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        血栓彈力圖對COPD患者下肢深靜脈血栓形成的預測價值

        2024-03-27 05:06:51譚華僑賓冬梅周杰良邵超華裴華黃偉華劉小娟
        新醫(yī)學 2024年3期

        譚華僑?賓冬梅?周杰良?邵超華?裴華?黃偉華?劉小娟

        【摘要】目的 分析血栓彈力圖(TEG)參數(shù)對COPD患者下肢深靜脈血栓形成的預測價值。方法 選擇35例下肢深靜脈血栓形成的COPD患者作為觀察組,另選擇同期的35例無下肢深靜脈血栓形成的COPD患者作為對照組,收集患者入院后24 h內(nèi)的TEG參數(shù),包括凝血反應時間R值、血液凝固時間K值、凝固角α角及最大血塊強度MA值、血常規(guī)、血氣分析及基本資料,采用Logistic回歸分析及受試者操作特征(ROC)曲線分析TEG各項參數(shù)對COPD患者下肢深靜脈血栓形成的預測價值。結(jié)果 R值、K值、α角與COPD患者下肢深靜脈血栓形成有關(guān)(P均< 0.05),R值的曲線下面積(AUC)為0.787(95%CI 0.679~0.895),K值的AUC為0.758(95%CI 0.646~0.870),α角的AUC為0.689(95%CI 0.565~0.812),MA值的AUC為0.660(95%CI 0.533~0.787);4組數(shù)值聯(lián)合預測COPD患者下肢深靜脈血栓形成靈敏度及特異度更高(AUC=0.882,95%CI 0.796~0.969,P < 0.001),截斷值為0.436,靈敏度為94%,特異度為80%。結(jié)論 TEG中R值、K值及α角是COPD患者下肢深靜脈形成的預測因素,R值、K值及α角均能良好預測COPD患者下肢深靜脈血栓形成,且R值、K值、α角和MA四者聯(lián)合預測靈敏度及特異度更高。

        【關(guān)鍵詞】慢性阻塞性肺疾??;下肢深靜脈血栓;血栓彈力圖;Logistic回歸分析;受試者操作特征曲線

        Predictive value of TEG for deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseTan Huaqiao, Bin Dongmei, Zhou Jieliang, Shao Chaohua, Pei Hua, Huang Weihua, Liu Xiaojuan.? Department of Intensive Care Unit, Dongguan Eastern Central Hospital, the Sixth Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan 523573, China

        Corresponding author, Tan Huaqiao, E-mail: tanhuaqiaodoctor@163.com

        【Abstract】Objective To analyze the value of thromboelastogram (TEG) parameters in predicting deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods Thirty-five COPD patients complicated with deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs were assigned into the observation group, and 35 COPD patients without deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs of the same period were recruited in the control group. TEG parameters (R value of coagulation reaction time, K value of blood coagulation time, α angle of coagulation and MA value of maximum clot intensity), routine blood test, blood gas analysis and baseline data were collected within 24 hours after admission. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to analyze the predictive value of all parameters of TEG for deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in patients with COPD. Results R value, K value and α angle were significantly correlated with deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in patients with COPD (all P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of R value was 0.787 (95%CI: 0.679-0.895), 0.758 for K value (95%CI: 0.646-0.870), 0.689 for α angle (95%CI: 0.565-0.812), and 0.660 for MA value (95%CI: 0.533-0.787), respectively. The combination of four parameters yielded higher sensitivity and specificity for predicting deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs (AUC:0.882, 95%CI:0.796-0.969, all P < 0.001), the cut-off value was 0.436, the sensitivity was 94.3% and the specificity was 80%, respectively. Conclusions R value, K value and α angle in TEG are the independent predictors of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in patients with COPD. R value, K value and α angle can properly predict deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in patients with COPD, and the combination of R value, K value, α angle and MA value yields higher sensitivity and specificity.

        討論

        在大多數(shù)國家,近6%成年人患有COPD,占所有慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病約60%,社會經(jīng)濟負擔巨大[4-5]。在中國40歲或以上的人群中,COPD患病率估計為13.7%[6]。COPD患者血栓栓塞風險增加的機制復雜,該類患者的缺氧可使血小板具有高反應性,增強組織因子的合成和纖溶酶原激活抑制劑-1(PAI-1)活化,也可減少FIB的清除,使促紅細胞生成素的產(chǎn)生、血細胞比容以及血小板的量性均發(fā)生異常改變,誘導細胞間黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表達增加血液黏度,進一步增加血栓的形成率[7-10]。COPD急性加重(AECOPD)常發(fā)生在呼吸道感染后,多種炎癥介質(zhì)、細胞因子、炎性細胞和抗體增多,增加血液黏度,且CRP、IFN-γ、IL-1等炎癥因子高表達,影響血液凝固[7]。

        國內(nèi)有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),COPD患者合并DVT的發(fā)生率較高,既往靜脈血栓病史、臥床時間≥3 d、D-二聚體升高是COPD合并DVT的危險因素[11]。有研究表明,在印度北部,肺栓塞是部分患者(14%)發(fā)生AECOPD的原因,不明原因的AECOPD患者發(fā)生肺栓塞的風險增加[12]。與其他住院人群相比,PE的患病率為5.7%~6.0%,PE可能是患者發(fā)生AECOPD或癥狀加重的誘因[13]。同時AECOPD也可作為PE的危險因素存在[14]。國外有研究證實33%的COPD和PE患者檢出DVT,對于呼吸道癥狀惡化的COPD,考慮PE的同時,也應考慮DVT[15]。與肺活量測定結(jié)果正?;颊呦啾?,COPD Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)性靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)的風險是前者兩倍(危險比2.05)[16]。肺栓塞栓子最常見的來源是下肢DVT,因而尋找能預測COPD患者群體下肢DVT形成的、易獲取的臨床指標顯得極其重要。

        TEG由德國的Harter于1948年發(fā)明,是一種通過高靈敏度懸掛線描述血液凝固過程的分析儀,可以獲得血凝塊形成及纖溶相關(guān)指數(shù)的圖標,能夠動態(tài)監(jiān)測整個凝血及纖溶過程,臨床上可運用于血栓性疾病。有研究證實,TEG血栓最大振幅值增大可能是老年急性腦梗死患者病死的影響因素(OR > 1,P < 0.05),各時點TEG血栓最大振幅預測病死的AUC均> 0.85,具有較高的預測價值,其中入院6 h的AUC最高,故TEG血栓最大振幅在預測急性腦梗死患者病死中具有較高的效能,可通過TEG動態(tài)監(jiān)測并據(jù)此及時調(diào)整治療方案,以改善患者預后、降低病死率[17]。另有研究者分析TEG對顱腦操作后創(chuàng)傷性凝血病的早期診斷與預后評價的臨床效果,證實TEG可有效識別顱腦損傷后患者不同時間的凝血功能,指導臨床采用針對性救治措施,具有較高的臨床應用價值[18]。

        本研究根據(jù)COPD患者下肢靜脈彩超的結(jié)果是否合并DVT形成分為觀察組及對照組,分別對兩組進行TEG檢測,結(jié)果顯示觀察組的R值及K值短于對照組,觀察組的α角及MA值大于對照組,這一結(jié)果表明COPD合并下肢DVT形成的患者凝血因子活性、纖維蛋白原功能及血小板功能增強。COPD患者慢性缺氧、炎癥和二氧化碳潴留,引起繼發(fā)性紅細胞增多,血液黏度增加,且內(nèi)皮細胞的破壞和功能紊亂,活化的炎癥細胞釋放出大量的炎癥介質(zhì)和炎癥因子,不僅加重氣道炎癥,而且激活內(nèi)源性和外源性凝血系統(tǒng),增加凝血因子的活性及促進血小板功能、加快血小板的聚集,進而促進血栓的形成[19-21]。另本研究通過Logistic回歸分析探討TEG各參數(shù)與COPD患者下肢DVT形成的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示R值、K值、α角與COPD患者下肢DVT形成有關(guān),而MA值與COPD患者下肢DVT形成無關(guān),說明凝血因子的活性及纖維蛋白原功能的增強可作為COPD患者下肢DVT形成的預測因素。在穩(wěn)定期COPD患者中,較高的D-二聚體水平被確定為較高病死率的預測因子,而抗凝血酶Ⅲ復合物水平較高與COPD患者加重風險增加相關(guān)[22]。故臨床上可啟用抗凝治療來預防COPD患者下肢DVT形成。通過ROC曲線分析TEG參數(shù),明確R值、K值及α角對COPD患者下肢DVT形成均有預測價值,且四者聯(lián)合預測COPD患者下肢DVT形成的靈敏度及特異度更高,其AUC為0.882(95%CI 0.796~0.969),診斷閾值0.436,靈敏度為94.3%,特異度為80%,故建議在四者聯(lián)合的預測概率>0.436時啟用抗凝治療。

        COPD患者凝血因子活性、纖維蛋白原功能及血小板功能增強,但凝血因子活性、纖維蛋白功能是COPD患者下肢DVT形成的獨立危險因素,故選擇抗凝方式預防下肢DVT形成。綜上所述,啟動抗凝的時間為R值、K值、α角及MA值聯(lián)合預測概率>0.436時可能為較好的時機,但本研究基于相對小樣本量獲得結(jié)論,存在一定局限性,尚需擴大樣本量繼續(xù)驗證研究結(jié)論。

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        (收稿日期:2023-10-31)

        (本文編輯:林燕薇)

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