吳正宙?詹麗萍?闕麗萍?吳曉君?徐宏貴?黃科
【摘要】目的 探討以皮疹為主要表現(xiàn)的急性移植物抗宿主?。╝GVHD)在免疫監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)下的精準(zhǔn)診療效果。方法 回顧1例因高危急性髓系白血病接受非血緣臍血移植、其后出現(xiàn)頑固性皮疹的患兒的臨床資料及診治過(guò)程,以“造血干細(xì)胞移植”“免疫重建”和“急性移植物抗宿主病”的中英文為檢索詞,對(duì)以下數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的相關(guān)論文進(jìn)行檢索:PubMed、Web of Science、CNKI、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái),收集檢索到的病例資料并進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果 該例1歲9月齡女性患兒成功獲得造血重建,移植后22 d患兒頭部、后頸部出現(xiàn)密集紅色丘疹(面積約19%)、瘙癢明顯,口服他克莫司、外用激素類藥物后皮疹無(wú)好轉(zhuǎn)(面積>90%),此時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞、CD3+CD69+細(xì)胞、CD3+HLA-DR+細(xì)胞比例明顯升高,調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)比例下降。免疫指標(biāo)支持T淋巴細(xì)胞活化,考慮Ⅱ度aGVHD(皮膚3級(jí)),遂予加強(qiáng)免疫抑制治療方案。期間患兒皮疹有消退,但仍反復(fù),并伴皮膚明顯脫屑,復(fù)查CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞、CD3+HLA-DR+細(xì)胞比例仍偏高,遂再次調(diào)整治療方案、加強(qiáng)抗排斥,患兒皮膚aGVHD好轉(zhuǎn)。定期監(jiān)測(cè)原發(fā)病完全緩解、植入比例100%、免疫重建穩(wěn)定,隨訪至移植后32個(gè)月,患兒無(wú)病存活。檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)9 篇,均論證了早期CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞、活化T淋巴細(xì)胞比例升高以及Treg下調(diào)與aGVHD發(fā)生相關(guān)。結(jié)論 對(duì)異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植術(shù)后患者的免疫狀態(tài)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),有利于評(píng)估其免疫重建情況及疾病狀態(tài)(如aGVHD),有助于制定合理的免疫抑制治療方案,使患者獲得良好預(yù)后。
【關(guān)鍵詞】造血干細(xì)胞移植;臍血;急性移植物抗宿主?。幻庖弑O(jiān)控;免疫重建
Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease after umbilical cord blood transplantation under the guidance of immune monitoring: a case report and literature review Wu Zhengzhou, Zhan Liping, Que Liping, Wu Xiaojun, Xu Honggui, Huang Ke.? Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
Corresponding author, Huang Ke, E-mail: hke@mail.sysu.edu.cn
【Abstract】Objective To explore the effect of the precise diagnosis and treatment of a case of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) with rash as the main manifestation under the guidance of immune monitoring. Methods Clinical data and diagnosis and treatment of a child with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia who developed intractable rash after receiving unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. Using the keywords of “hematopoietic stem cell transplantation”“immune reconstitution” and “acute graft-versus-host disease”, relevant literatures were searched from PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang databases, and relevant cases were collected and analyzed. Results Hematopoietic reconstruction was successfully achieved in this 1 year 9 months old girl. On day 22 after transplantation, the skin of head and back neck of the patient showed dense red papules (approximately 19% in area), with obvious itching. Under the treatment of oral tacrolimus and topical hormone drugs, the rash was not alleviated (area>90%). Meanwhile, the proportion of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD3+CD69+cells and CD3+HLA-DR+cells was significantly increased, and the proportion of Treg cells was decreased. The immune indexes supported T lymphocyte activation, then diagnosis of gradeⅡaGVHD (skin grade 3) was made, and the immunosuppressive regimen was strengthened. During this period, the skin rash of the child subsided, but recurred, and accompanied by obvious skin desquamation. The proportion of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, and CD3+HLA-DR+cells remains relatively high, supporting the diagnosis of aGVHD. Therefore, the anti-GVHD regimen was adjusted and strengthened, and the aGVHD of the childs skin was mitigated. Regular monitoring showed that the primary disease was completely relieved, the implantation rate was 100%, and the immune reconstitution was stable. During 32-month follow-up after transplantation, the child obtained disease-free survival. Nine relevant literatures were retrieved, all of which demonstrated that the increased proportion of early CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, activated T lymphocytes and Treg downregulation were associated with the occurrence of aGVHD. Conclusion The dynamic monitoring of the immune status of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is helpful to evaluate their immune reconstitution and disease status (such as, aGVHD), thereby assisting clinicians to formulate a reasonable immunosuppressive regimen and bring favorable prognosis to patients.
【Key words】Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Cord blood; Acute graft-versus-host disease; Immune monitoring;
Immune reconstitution
急性移植物抗宿主?。╝GVHD)是異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植(allo-HSCT)后的主要并發(fā)癥和非復(fù)發(fā)死亡的主要原因[1-2]。其發(fā)生機(jī)制為抗原提呈細(xì)胞激活供者來(lái)源的同種異體反應(yīng)性T 淋巴細(xì)胞,發(fā)生同種異基因免疫反應(yīng),攻擊受者自身組織,引起組織細(xì)胞損傷與器官功能障礙[3-4]。allo-HSCT術(shù)后aGVHD的發(fā)生率高達(dá)30%~60%,經(jīng)典aGVHD發(fā)生在移植后100 d 內(nèi),以斑丘疹、胃腸道癥狀或瘀膽型肝炎為臨床表現(xiàn)[5]。目前aGVHD的診斷需根據(jù)病史、臨床表現(xiàn)、病理檢查結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合判斷。但aGVHD的臨床表現(xiàn)并沒(méi)有特異性,易與藥物疹、感染相關(guān)皮疹、預(yù)處理所致胃腸道毒性反應(yīng)、腸炎、病毒性肝炎等相混淆,不利于早期診斷與及時(shí)治療。本文報(bào)道1例以皮疹為主要表現(xiàn)的aGVHD患兒在免疫監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)下的精準(zhǔn)診療過(guò)程,同時(shí)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),旨在為臨床醫(yī)師在移植患者的術(shù)后管理方面提供經(jīng)驗(yàn)參考。
對(duì)象與方法
一、1例以頑固性皮疹為主要表現(xiàn)的aGVHD患兒臨床資料的收集
收集2019年8月在我院因高危急性髓系白血?。ˋML)接受非血緣臍血移植后出現(xiàn)以頑固性皮疹為主要表現(xiàn)的1例aGVHD患兒的臨床資料,并對(duì)其在免疫監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)下的精準(zhǔn)診療過(guò)程進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析。本研究通過(guò)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):SYSKY-2023-251-01),并豁免知情同意。
二、文獻(xiàn)檢索
以“造血干細(xì)胞移植”“免疫重建”和“急性移植物抗宿主病”的中英文為檢索詞,對(duì)以下數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)截至2023年6月收錄的論文進(jìn)行檢索:PubMed、Web of Science、CNKI、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái),收集檢索到的病例資料并進(jìn)行分析,總結(jié)在allo-HSCT術(shù)后免疫重建過(guò)程中各免疫細(xì)胞亞群與aGVHD的關(guān)聯(lián)特點(diǎn)。
結(jié)果
一、1例以頑固性皮疹為主要表現(xiàn)的aGVHD患兒的病歷資料
1.一般情況
患兒女,1歲9月齡,因“確診AML 4月余,擬行造血干細(xì)胞移植術(shù)”于2019年8月19日入我院治療。4月余前患兒因“咳嗽1個(gè)月,發(fā)熱20 d,發(fā)現(xiàn)白細(xì)胞升高1周”于2019年4月1日首次入住我院,完善MICM檢查確診為AML(AML-M5,伴TET2、TP53突變,WT1高表達(dá)),予NOPHO-AML 2004 方案AIET(阿糖胞苷 200 mg/m2 第1~4日,伊達(dá)比星 12 mg/m2 第2、4、6日,依托泊苷100 mg/m2第1~4日,6-硫鳥嘌呤100 mg/m2 1次/
12 h、第1~4日)、AM(阿糖胞苷 100 mg/m2第1~5日,米托蒽醌 10 mg/m2第1~3日)、HA1M(阿糖胞苷1 g/m2 1次/12 h、第1~3日,米托蒽醌10 mg/m2
第3~5日)化學(xué)治療。期間腦脊液檢查未見(jiàn)異常,監(jiān)測(cè)骨髓形態(tài)、流式細(xì)胞學(xué)均提示白血病完全緩解,但仍可檢測(cè)到TET2基因、TP53基因等突變位點(diǎn),診斷高危AML。擬行allo-HSCT治療,干細(xì)胞來(lái)源為人類白細(xì)胞抗原(HLA)高分配型8/10相合非血緣臍血?;純合礕1P1試管嬰兒,足月剖宮產(chǎn)出,出生后無(wú)窒息、搶救史。其患有“先天性甲狀腺功能減退癥”,規(guī)律口服優(yōu)甲樂(lè)治療,定期監(jiān)測(cè)甲狀腺功能正常。其父母非近親結(jié)婚,身體均健康。
入院體格檢查:生命體征平穩(wěn),體質(zhì)量12.5 kg(+0.9 SD)。神志清晰。全身皮膚黏膜無(wú)蒼白、黃染、皮疹及出血點(diǎn)。淺表淋巴結(jié)未捫及腫大。咽無(wú)充血,雙側(cè)扁桃體無(wú)腫大、異常分泌物。雙肺呼吸音粗,未聞及干、濕啰音。心臟聽(tīng)診無(wú)異常。肝、脾肋下未觸及。
2.實(shí)驗(yàn)室及輔助檢查
胸部CT:雙肺散在炎癥。骨髓細(xì)胞形態(tài):白血病治療后完全緩解骨髓象。流式細(xì)胞檢測(cè)(骨髓):微小殘留病變(MRD)<0.01%。骨髓WT1基因定量:WT1表達(dá)分?jǐn)?shù)65.53%,結(jié)果顯示高表達(dá)(正常值<55%)。頭顱及全脊柱MRI平掃+增強(qiáng)、腦脊液檢查等提示無(wú)髓外浸潤(rùn)。其他相關(guān)檢查無(wú)異常。
3.治療經(jīng)過(guò)
入院后評(píng)估原發(fā)病為完全緩解狀態(tài),無(wú)移植禁忌證,按計(jì)劃行allo-HSCT。由于患兒骨髓WT1基因仍高表達(dá),故于2019年8月17日至21日予地西他濱20 mg/(m2·d)去甲基化治療,過(guò)程順利。入院后第8日開(kāi)始行清髓性預(yù)處理化學(xué)治療:氟達(dá)拉濱30 mg/(m2·d) 移植前8~4 d,白消安每次0.8 mg/kg、1次/6 h、移植前4~7 d,環(huán)磷酰胺60 mg/(kg·d) 移植前2~3 d。預(yù)處理結(jié)束后第2日輸注臍血44.4 mL(總有核細(xì)胞數(shù)11.06×107/kg,CD34+細(xì)胞數(shù)11.5×105/kg)。予他克莫司(FK506)、嗎替麥考酚酯預(yù)防GVHD。移植前胸部CT提示肺炎,預(yù)處理期間予頭孢哌酮舒巴坦抗菌、百炎凈+氟康唑預(yù)防真菌、更昔洛韋預(yù)防病毒感染。移植后1、2、3、6、9、12個(gè)月抽取患兒外周血檢測(cè)淋巴細(xì)胞亞群、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)、T淋巴細(xì)胞活化狀態(tài)、胸腺細(xì)胞輸出功能(CD4+CD45RA+細(xì)胞、CD4+CD45RA+PTK-7+細(xì)胞),以判斷患兒免疫重建狀態(tài),且在患兒調(diào)整免疫抑制劑期間增加檢測(cè)頻率以協(xié)助判斷免疫耐受情況,見(jiàn)表1、2。
4.植入情況及合并癥
移植后12 d中性粒細(xì)胞植入,移植后35 d血小板植入,移植后14 d查植入比例為100%,呈完全臍血供者嵌合狀態(tài)。移植早期曾出現(xiàn)中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏伴發(fā)熱,予抗感染治療后好轉(zhuǎn)。移植后22 d患兒頭頸部出現(xiàn)密集紅色丘疹(面積約19%),瘙癢明顯,無(wú)發(fā)熱、腹瀉,查T淋巴細(xì)胞活化狀態(tài)提示早期活化T淋巴細(xì)胞(CD3+CD69+細(xì)胞)比例較移植前升高10倍,考慮為aGVHD, 采用改良的Glucksberg 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,診斷為Ⅰ度aGVHD(皮膚1級(jí))[5-6]。予外涂糠酸莫米松軟膏及口服FK506治療,期間監(jiān)測(cè)血藥濃度為11.4~15.1 mmol/L,
皮疹較前消退。移植后27 d患兒身體的皮疹明顯增多,主要分布在頭頸部、軀干、臀部及雙側(cè)大腿,皮疹性質(zhì)同前,雙手掌、腳底明顯充血(面積>90%),結(jié)合CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞、晚期活化T淋巴細(xì)胞(CD3+HLA-DR+細(xì)胞)、Treg比例的變化情況與臨床表現(xiàn)相符,診斷為Ⅱ度aGVHD(皮膚3級(jí))。遂在原口服FK506的基礎(chǔ)上靜脈滴注甲潑尼龍2 mg/(kg·d)治療。治療3 d后患兒皮疹無(wú)消退且有進(jìn)展趨勢(shì),考慮有啟動(dòng)二線治療的必要性,結(jié)合近期炎癥因子TNF-α為23.80 pg/mL,較參考值(0~8.1 pg/mL)上限升高2倍,遂加用2針TNF受體拮抗劑(0.4 mg/kg、2次/周,10月3日、10月6日使用),并根據(jù)我院移植中心GVHD的治療經(jīng)驗(yàn),加用甲氨蝶呤(8 mg/m2、1次/周,共2次,10月4日、10月10日使用),期間甲潑尼龍逐漸減量。移植后36 d患兒皮膚評(píng)分仍為3級(jí),炎癥因子IL-2受體(IL-2R)為2 512 U/mL(223~710 U/mL),遂加口服蘆可替尼(1.25 mg、2次/日)。移植后40 d皮疹面積仍>50%,復(fù)查CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞、CD3+HLA-DR+細(xì)胞比例無(wú)明顯下降,查IL-2R 1 650 U/mL,予最大口服劑量
0.166 mg/(kg·d)后監(jiān)測(cè)FK506血藥濃度仍偏低(血藥峰濃度6 mmol/L),遂停用FK506,改口服環(huán)孢素(CsA),期間監(jiān)測(cè)血藥濃度130~235 ng/mL,同時(shí)蘆可替尼加量(2.5 mg、2次/日)。調(diào)整治療方案5 d后,患兒面部、胸前皮疹較前減少,但后背、雙下肢皮疹消退仍較慢,基底皮膚充血較明顯,伴皮膚明顯脫屑。移植后48 d患兒全身皮疹再次增多,呈網(wǎng)狀紅褐色斑丘疹、皮膚明顯脫屑。在免疫抑制較強(qiáng)的情況下,患兒發(fā)生感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加。復(fù)查CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞、CD3+HLA-DR+細(xì)胞比例仍明顯偏高,支持免疫性皮膚損傷。遂請(qǐng)皮膚科會(huì)診,考慮為移植后皮膚反應(yīng),建議加強(qiáng)外用藥,予丙酸氟替卡松軟膏+FK506軟膏治療,其后患兒皮疹逐漸消退。
5.治療結(jié)果、隨訪及轉(zhuǎn)歸
患兒于移植后50 d病情穩(wěn)定出院,無(wú)新發(fā)皮疹,頭面部、臀部皮疹消退,后背、腹部、雙下肢可見(jiàn)陳舊性皮疹,顏色變淡,可見(jiàn)明顯皮屑,無(wú)其他不適。出院時(shí)免疫抑制方案為口服甲潑尼龍片(4 mg,每日晨服1次),CsA口服液(0.28 mL,1次/12 h)、口服蘆可替尼(2.5 mg、2次/日)。移植后60 d患兒皮疹基本消退,此時(shí)查CD3+細(xì)胞比例恢復(fù)正常,CD8+細(xì)胞輕度升高,雖然CD3+HLA-DR+細(xì)胞比例仍偏高,但Treg較1個(gè)月前上升20%,評(píng)估皮膚aGVHD控制良好,且患兒為高危AML,為減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),予停用甲潑尼龍片,CsA、蘆可替尼逐漸減量。免疫抑制劑減量期間,患兒皮疹無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)、血象穩(wěn)定,監(jiān)測(cè)不同時(shí)間段的免疫細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值逐漸恢復(fù)正常,見(jiàn)表2。定期監(jiān)測(cè)原發(fā)病完全緩解、植入比例100%,隨訪至移植后32個(gè)月,患兒無(wú)病存活。
二、文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
檢索到相關(guān)中英文文獻(xiàn)9 篇,其中臨床研究 7 篇、綜述2篇,主要描述及論證了兒童和成人患者接受allo-HSCT治療后,在其適應(yīng)性免疫重建中免疫細(xì)胞亞群與aGVHD的關(guān)系,見(jiàn)表3。
討論
allo-HSCT是目前治療多種難治性惡性血液病的最有效方法,其成功的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一是移植后免疫系統(tǒng)重建(IR)[7-9]。IR受多種因素影響,這些因素影響著免疫恢復(fù)的速度和模式[10-13]。IR包括固有IR與適應(yīng)性IR[8]。固有免疫系統(tǒng)的粒細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞、NKT淋巴細(xì)胞等的重建在移植術(shù)后20~30 d內(nèi)迅速發(fā)生,一般數(shù)周至數(shù)個(gè)月即可完成;適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)的淋巴細(xì)胞(包含T淋巴細(xì)胞和B淋巴細(xì)胞)的重建速度則較慢,一般需1至2年。相對(duì)于外周血干細(xì)胞移植(PBSCT)而言,非血緣臍血移植(UCBT)在移植術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞總數(shù)較低,提示IR延遲,這與臍帶血中總有核細(xì)胞數(shù)量少有關(guān)。在移植術(shù)后9個(gè)月,UCBT患者的淋巴細(xì)胞重建較PBSCT患者快,這可能是因?yàn)槟殠а懈缓芍亟ㄔ煅淖钤几杉?xì)胞,免疫重建能力更強(qiáng)[14]。Ando等[15]的研究顯示,allo-HSCT后28 d內(nèi),PBSCT患者體內(nèi)的總淋巴細(xì)胞、CD4+細(xì)胞亞群、CD8+細(xì)胞、NKT細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)高于UCBT患者;在移植術(shù)后100 d,UCBT患者中的總淋巴細(xì)胞以及B淋巴細(xì)胞、CD4+細(xì)胞亞群和NK細(xì)胞數(shù)開(kāi)始顯著升高,與之相反的是,CD8+細(xì)胞數(shù)則明顯下降。此外,也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道PBSCT術(shù)后CD8+細(xì)胞恢復(fù)更快,而UCBT術(shù)后則是Treg和CD4+細(xì)胞恢復(fù)更快[14]。本例AML患兒臍血移植后免疫重建情況與此相似。
對(duì)移植后患者的免疫狀態(tài)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)有利于評(píng)估其免疫功能重建恢復(fù)情況及疾病狀態(tài)。相關(guān)研究表明,發(fā)生Ⅲ~Ⅳ度aGVHD患者在移植后1~3個(gè)月其體內(nèi)的CD3+細(xì)胞明顯高于未發(fā)生aGVHD患者[16]。CD8+細(xì)胞的過(guò)早恢復(fù)是發(fā)生aGVHD的高危因素[17]。本例患兒在移植后1個(gè)月內(nèi),CD3+細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞明顯升高,預(yù)示著發(fā)生aGVHD高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與其后續(xù)的臨床進(jìn)展過(guò)程相符。Paz Morante等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),在aGVHD發(fā)生早期,aGVHD患者的CD3+CD69+細(xì)胞比例較未發(fā)生aGVHD者明顯升高,故移植后定期監(jiān)測(cè)CD3+CD69+細(xì)胞可早期預(yù)警aGVHD。Treg是抑制移植排斥反應(yīng)的重要亞群,在aGVHD患者中Treg顯著下降,通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)移植后Treg的數(shù)量和比值有助于了解aGVHD治療效果、指導(dǎo)用藥[19-20]。UCBT患者移植后Treg的快速重建較PBSCT患者具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),且在移植后9~18個(gè)月UCBT 患者的Treg可維持較高水平,預(yù)示預(yù)后更好[14]。本例患兒的Treg在移植后9個(gè)月即恢復(fù)至較高水平,對(duì)控制aGVHD起到非常重要的作用。通過(guò)檢測(cè)胸腺初始性T細(xì)胞(CD4+CD45RA+細(xì)胞、CD4+CD45RA+PTK-7+細(xì)胞)在移植后患者體內(nèi)的含量,可以預(yù)估患者CD4+細(xì)胞重建是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)遲緩,以協(xié)助調(diào)整免疫抑制劑用量[21]。本例患兒的CD4+CD45RA+PTK-7+細(xì)胞在移植后180 d升高至移植前的2.5倍,是其體內(nèi)CD4+細(xì)胞重建穩(wěn)定的有效信號(hào)。
移植后IR是allo-HSCT成功的關(guān)鍵,而aGVHD是影響移植后IR的主要因素。及早有效地控制aGVHD,是促進(jìn)患者移植后IR及獲得良好生存預(yù)后的保障。雖然目前移植后IR及GVHD的機(jī)制仍未完全清楚,但移植后免疫細(xì)胞的恢復(fù)情況與臨床之間的相關(guān)性卻可以為移植患者的術(shù)后管理提供參考。雖然本例AML患兒在臍血移植早期IR遭受了aGVHD的打擊,但通過(guò)密切監(jiān)測(cè)其IR情況,并及時(shí)調(diào)整免疫抑制劑方案,使aGVHD得到有效控制,其免疫細(xì)胞也得以快速恢復(fù),最終獲得較好的預(yù)后。
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(收稿日期:2023-05-26)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)