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        從文化的視角理解急/慢性應(yīng)激:自我構(gòu)念的作用

        2024-06-23 06:58:04楊娟羅家豪何楊魏楨妮胡翔
        關(guān)鍵詞:文化

        楊娟 羅家豪 何楊 魏楨妮 胡翔

        摘要:已有研究從文化的視角探究急/慢性應(yīng)激的發(fā)生發(fā)展特點(diǎn),為應(yīng)激復(fù)原和創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的干預(yù)提供了新的視角.自我構(gòu)念是一個(gè)典型的文化影響自我定義方式的概念,是一種體現(xiàn)在個(gè)人層面的穩(wěn)定的文化特征,然而自我構(gòu)念是否以及如何影響個(gè)體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),還未有系統(tǒng)的總結(jié)與探討.通過回顧已有實(shí)證性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在集體主義文化下互依自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體表現(xiàn)出快反應(yīng)快恢復(fù)的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)模式;在個(gè)人主義文化下高互依自我構(gòu)念和低獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體的慢性應(yīng)激水平更高.這些結(jié)果表明,與主流文化背景一致的自我構(gòu)念促進(jìn)個(gè)體的應(yīng)激適應(yīng)性.然而,這些有限的證據(jù)僅是從文化的視角理解急/慢性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的冰山一角,未來研究需要結(jié)合主流文化背景探討自我構(gòu)念的作用,并且將自我構(gòu)念納入創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的診療和干預(yù)框架.

        關(guān)鍵詞:自我構(gòu)念; 文化; 急性應(yīng)激; 慢性應(yīng)激; 創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙

        中圖分類號(hào):B845??文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??文章編號(hào):1001-8395(2024)05-0587-09

        doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8395.2024.

        應(yīng)激是指機(jī)體在受到一定強(qiáng)度的軀體或者心理刺激時(shí)所出現(xiàn)的全身性非特異性適應(yīng)反應(yīng)[1].當(dāng)刺激來源于社會(huì)心理因素時(shí),應(yīng)激也常被稱作壓力.在應(yīng)激過程中,機(jī)體的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)受到威脅,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生一系列的適應(yīng)性改變與重建[2-3].根據(jù)刺激持續(xù)的時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度等因素,可以將應(yīng)激區(qū)分為急性應(yīng)激和慢性應(yīng)激[4].已有大量研究從文化的視角探究急/慢性應(yīng)激的發(fā)生發(fā)展特點(diǎn),為應(yīng)激復(fù)原和創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的干預(yù)提供了新的視角[5-10].自我構(gòu)念是一個(gè)典型的文化影響自我定義方式的概念,是一種體現(xiàn)在個(gè)人層面的穩(wěn)定的文化特征,影響著個(gè)體的認(rèn)知、情緒和動(dòng)機(jī)[11-12],然而自我構(gòu)念是否以及如何影響個(gè)體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),還未有系統(tǒng)的總結(jié)與探討.本文旨在通過回顧已有實(shí)證性研究,明晰自我構(gòu)念對(duì)急/慢性應(yīng)激的影響,凝練已有研究工作,指出未來研究方向.這樣的工作一方面有助于從文化的視角厘清應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的個(gè)體差異,另一方面有助于理解文化環(huán)境塑造特定自我構(gòu)念的適應(yīng)性意義.

        1 急性應(yīng)激和慢性應(yīng)激

        任何軀體的或者心理的刺激,只要達(dá)到一定的強(qiáng)度,都可以引起一系列全身性的生理和心理反應(yīng)[2-3].在生理上,應(yīng)激會(huì)激活下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA軸)和交感神經(jīng)-腎上腺髓質(zhì)軸(SAM軸)系統(tǒng),這兩大系統(tǒng)通過調(diào)節(jié)糖皮質(zhì)激素(glucocorticoids,包括皮質(zhì)醇)和兒茶酚胺(catecholamines,包括腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素)的分泌,進(jìn)而作用于身體的各大機(jī)能系統(tǒng),表現(xiàn)為心率加快、血壓增高、呼吸加速、血糖升高;在心理上,應(yīng)激過程中個(gè)體表現(xiàn)為主觀感知到的應(yīng)激、負(fù)性情緒和狀態(tài)焦慮水平的增加[13-17].根據(jù)刺激持續(xù)的時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度等因素,可以將應(yīng)激區(qū)分為急性應(yīng)激和慢性應(yīng)激[4].急性應(yīng)激是指在短暫的時(shí)間內(nèi)暴露于中等強(qiáng)度的應(yīng)激源中,例如面試、困難的任務(wù)、噪聲、冷熱刺激等[13,18].在實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境下,研究者可以通過測量急性應(yīng)激誘發(fā)過程中皮質(zhì)醇、心率、血壓和瞳孔大小等生理指標(biāo)和主觀情緒變化等心理指標(biāo)來衡量個(gè)體的應(yīng)激狀態(tài).慢性應(yīng)激是在較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)暴露于低到中等的應(yīng)激源中,例如煩擾的工作、經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力、人際紛爭等[19].對(duì)慢性應(yīng)激的研究更多依賴于受試者的主觀回憶,但這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致報(bào)告偏差.研究者嘗試將皮質(zhì)醇覺醒反應(yīng)(cortisol awakening response,CAR)作為一種慢性應(yīng)激的客觀指標(biāo)[20].

        隨著研究的深入,人們對(duì)于應(yīng)激的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究從簡單的“應(yīng)激源—應(yīng)激反應(yīng)”逐漸發(fā)展到從“環(huán)境—生理—心理”多方面多角度揭示應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的特征,強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)激是個(gè)體與環(huán)境相互作用的過程.在眾多環(huán)境刺激中,文化代表了特定群體所共享的一系列分散的行為規(guī)范和認(rèn)知,個(gè)體的心理與行為受其所處的文化與社會(huì)環(huán)境的影響與制約[21].自我構(gòu)念(self-construal)是一個(gè)典型的文化影響自我定義方式的概念[12],相比于國家層面的文化價(jià)值觀,自我構(gòu)念是一種體現(xiàn)在個(gè)人層面的穩(wěn)定的文化特征.

        2 自我構(gòu)念

        Markus和Kitayama[12]在1991年提出自我構(gòu)念并主張2種不同的自我構(gòu)念:獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念(independent self-construal)與互依自我構(gòu)念(interdependent self-construal).獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念對(duì)自我的界定是獨(dú)立于社會(huì)背景的,他們追求自我表達(dá)和自我實(shí)現(xiàn),他們的行為以個(gè)人的思想、情感和目標(biāo)為基礎(chǔ).互依自我構(gòu)念認(rèn)為自身與他人是相聯(lián)系的.他們重視融入環(huán)境,追求良好的人際關(guān)系和社會(huì)和諧,他們的行為以情境定義的規(guī)范和期望為基礎(chǔ).30多年來,Markus和Kitayama的自我構(gòu)念理論產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,越來越多的研究關(guān)注自我構(gòu)念對(duì)認(rèn)知、情緒和動(dòng)機(jī)的影響[11,22-26].

        在自我認(rèn)知層面,相比于獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念,互依自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體更愿意結(jié)合社會(huì)背景來認(rèn)識(shí)和理解自我和他人[12].他們會(huì)產(chǎn)生更多的關(guān)系自我、集體自我,以及社會(huì)性自我的描述[27].在自我相關(guān)情緒上,互依自我個(gè)體更容易產(chǎn)生社會(huì)相關(guān)度高的情緒,例如社會(huì)焦慮、羞愧感等[28],而獨(dú)立自我個(gè)體更容易產(chǎn)生社會(huì)相關(guān)度低的情緒,例如憤怒、挫敗、驕傲等[11-12].在自我相關(guān)動(dòng)機(jī)上,互依自我個(gè)體的社會(huì)性動(dòng)機(jī)更高,獨(dú)立自我個(gè)體的自我提升動(dòng)機(jī)更高[11].其次,互依自我個(gè)體更傾向于采用自我調(diào)整策略來適應(yīng)環(huán)境的需求,而獨(dú)立自我個(gè)體傾向于采用環(huán)境調(diào)整策略來適應(yīng)自我的需求[11].由于自我構(gòu)念與認(rèn)知、情緒和動(dòng)機(jī)的關(guān)系密切,并且急/慢性應(yīng)激是一種集合了認(rèn)知、情緒和動(dòng)機(jī)的綜合反應(yīng),這就為將自我構(gòu)念與急/慢性應(yīng)激建立聯(lián)系提供了另一個(gè)視角.

        3 自我構(gòu)念對(duì)急/慢性應(yīng)激的影響

        3.1 自我構(gòu)念對(duì)急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的影響

        將皮質(zhì)醇作為急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的主要指標(biāo)之一,自我構(gòu)念對(duì)急性應(yīng)激的影響共包括如表1所示的4項(xiàng)研究.

        已有研究對(duì)自我構(gòu)念變量主要有2種處理方式:一是通過問卷測量,將自我構(gòu)念作為連續(xù)變量進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究;二是事先通過自我構(gòu)念量表篩選出高互依自我組和低互依自我組進(jìn)行分組研究.

        對(duì)于個(gè)體急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的測量,主要包括3個(gè)方面:

        1) 主觀應(yīng)激感受:采用自我報(bào)告的形式,主觀地測量個(gè)體在急性應(yīng)激任務(wù)過程中的應(yīng)激感受;

        2) 心率:屬于間接測量,記錄個(gè)體在急性應(yīng)激任務(wù)過程中生理指標(biāo)的客觀變化;

        3)唾液皮質(zhì)醇:與心率一樣,通過采集被試的唾液并分析其唾液皮質(zhì)醇濃度來間接地反應(yīng)個(gè)體在急性應(yīng)激任務(wù)過程中的生理變化.

        同時(shí),為了盡可能詳盡地描述個(gè)體的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過程,通常會(huì)在多個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)進(jìn)行采樣,去反映個(gè)體在急性應(yīng)激過程中生理與心理指標(biāo)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化.從表1中的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),互依自我構(gòu)念與較強(qiáng)的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)(包括主觀應(yīng)激感受、唾液皮質(zhì)醇、心率等)有關(guān)[8,10,29].當(dāng)結(jié)合應(yīng)激反應(yīng)本身是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)變化的過程,且包括反應(yīng)和恢復(fù)這2個(gè)主要階段時(shí)[30-31],研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)互依自我構(gòu)念與集體主義文化下個(gè)體更迅速的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和急性應(yīng)激恢復(fù)有關(guān)[10,23].

        已有研究大多采用社會(huì)心理性應(yīng)激源(TSST和MIST)誘發(fā)急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng),即使是唯一的生理物理應(yīng)激源,也加入了社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)的成分(SECPT)[18,32].除此之外,人際關(guān)系互動(dòng)不愉快、來自他人的批評(píng)或指責(zé)、對(duì)個(gè)人身份認(rèn)同的挑戰(zhàn)也是慢性應(yīng)激的重要組成部分[33].其中,社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)威脅被認(rèn)為是誘發(fā)社會(huì)心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的重要組成因素,它會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)體的歸屬感造成極大的威脅[13].尤其是對(duì)于互依自我個(gè)體,他們傾向于通過與他人/環(huán)境的關(guān)系來認(rèn)識(shí)自我,更容易產(chǎn)生社會(huì)相關(guān)度高的社會(huì)焦慮和羞愧情緒,更傾向于采用自我調(diào)整策略來適應(yīng)客觀環(huán)境的需求,因此社會(huì)相關(guān)的應(yīng)激源會(huì)誘發(fā)互依自我個(gè)體更高的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[10,29].

        由于應(yīng)激對(duì)健康的作用是雙重的,適當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)激反應(yīng)可使個(gè)體處于警覺狀態(tài),有利于增強(qiáng)個(gè)體對(duì)抗或者逃避能力,有利于在變動(dòng)的緩解中維持個(gè)體的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài),增強(qiáng)適應(yīng)能力;但如果應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過度,則可引起持續(xù)且嚴(yán)重的生理活動(dòng)紊亂,最終引發(fā)身心疾病[2,16].那么,互依自我個(gè)體更高的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)究竟是適應(yīng)性的還是適應(yīng)不良呢?研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),高互依自我個(gè)體在急性應(yīng)激中表現(xiàn)出快速的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和快速的應(yīng)激恢復(fù)[23],這似乎表明互依自我個(gè)體能夠在急性應(yīng)激源出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候迅速調(diào)動(dòng)身心資源,以應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激事件,從而維持積極的自我形象和積極的社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià).在急性應(yīng)激源撤銷的時(shí)候,他們能夠快速地重建生理和心理資源,從應(yīng)激事件中快速恢復(fù),并不會(huì)沉浸在應(yīng)激事件帶來的消極狀態(tài)中,由此反映其具有較好的調(diào)節(jié)能力和適應(yīng)能力[15].

        3.2 自我構(gòu)念對(duì)慢性應(yīng)激的影響 自我構(gòu)念對(duì)慢性應(yīng)激的影響共包括如表2所示的4項(xiàng)研究.

        在如表2所示的4項(xiàng)研究中,自我構(gòu)念主要通過問卷和任務(wù)測量.對(duì)于慢性應(yīng)激的測量,主要采用問卷調(diào)查和皮質(zhì)醇覺醒反應(yīng)方法.結(jié)果表明,互依自我構(gòu)念與主觀感受到的日常壓力呈正相關(guān)[6,8],且高互依自我個(gè)體有較強(qiáng)的皮質(zhì)醇覺醒反應(yīng)[5,8],這可能反映了高互依自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體的慢性應(yīng)激水平更高.此外,在美國的少數(shù)種族群體的女性中發(fā)現(xiàn),低獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體的慢性應(yīng)激水平更高[34].

        已有研究多采用問卷調(diào)查個(gè)體的慢性應(yīng)激水平,但是慢性應(yīng)激源持續(xù)時(shí)間有很大的差異.日常壓力問卷(daily stress inventory,DSI)調(diào)查過去1 d所經(jīng)歷的壓力事件及其影響程度[35],生活事件和困難量表(life events and difficulties schedule,LEDS)使用28 d作為慢性應(yīng)激的分界點(diǎn)[36],感知應(yīng)激量表(perceived stress scale,PSS)類似地使用30 d作為分界點(diǎn)[37],特里爾慢性應(yīng)激量表(trier inventory for the assessment of chronic stress,TICS)則測量90 d的暴露情況[38].有研究者建議持續(xù)至少6個(gè)月的應(yīng)激才能被視為慢性[39].其次,現(xiàn)有研究中將皮質(zhì)醇覺醒反應(yīng)作為慢性應(yīng)激的客觀指標(biāo),然而更常見的方法是將頭發(fā)皮質(zhì)醇的濃度作為一種有效且客觀的慢性應(yīng)激指標(biāo)[40].這是由于頭發(fā)的生長速度約每個(gè)月1 cm,因此距離頭皮最近的1 cm部分近似于上個(gè)月的皮質(zhì)醇積累量,可以回顧性地反映過去30 d應(yīng)激暴露時(shí)產(chǎn)生的皮質(zhì)醇總量[41];但不可忽視毛發(fā)皮質(zhì)醇濃度還受到其他環(huán)境因素的影響,例如染發(fā)、洗發(fā)頻率等,慢性應(yīng)激僅是影響毛發(fā)皮質(zhì)醇濃度的其中一個(gè)因素.由于慢性應(yīng)激的主客觀指標(biāo)的不一致,導(dǎo)致目前研究結(jié)果的可比性差,研究結(jié)論的可推廣性還值得進(jìn)一步商榷[42].

        4 總結(jié)與展望

        4.1 主流文化背景的作用

        已有實(shí)證性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高互依自我個(gè)體不僅表現(xiàn)出更高的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng),而且表現(xiàn)出更高的慢性應(yīng)激水平[6,8,23],然而這些研究將關(guān)注的對(duì)象重點(diǎn)放在了集體主義/個(gè)人主義文化下的互依自我,極少關(guān)注個(gè)人主義/集體主義文化下的獨(dú)立自我的應(yīng)激水平.集體主義/個(gè)人主義是文化心理學(xué)的Triandis等[43]提出的宏觀層面的文化價(jià)值觀概念,區(qū)分為個(gè)人主義和集體主義.自我構(gòu)念是一種體現(xiàn)在個(gè)人層面的穩(wěn)定的文化特征,個(gè)體雖然可能同時(shí)具有獨(dú)立自我和互依自我,但文化環(huán)境傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)其中一種自我構(gòu)念,例如個(gè)人主義文化傾向于培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念,集體主義文化更容易培養(yǎng)互依自我構(gòu)念[12].由此看出,在探索自我構(gòu)念對(duì)應(yīng)激的影響時(shí),不能脫離個(gè)體所在的文化背景.

        首先,要從文化適應(yīng)性上來理解自我構(gòu)念的積極促進(jìn)作用,與當(dāng)前文化匹配的自我構(gòu)念與積極的心理健康指標(biāo)密切相關(guān)[11].在集體主義文化下,互依自我個(gè)體雖然整體上表現(xiàn)出較高的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng),然而卻是一種有效的快反應(yīng)快恢復(fù)的應(yīng)激應(yīng)對(duì)模式[23].另一項(xiàng)對(duì)美國和日本老年人的大樣本調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),美國社會(huì)中的高獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念和日本社會(huì)中的高互依自我構(gòu)念在大多數(shù)健康和幸福感衡量指標(biāo)上的得分更高[44].

        其次,要結(jié)合文化錯(cuò)配理論理解自我構(gòu)念的不利影響.當(dāng)個(gè)體暴露于與當(dāng)前自我構(gòu)念不匹配的文化環(huán)境中時(shí),可能會(huì)受到不利影響.有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),具有高互依自我構(gòu)念的東亞移民德國學(xué)生的抑郁癥狀顯著高于高獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念[45].相比于高獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念,低獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念的美國少數(shù)種族婦女報(bào)告出更高的日常應(yīng)激水平,研究者認(rèn)為,這可能是由于美國主流高加索文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范更強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義,促進(jìn)了大多數(shù)成員獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念的發(fā)展,而這與少數(shù)族裔相對(duì)較低的獨(dú)立文化習(xí)俗不匹配[34].

        最后,要從文化混搭的角度重新考慮自我構(gòu)念的應(yīng)激適應(yīng)性.文化混搭是指2個(gè)或以上不同的文化傳統(tǒng)的載體在同一時(shí)間和空間呈現(xiàn)[46-47].文化混搭是全球化環(huán)境的縮影,隨著全球化進(jìn)程加快,即使沒有異文化生活經(jīng)歷的個(gè)體,也能在本土環(huán)境中接觸到多種文化元素.文化混搭研究的一個(gè)重要主題是關(guān)注人們對(duì)文化混搭現(xiàn)象的接納程度.由于個(gè)體的自我構(gòu)念主要是由本土文化環(huán)境構(gòu)建,在跨文化接觸過程中,會(huì)迫使人們?cè)诟鼜V闊的背景下看待自己——“大池塘里的小魚”,這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)體對(duì)自我的定義、對(duì)內(nèi)部群體和外部群體的看法以及它們之間的關(guān)系發(fā)生根本性的改變[48].個(gè)人主義文化下的獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念和集體主義文化下的互依自我構(gòu)念在文化混搭背景下是否還表現(xiàn)出更適應(yīng)的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)還有待進(jìn)一步的檢驗(yàn),或者是既互依又獨(dú)立的個(gè)體在文化混搭的背景下其應(yīng)激適應(yīng)性是否更強(qiáng),還需要更多的研究和探索.

        4.2 大腦前額葉-邊緣系統(tǒng)的作用

        大腦是應(yīng)激HPA軸反應(yīng)的核心調(diào)控器官.在急性應(yīng)激下,大腦不僅會(huì)自下而上地對(duì)威脅刺激進(jìn)行偵測,也會(huì)自上而下地對(duì)刺激進(jìn)行威脅評(píng)估、形成策略、調(diào)整資源并做出反應(yīng)[49-50].這些過程不僅依賴于邊緣系統(tǒng),如海馬和杏仁核對(duì)威脅刺激的偵測、對(duì)恐懼情緒的激發(fā)[51-52],也依賴于前額系統(tǒng)自上而下的評(píng)估和調(diào)控[53-54].因此,大腦前額葉-邊緣系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是應(yīng)激HPA軸反應(yīng)的核心腦區(qū).

        文化神經(jīng)科學(xué)家們對(duì)自我構(gòu)念的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)也做了探索.Kitayama等[55]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),個(gè)體的互依自我構(gòu)念水平與大腦眶額葉皮層(OFC)的體積呈負(fù)相關(guān).眶額葉皮層是與獎(jiǎng)賞系統(tǒng)和積極情緒相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵腦區(qū),因此研究者認(rèn)為這是由于互依自我個(gè)體對(duì)自我利益和需求的降低,從而表現(xiàn)出了降低的眶額葉皮層的體積.Han等[56]的綜述性文章指出,自我構(gòu)念的差異可以解釋由于種族/國家的差異帶來的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的差異,它涉及了許多認(rèn)知與情緒加工的腦區(qū)的參與.最近的研究者[57]從大腦的功能對(duì)稱性上評(píng)估自我構(gòu)念的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ),研究者指出默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)、凸顯網(wǎng)絡(luò)和執(zhí)行控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不對(duì)稱功能連接可以很好地表征自我構(gòu)念.

        基于大腦前額葉-邊緣系統(tǒng)在應(yīng)激神經(jīng)調(diào)控和自我構(gòu)念加工中的重要作用,最新的研究[10]將蒙特利爾影像應(yīng)激任務(wù)(MIST)作為急性心理應(yīng)激誘發(fā)范式,探討互依自我構(gòu)念影響急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制.該項(xiàng)研究采用自我構(gòu)念量表測量被試的互依自我構(gòu)念水平,采用MIST任務(wù)誘發(fā)被試的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng),并記錄應(yīng)激情境下的大腦神經(jīng)活動(dòng).在MIST任務(wù)前、任務(wù)中和任務(wù)后多次測量被試主觀應(yīng)激感受和唾液皮質(zhì)醇數(shù)據(jù).研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),個(gè)體的互依自我水平越高,眶額葉皮層(OFC)活動(dòng)越強(qiáng),主觀報(bào)告急性應(yīng)激水平越高.其次,互依自我與急性應(yīng)激皮質(zhì)醇水平呈正相關(guān),但僅出現(xiàn)在海馬活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度低的時(shí)候.研究者認(rèn)為,大腦前額葉-海馬腦區(qū)在互依自我個(gè)體急性應(yīng)激應(yīng)對(duì)過程中發(fā)揮著不同的作用.

        值得注意的是,Van Oort等[58]的綜述文章指出,默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(DMN)、凸顯網(wǎng)絡(luò)(SN)以及中央執(zhí)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)(CEN)是應(yīng)激加工的三大核心網(wǎng)絡(luò).具體而言,SN中背側(cè)前扣帶皮質(zhì)、杏仁核和腦島負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)個(gè)體對(duì)外部環(huán)境中凸顯刺激的主要內(nèi)感受加工;DMN中前額葉皮層、后扣帶回以及楔前葉主要參與應(yīng)激反應(yīng)中的自我加工和反思;而CEN中背內(nèi)側(cè)額葉和背側(cè)后頂葉區(qū)域支持高階認(rèn)知能力的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn).在急性應(yīng)激暴露過程中,認(rèn)知神經(jīng)資源響應(yīng)-重組-互惠模型認(rèn)為急性應(yīng)激暴露誘導(dǎo)會(huì)促進(jìn)認(rèn)知資源分配到凸顯網(wǎng)絡(luò),促進(jìn)對(duì)恐懼和覺醒的探測,但以執(zhí)行功能的降低為代價(jià);應(yīng)激暴露結(jié)束后,認(rèn)知資源會(huì)在這2個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間轉(zhuǎn)換,促進(jìn)為了長期生存需要的復(fù)雜認(rèn)知資源的加工,而將情緒反應(yīng)的加工回歸到正常水平[59].鑒于應(yīng)激加工的三大核心網(wǎng)絡(luò)與自我構(gòu)念表征的三大核心網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一致性,未來研究可以從動(dòng)態(tài)腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不對(duì)稱性上挖掘自我構(gòu)念影響應(yīng)激的神經(jīng)機(jī)制.

        4.3 將自我構(gòu)念納入創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(PTSD)的診療和干預(yù)框架

        如果急性應(yīng)激源的強(qiáng)度特別大,例如交通事故、重大疾患、喪親、自然災(zāi)難等創(chuàng)傷事件,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們?cè)趹?yīng)激后的身心功能難以正常復(fù)原,出現(xiàn)典型的心理問題,就是創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)[60].PTSD是指由重大心理創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致延遲出現(xiàn)和長期存在的心理或精神障礙,主要包括侵入性癥狀、回避型癥狀、警覺性增高癥狀和負(fù)性的認(rèn)知情緒等4個(gè)方面的癥狀簇.全球流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,隨著自然災(zāi)害和人為創(chuàng)傷事件的增多,近年來PTSD的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大幅度提高,其終生患病率已達(dá)7%~12%.目前針對(duì)PTSD的干預(yù)方案主要包括藥物干預(yù)、心理干預(yù)、行為干預(yù)和神經(jīng)調(diào)控.鑒于PTSD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程與個(gè)體密切相關(guān),近年來,研究者們建議在文化的框架下來理解PTSD癥狀及制定相應(yīng)的干預(yù)措施[9,61].

        從認(rèn)知的視角來看,PTSD個(gè)體在自傳體記憶、身份認(rèn)同、注意、評(píng)價(jià)、認(rèn)知-情緒反應(yīng)、意義和價(jià)值體系、應(yīng)對(duì)策略和社會(huì)支持各個(gè)方面均出現(xiàn)了異常.事實(shí)上,以上的各個(gè)認(rèn)知維度均受到自我構(gòu)念的影響,為此,Jobson等[9]提出了PTSD的概念自我威脅模型(threat to the concept self model),該模型綜合了當(dāng)前對(duì)PTSD病因和維持的理論理解,并且加入了對(duì)自我構(gòu)念中文化差異的理解.據(jù)此,研究者提出文化匹配的干預(yù)方案將提升個(gè)體的應(yīng)激應(yīng)對(duì)與復(fù)原能力[62].例如,在PTSD的臨床干預(yù)過程中,對(duì)于獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念的個(gè)體,干預(yù)的方案需要專注于提高他們的自我導(dǎo)向能力;對(duì)于互依自我構(gòu)念的個(gè)體,干預(yù)的方案需要降低他們的自我導(dǎo)向能力,增加社會(huì)聯(lián)系性水平[9].

        雖然有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)支持可以降低互依自我個(gè)體的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[63],社會(huì)支持也可以提升關(guān)系性互依自我個(gè)體的生活幸福感[64],但也有研究表明由于擔(dān)心給家人/朋友造成負(fù)擔(dān),并且影響與家人/朋友維持和諧的關(guān)系,高互依自我個(gè)體很少尋求社會(huì)支持,因?yàn)閷で笊鐣?huì)支持會(huì)讓他們感覺到更大的壓力[65].例如,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)支持和情感表達(dá)性對(duì)于亞裔美國人的應(yīng)激緩解作用并不明顯,因?yàn)橹С謱で蠛颓楦斜磉_(dá)并不符合他們已有的文化價(jià)值觀[66].由于文化通過社會(huì)取向和價(jià)值影響評(píng)價(jià)和情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略,為此,近年來研究者們尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)在制定PTSD的社會(huì)支持干預(yù)方案時(shí),需要考慮文化和自我構(gòu)念的重要作用[7,67-68].

        5 結(jié)論

        文化塑造自我構(gòu)念,自我構(gòu)念影響應(yīng)激反應(yīng).已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在集體主義文化下,互依自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體表現(xiàn)出更高的急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和更高的慢性應(yīng)激水平.在個(gè)人主義文化下,高互依自我構(gòu)念和低獨(dú)立自我構(gòu)念個(gè)體的慢性應(yīng)激水平更高.然而,這些有限的證據(jù)僅是從文化的視角理解急/慢性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的冰山一角.

        未來研究需要從以下4個(gè)方面開展探索:

        1) 尋找恰當(dāng)?shù)募?慢性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)指標(biāo);

        2) 結(jié)合主流文化背景探索自我構(gòu)念的作用;

        3) 重視大腦的調(diào)控作用;

        4) 落實(shí)將自我構(gòu)念納入創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的診療和干預(yù)框架.

        這些工作一方面有助于從文化的視角厘清應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的個(gè)體差異,另一方面有助于理解文化環(huán)境塑造特定自我構(gòu)念的適應(yīng)性意義.

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        Understanding Acute/Chronic Stress from a Cultural Perspective:The Role of Self-Construal

        YANG Juan1, LUO Jiahao1, HE Yang2, WEI Zhenni3, HU Xiang4

        (1. Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715;2. Student Affairs office, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, Shaanxi;3. Student Affairs office, Chongqing City Vocational College, Chongqing 402160;4. School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei)

        Abstract:Previous studies have suggested culture would affect the acute/chronic stress, providing a new perspective for stress recovery and intervention in post-traumatic stress disorder. Culture shapes self-construal. However, there has been no study to explore whether and how self-construal affect the acute/chronic stress systematically. Literature reviews show that individuals with interdependent self-construal in collectivist cultures exhibit a pattern of rapid response and recovery in acute stress response. In individualistic cultures, both highly interdependent self-construal and lowly independent self-construal people tend to experience higher chronic stress levels. These findings suggest that self-construal alignment with mainstream cultural backgrounds facilitates adaptive stress responses. However, these limited pieces of evidence only scratch the surface of understanding acute/chronic stress responses and post-traumatic stress disorder from a cultural perspective. Future research should incorporate self-construal into the diagnosis and intervention framework of post-traumatic stress disorder, considering mainstream cultural backgrounds.

        Keywords:self-construal; culture; acute stress; chronic stress; post-traumatic stress disorder

        (編輯 余 毅)

        基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(31900397)

        第一作者簡介:楊 娟(1981—),女,三級(jí)教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事自尊心理學(xué)和應(yīng)激心理學(xué)研究,E-mail:valleyqq@swu.edu.cn

        引用格式:楊娟,羅家豪,何楊,等. 從文化的視角理解急/慢性應(yīng)激:自我構(gòu)念的作用[J]. 四川師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2024,47(5):587-595.

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