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        揭開that神秘的面紗

        2024-01-12 05:13:46張翠萍
        校園英語·下旬 2023年8期

        摘 要:that在英語中使用頻率非常高,而且高考中對其考查也是比較多的。本文筆者整理了that的用法,主要針對高中教學(xué)以及高考中涉及的that的用法。that可作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句,還可作連接詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和狀語從句,也可用作形容詞、副詞、指示代詞等。

        關(guān)鍵詞:that;代詞;從句

        作者簡介:張翠萍,山東省惠民縣第二中學(xué)。

        that是一個不可低估的英語單詞,其運用頻率相當(dāng)高。因此,必須牢固掌握這一詞的用法,總體來說that有以下幾種用法。

        一、that作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句

        that經(jīng)常被用來代替相對的關(guān)系代詞which或who,引導(dǎo)定語從句。在以下情況下,多使用that而少用which或who。

        1.先行詞表示一切事物,任何事物時,如all、any、anything、everything、nothing、any、every等。例如:

        Do you have anything that you are puzzled with?

        All that can be done must be done.

        你有什么問題嗎?所有可以做的必須做。

        2.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。例如:

        It is one of the most touching movies that have been shown this month.

        The first thing that we should do is to get some food.

        這是本月放映的最具觸感的電影之一。

        我們應(yīng)該做的第一件事是得到一些食物。

        3.先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last等修飾時。

        例如:The only thing that is impressive is his unforgettable experience in Beijing.

        唯一令人印象深刻的是他難忘的經(jīng)歷。

        4.當(dāng)句子開頭以who或which為引導(dǎo)時。例如:

        Who is the girl that is delivering a speech over there?

        誰是那個在那里演講的女孩?

        5.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時。例如:

        The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.

        你剛剛提到的作家和他的小說十分有名。

        that作關(guān)系代詞只用在限定性定語從句中,非限定性定語從句中不能使用that。that作關(guān)系代詞時,先行詞既可以是物也可以是人,可以在從句中 充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語,作賓語時可以省略。先行詞是something、everything、nothing、anything等不定代詞時,只能用that,不可用which。

        高考鏈接

        例1:The 80, 000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum? ? 39? ? opened in 1759.(2020新全國I卷)

        答案: 39. which/that

        解析:此題考查定語從句。句意:例如,漢斯·斯隆爵士的8萬件藏品構(gòu)成了1759年開館的大英博物館的核心藏品。此處是限定性定語從句,先行詞是the British Museum,關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代詞which/that引導(dǎo)。故填which/that。

        例2:Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014? ?66? ?showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018全國高考新1)

        解析:考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞。此處a study是先行詞,其在定語從句中作主語,故填that或which。

        二、that作連詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

        that 在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)成分,沒有實際意義,引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以省略。即在主語從句、賓語從句、謂語從句和同位語從句中,that沒有意義,只是起到引導(dǎo)作用。

        (一)引導(dǎo)賓語從句介紹

        介紹性賓語從句中“that”通??梢允÷?,但在以下六種情況下,不能省略。

        1.如果賓語的兩個或多個子句是平行結(jié)構(gòu)的,則從第二個子句開始,that不容省略。如“Jack was informed(that)he had been enrolled in Sun Yat-sen University, and that he should register by August.”杰克被告知他已進入中山大學(xué),預(yù)計在八月之前注冊。

        2.在介詞后引出賓語從句時that不能省略。如“His parents expected him nothing but/except that he can make a living by himself after graduation.”他的父母除了他離開學(xué)校后能夠自己謀生的事實外,對他沒有任何期望。

        3.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞和賓語從句之間有插入語時,that不能省略。如“The head teacher told Jack,after a short hesita-tion, that he could have a day off on condition that he could make up for the missing lessons.”校長猶豫了一下,告訴杰克他可以放一天假,只要他能補課。

        4.形容詞后的賓語從句中的that通常不省略。如“Mary's parents are very content that their daughter has made such great progress in the final examination.”瑪麗的父母很高興他們的女兒在期末考試中考得這么好。

        5.形式賓語+ adj.(補足語)+that(賓語從句)這一結(jié)構(gòu)中that不能省略。如“Everyone believes it strange that he could pass the driving test.”每個人都認(rèn)為他能通過開車測試很奇怪。

        6.在直接引語中,當(dāng)主句與從句分開時,that不能省略。如“‘I'm sorry to say’he said,‘that you are not the suitable person for the work.’”“我很遺憾地說,”他說,“你不適合這份工作。”

        (二)引導(dǎo)表語從句

        謂語從句放在約束動詞之后時,通常不能省略。如“My advice is that everyone be punctual for the appointment.”我的建議:大家開會要準(zhǔn)時。

        (三)引導(dǎo)同位語從句

        通常不能省略引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that。如“Based on the fact that you are enthusiastic about Chinese culture, I'm writing to invite you to get involved in it.”鑒于您對中國文化充滿熱情,我寫信邀請您參加。

        高考鏈接

        例1:While they are rare north of 88°, there is eviden-ce? ? 61? ? they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019全國卷1)

        解析:考查同位語從句。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知,主句為there be句型,且結(jié)構(gòu)完整,空格后為同位語從句,解釋說明中心詞evidence的內(nèi)容,故填that。

        例2:Scientists have obtained more evidence? ? ? ? ? plastic is finding its way into the human body.(2019年江蘇高考)

        A. what? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. that? ? ? ? ? ? ?C. which? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. where

        解析:此題選B。此題考查that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

        三、that作連詞,引導(dǎo)狀語從句

        so that,in order that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,從句中常用情態(tài)動詞 can/could、may/might、will/would 等。so/such that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。on condition that引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。in that、now that 及用在 sorry、glad 等表示“感情”的形容詞后的 that,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。

        a. You must speak loudly so that/ in order that you can be heard by all.(that引導(dǎo)狀語從句)

        b. He got up early, so that he caught the early bus.(that結(jié)果狀語從句)

        高考鏈接

        例1:On our way to the house, it was raining? ? ?61? ? hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take? ? 62? ?(get) there.(2019天津高考)

        解析本句句意為:在我們?nèi)ツ亲孔拥穆飞?,雨下得如此大以至于我們不能不想還要多久才能到達那里。此題考查的是“so...that...”這個固定結(jié)構(gòu)。

        四、that 用于強調(diào)句,不作成分,無實際意義

        強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu):It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他部分。

        例:It was in the hotel? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? he stayed? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?I met him.

        A. that; where

        B. which; that

        C. where; that

        D. when; where

        解析:答案為 C。he stayed 為定語,修飾 hotel。主句為 “I met him in the hotel”,此題考查強調(diào)句式。

        高考鏈接

        例:It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津高考)

        A.which? ?B.that? ? ?C.when? ? ?D.where

        析:此處考查強調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu),答案填that。

        五、that 作副詞,意為“那樣,那么”

        a. I can't walk that far. 我無法走那么遠。

        b. I haven't seen that tall a man before. 我以前從沒有見過那么高的一個人。

        六、that 作指示代詞,指距離較遠的人、物

        例:This is a pen and that is a pencil.這是一支鋼筆,那是一支鉛筆。

        七、that? 指前面講到過的事物,其復(fù)數(shù)為those

        例:I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.

        參考文獻:

        [1]陳路明.that用法集錦[J].高中生(高考指導(dǎo)),2014(8).

        [2]高成忠.that用法與高考試題分析[J].新課程(中),2015(11).

        [3]王祚平.從高考試題談that的幾種主要用法[J].山東師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(基礎(chǔ)英語教育),2011(1).

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