日期 2023-12-21

        切削液在金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中具有非常重要的作用,其潤滑冷卻作用可以減少鋸絲與工件的摩擦,吸收加工過程中產生的熱量,降低局部加工區(qū)域溫度,防止切片熱變形,提升鋸絲使用壽命[1] 。隨著鋸絲逐漸細線化,鋸切大尺寸工件時,鋸縫越來越深且窄,切削液不能大量進入鋸切區(qū)域,這使得金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中,切削液的潤滑冷卻效果變差,進而導致切片表面質量下降[2] 。因此,為充分發(fā)揮切削液在鋸切過程中的作用從而保證切片質量,需要對金剛石線鋸鋸切過程中切削液在鋸縫內的流場進行進一步研究。

        M?LLER 等[3]提出一種二維模型分析漿料的彈性流體動力學行為,發(fā)現(xiàn)漿液的動力學行為及其與鋸絲的相互作用是影響鋸切效果的重要因素。ZHU 等[4]將鋸絲振動特性引入模型中,探究了鋸絲振動與流體動壓效應的相互影響。GE 等[5]引入了自柔順系數(shù),通過有限差分法對一維模型進行數(shù)值求解,分析了不同工藝下的彈性流體動壓力分布和膜厚分布。ISHIKAWA等[6]采用高速攝像的方法分析游離磨粒線切割中的流體,觀察了漿料在線網上的成膜狀態(tài)以及在鋸縫內的流動狀態(tài)。NASSAUER 等[7]通過實驗觀測,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著鋸絲的運動,鋸切通道內會出現(xiàn)氣泡的產生和潰滅現(xiàn)象。林麟[8]利用計算流體力學(computational fluid dy-namics,CFD)數(shù)值模擬,系統(tǒng)探究了切削液施加于鋸絲及鋸縫 2 種不同供液方式下,線鋸鋸切加工過程中的流體行為。除此之外,鄭忠利[9]以增加進入鋸切區(qū)域有效切削液為基本思想,采用靜電噴霧供液方式代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的澆注式供液,發(fā)現(xiàn)靜電噴霧供液方式獲得的硅片質量比澆注式供液獲得的硅片質量好。QIU 等[10]采用將硅錠浸入水箱中(水浴鋸)的方法鋸切硅片,并與傳統(tǒng)澆注式供液方法在相同鋸切參數(shù)下比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)改進的金剛石線鋸冷卻潤滑方法能獲得表面質量更好的硅片。施郁虎[11]將微量潤滑技術應用于金剛石線鋸鋸切加工中,發(fā)現(xiàn)硅片表面粗糙度下降,加工效率提高。此外,寧培桓等[12]研究了線鋸鋸切加工過程中切削液的掛線能力與其黏度和表面張力的關系,發(fā)現(xiàn)具有合適表面張力及黏度的切削液在線鋸鋸切加工過程中有助于提高切片效率,切出表面質量更好的切片。可見,在游離與固結磨料線鋸鋸切加工過程中,切削液在鋸縫內的流動狀態(tài)與鋸切效果密切相關。隨著鋸絲細線化以及工件大尺寸化,實際鋸切加工中將出現(xiàn)更小的流體尺度,但當下對于細徑金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中,切削液充分進入鋸縫以發(fā)揮潤滑冷卻作用及其在鋸縫內的分布狀態(tài)的研究較少。因此,在金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中,對切削液在小尺寸鋸縫內流場的研究具有重要意義。本研究中通過建立 CFD 鋸縫模型,仿真分析了金剛石線鋸鋸切過程中切削液在小尺寸鋸縫中的流場,為研究金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中切削液的冷卻潤滑效果提供了理論基礎。

        1

        鋸縫流場仿真幾何模型

        基于切削液噴射至鋸絲且由鋸絲運動攜帶切削液進入鋸縫內的供液方式建立鋸縫流場仿真幾何模型,如圖 1 所示。

        圖 1 所示為帶有單根鋸絲的鋸縫流場仿真幾何模型。金剛石線鋸平推式鋸切加工工件時,鋸絲在加工中形成的弓角很小,為簡化分析往往忽略線弓的影響,因此將狹長的鋸絲縫隙簡化為平直縫隙[13] 。鋸縫寬度、鋸絲線徑的設定,參考使用芯線直徑為 36 μm 的電鍍金剛石線鋸鋸切 210 mm × 210 mm 單晶硅片時的參數(shù),鋸絲與工件間的接觸高度參考鋸絲表面磨粒的平均出刃高度,鋸縫流場仿真幾何模型參數(shù)如表 1 所示。

        將鋸縫流場仿真幾何模型導入 ICEM-CFD 軟件,劃分為結構化六面體網格,如圖 2 所示。通過在不同網格數(shù)量下仿真計算金剛石線鋸鋸切過程中切削液在鋸絲與工件接觸一側中間長度位置的壓力,對網格進行獨立性驗證,結果如表 2 所示。

        由不同網格數(shù)量下的計算結果可知:隨著網格數(shù)量的增多,切削液在鋸絲與工件接觸一側中間長度位置的壓力趨于穩(wěn)定,以網格數(shù)量 3 518 680 條件下的計算結果為基準,計算得到網格數(shù)量 5 581 660 條件下的計算結果誤差僅為 1.67%,因此為縮短計算時間,后續(xù)計算時采用的網格數(shù)量為 3 518 680。

        5

        仿真結果

        對于各方程的求解方法,動量方程由基于壓力的求解器求解,通過隱式時間離散化求解連續(xù)性方程,對于壓力速度耦合,使用 PISO 算法,得到的結果如下。

        5.1

        走絲速度的影響

        隨著工件大尺寸化及鋸絲細線化的發(fā)展,鋸縫尺寸越來越小,因此需要研究小尺寸鋸縫條件下如何使切削液充分進入鋸切區(qū)域。進入鋸縫的切削液流體主要是剪切流,在剪切流體中,影響流體運動狀態(tài)的因素主要為走絲速度,因此在小尺寸鋸縫(D w =60 μm)以及切削液入口供液量 Q=2.25 × 10?5 L 的條件下,對走絲速度的影響進行了分析計算。

        因鋸縫狹長,為能更好地對切削液在鋸縫內的分布情況進行觀察,在后續(xù)計算獲取切削液在鋸縫內體積分數(shù)分布云圖時,重點觀察了鋸絲軸向方向平面上的鋸絲進線端、鋸縫中部及鋸絲出線端的切削液體積分數(shù)分布云圖。圖 3 為所觀察鋸縫位置的示意圖,圖 4為不同走絲速度條件下切削液在鋸絲與工件接觸一側及非接觸一側的體積分數(shù)分布云圖,并且提取了最終進入鋸縫內部的切削液量,圖中用 V 表示。

        鋸縫內鋸絲與工件的接觸區(qū)域一側以及非接觸區(qū)域一側均未完全充滿液體,且在接觸區(qū)域液相體積分數(shù)<100%,區(qū)域內存在空氣層,這將對切片質量產生不利影響,該結果也與文獻 [7] 中實驗觀測到的現(xiàn)象相吻合。隨著走絲速度的增大,進入鋸縫的切削液也增多,當v w gt;25 m/s 時,接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側均充滿液體,切削液的充分進入將會提升切片質量。

        單晶硅等高硬脆材料的斷裂韌性越大,單位截面積所受的鋸切力也越大,因此降低鋸切力可以有效改善切片的表面質量[17] 。金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中,切削液附著在鋸絲上并形成液體膜,由鋸絲運動帶入鋸縫,鋸縫內部的切削液壓力會與鋸切力部分抵消,因此,為探究鋸縫中切削液的壓力分布,在鋸絲與工件接觸側和非接觸側進行了壓力分布捕捉。如圖 5 所示,切削液的壓力將沿著線 1 及線 2 測量。

        圖 6 及圖 7 為不同走絲速度條件下,切削液在鋸絲與工件接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側的壓力分布曲線圖。

        由圖 6 及圖 7 可知:鋸縫內切削液壓力在鋸絲與工件的接觸區(qū)域一側和非接觸區(qū)域一側隨著走絲速度的增大總體上呈增大趨勢,兩側的壓力差也總體上呈增大趨勢,兩側壓力分布更加平穩(wěn),這將更有利于提高金剛石線鋸鋸切加工后切片的表面質量。鋸縫兩側均充滿液體后,接觸區(qū)域一側壓力在 0.179 0 MPa 左右,非接觸區(qū)域一側壓力在 0.159 0 MPa 左右。接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側的切削液壓力分布與液體在鋸縫中的分布狀態(tài)密切相關,當切削液在鋸切區(qū)域分布不均時,鋸絲附近出現(xiàn)空氣層,這使得氣體存在區(qū)域與液體存在區(qū)域的壓力存在差值,從而引起壓力波動,對鋸切加工后的切片表面質量產生不利影響。

        5.2

        切削液物理屬性的影響

        切削液的物理屬性與其在鋸縫內的流動狀態(tài)密切相關。為了研究切削液物理屬性對金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中鋸縫內切削液流場的影響,進行了 5 種切削液(見表 3)在 v w =10 m/s 條件下的物理性質仿真研究。

        圖 8 為不同切削液物理屬性條件下,切削液在鋸絲與工件接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側的體積分數(shù)分布云圖。

        由圖 8 可知:隨著切削液黏度及表面張力的逐漸減小,切削液逐漸充滿鋸縫,但當切削液的黏度及表面張力過小時,進入鋸縫的切削液會有減少的趨勢。文獻 [12] 發(fā)現(xiàn),切削液黏度及表面張力過大或過小都不利于切削液的掛線性能,合適的黏度及表面張力更有利于切削液黏附在鋸絲上。在金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中,切削液通過黏附在鋸絲上,由鋸絲運動攜帶進入鋸縫,所以進入鋸縫的切削液量越多,說明切削液黏附在鋸絲上的量越多,因此仿真結果與文獻 [12] 實驗得到的不同黏度及表面張力液體掛線性能的規(guī)律相吻合,由此說明本次仿真研究結果的正確性。

        圖 9 及圖 10 為不同切削液物理屬性條件下,切削液在鋸絲與工件接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側的壓力分布曲線圖。由圖 9 和圖 10 可知:鋸縫內切削液壓力在鋸絲與工件的接觸區(qū)域一側和非接觸區(qū)域一側隨著切削液黏度及表面張力的減小總體呈增大趨勢,且壓力分布更加平穩(wěn)。但黏度及表面張力過小時,壓力也會產生一定的波動,這是因為此時切削液不能很好地黏附在鋸絲上,進入鋸縫內的切削液減少,進而會影響切片質量。接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側的壓力分布與鋸縫內切削液分布密切相關,對比分析 5 種切削液,在切削液 C 的物理屬性下,接觸區(qū)域一側及非接觸區(qū)域一側的切削液壓力分布更為平穩(wěn),接觸區(qū)域一側的最大壓力在 0.016 9 MPa 左右,非接觸區(qū)域一側的最大壓力在 0.013 2 MPa 左右。

        6

        結"論

        (1)在小尺寸鋸縫下,走絲速度較小時,切削液難以充分進入鋸切區(qū)域發(fā)揮作用,隨著走絲速度的增大(v w gt;25 m/s),鋸絲與工件接觸區(qū)域及非接觸區(qū)域內逐漸充滿液體,接觸區(qū)域與非接觸區(qū)域的切削液壓力及壓力差整體呈增大趨勢,當接觸區(qū)域及非接觸區(qū)域內均充滿切削液時,鋸縫內切削液壓力分布較為穩(wěn)定,接觸區(qū)域的壓力在 0.179 0 MPa 左右,非接觸區(qū)域的壓力在 0.159 0 MPa 左右。

        (2)液體黏度和表面張力在一定范圍內的降低,有利于保證鋸縫內切削液的相對飽和與穩(wěn)定,同時可以使鋸縫內切削液壓力分布更為穩(wěn)定。綜合對比 5 組切削液的物理屬性,金剛石線鋸鋸切加工過程中切削液 C 的物理屬性(密度為872.5 kg?m?3 ,黏度為1.15 mPa?s,表面張力為 34.02 mN?m?1 ,與單晶硅表面接觸角為 20 °,與鋸絲表面接觸角為 33 °)更有利于其進入鋸縫。

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        作者簡介

        通信作者: 葛培琪,男,1963 年生,教授。主要研究方向:金剛石線鋸技術。

        E-mail: pqge@sdu.edu.cn

        (編輯:李利娟)

        Simulation"study"of"cutting"fluid"flow"field"in"kerf"of"fine"diameter

        diamond"wire"saw

        CHEN Jiahu

        1 , GE Peiqi 1,2

        (1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

        (2. Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education,

        Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

        Abstract

        Objectives:"Electroplated diamond wire saws are widely used in the field of slicing hard and brittle materi-als such as monocrystalline silicon and sapphire. Cutting fluid should give full play to its role in the sawing process,which is conducive to the improvement of wafer quality. As the size of the wafer increases and the diameter of the wiresaw decreases, the kerf in the sawing process becomes deeper and narrower, and the cutting fluid cannot enter the kerf inlarge quantities, resulting in worse lubrication and cooling effects during the sawing process, which leads to the declineof the surface quality of the wafer. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation methods, thecutting fluid flow field in the cutting seam of the diamond wire saw was analyzed and studied. Methods:"In this paper,based on CFD numerical simulation methods, the cutting fluid flow field in the sawing seam of the diamond wire saw isanalyzed and studied. Firstly, according to the actual situation of the diamond wire saw cutting process, a 3D simulationgeometric model is established based on the liquid supply mode, where cutting fluid flows along the sawing wire and isbrought into the sawing area by the motion of the sawing wire. Heat transfer is not considered in this study, and the cut-ting fluid is assumed to be a viscous incompressible fluid. The governing equations of fluid flow include the continuityequation and the momentum equation. It is found from the equations that the main factors affecting the flow field distri-bution of cutting fluid in the kerf are wire speed and cutting fluid density. By calculating Reynolds number and Webernumber, the fluid model studied in this paper is selected as the Transition SST model. The VOF method is determined tocharacterize the fluid state of cutting fluid in the saw joint, and the CSF model is introduced into the VOF method tocharacterize the influence of surface tension. Considering the influence of physical properties of cutting fluid, the dens-ity, viscosity, surface tension, and wall contact angle of cutting fluid are measured experimentally. The momentumequation is solved by a pressure-based solver, the continuity equation is solved by implicit time discretization, and thePISO method is used for pressure-velocity coupling. Result: With the increase of chip size and the decrease of wire sawdiameter, the size of the saw seam is getting smaller and smaller. The main fluid entering the saw seam is shear flow,and the main factor affecting the fluid motion state is the wire speed. Under the condition of small-size sawing, when thewire speed is low (v w ≤25 m/s), both the contact area and the non-contact area of the saw wire in the sawing joint are notcompletely filled with liquid, and the liquid volume fraction in the contact area is lt; 100%, with an air layer in the area.With the increase of wire speed, more and more cutting fluid enters the sawing joint. With the increase of wire speed,more and more cutting fluid enters the saw seam. When v w gt;25 m/s, both the contact area and the non-contact area arefilled with liquid. The cutting fluid pressure in the saw seam increases with the increase of wire speed on both the con-tact area side and the non-contact area side, and the pressure difference on both sides also increases generally. The pres-sure distribution on both sides becomes more stable. After both sides of the saw seam are filled with liquid, the pressureon one side of the contact area is about 0.179 0 MPa, and the pressure on one side of the non-contact area is about 0.159 0MPa. With the gradual reduction of the viscosity and surface tension of the cutting fluid, the cutting fluid gradually fillsthe saw joint. Howver, when the viscosity and surface tension of the cutting fluid are too small, the cutting fluid enter- ing the saw joint will tend to decrease. The cutting fluid pressure in the saw seam increases with the decrease of the cut-ting fluid viscosity and surface tension in both the contact area and the non-contact area, and the pressure distributionbecomes more stable. However, when the viscosity and the surface tension are too small, the pressure will also fluctuate.Under the physical properties of the cutting fluid C, with a density of 872.5 kg?m?3 , viscosity of 1.15 mPa?s and surfacetension of 34.02 mN?m?1 , the pressure distribution of the cutting fluid on the contact area side and the non-contact areaside is more stable. The maximum pressure on the contact area side is about 0.016 9 MPa, and the maximum pressure onthe non-contact area side is about 0.013 2 MPa. Conclusions: (1) Under small sawing sizes, when the wire speed is low,the cutting fluid is difficult to fully enter the sawing area to play its role. With the increase of the wire speed (v w gt;25m/s), the contact area and non-contact area between the saw wire and the workpiece are gradually filled with liquid, andthe cutting fluid pressure and pressure difference between the contact area and the non-contact area show an overall in-creasing trend. When the contact area and non-contact area are full of cutting fluid, the cutting fluid pressure distribu-tion in the saw joint is relatively stable, with the pressure in the contact area being about 0.179 0 MPa and the pressurein the non-contact area being about 0.159 0 MPa. (2) The reduction of liquid viscosity and surface tension within a cer-tain range is conducive to ensuring the relative saturation and stability of the cutting fluid in the saw joint, and at thesame time, it can make the pressure distribution of the cutting fluid in the saw joint more stable. A comprehensive com-parison of the physical properties of the 5 groups of cutting fluids shows that the physical properties of the cutting fluidC during the diamond line saw cutting process are more conducive to its entry into the saw joint.

        Key"words

        diamond wire saw;computational fluid dynamics;small size kerf;cutting fluid flow field

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