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        重癥患者醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少的預(yù)后因素分析

        2023-11-01 10:21:24呂世進(jìn)蔣鎮(zhèn)宏張國虎夏金明郭亮賴登攀
        中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2023年29期

        呂世進(jìn),蔣鎮(zhèn)宏,張國虎,夏金明,郭亮,賴登攀

        重癥患者醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少的預(yù)后因素分析

        呂世進(jìn),蔣鎮(zhèn)宏,張國虎,夏金明,郭亮,賴登攀

        杭州師范大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院急診科,浙江杭州 310015

        探討重癥患者醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少的預(yù)后影響因素?;仡櫺苑治?020年1月至2021年12月杭州師范大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院的急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)入院時(shí)血小板計(jì)數(shù)正常,入院后復(fù)查血小板計(jì)數(shù)低于正常值的患者的臨床資料。分析患者的一般資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、是否有機(jī)械通氣、住院時(shí)間及28d病死率的差異;采用多因素Logistic回歸分析評價(jià)血小板減少的影響因素。共納入141例醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少患者。血小板減少在EICU中的發(fā)病率為21.04%(141/670),病死率為33.33%(45/135)。住院天數(shù)為15(9,22)d。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,膿毒癥(=0.017)、血小板減少的程度(<0.001)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(=0.029)、中性粒細(xì)胞比例(=0.029)、乳酸水平(<0.001)、總膽紅素水平(=0.025)、降鈣素原(=0.012)、急性生理學(xué)和慢性健康狀況評價(jià)Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)評分(=0.004)、血小板減少的天數(shù)(=0.006)、住院天數(shù)(=0.001)、機(jī)械通氣(=0.001)是影響預(yù)后的相關(guān)因素。將上述因素納入多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,血小板輕度減少(=0.007,=4.932)、中性粒細(xì)胞比例(=0.044,=0.923)、血小板減少的天數(shù)(=0.031,=0.883)、住院天數(shù)(<0.001,=1.221)、機(jī)械通氣(<0.001,=0.077)是影響血小板減少重癥患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。血小板輕度減少、中性粒細(xì)胞比例、血小板減少天數(shù)、住院天數(shù)、機(jī)械通氣是影響血小板減少重癥患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。

        醫(yī)院獲得性;血小板減少;危險(xiǎn)因素;預(yù)后

        人體血液細(xì)胞成分,除了紅細(xì)胞、白細(xì)胞,還有一種重要的成分——血小板。血小板是一種形狀多樣、無細(xì)胞核的胞質(zhì)小體,由骨髓巨核細(xì)胞裂解而來,具有聚集、黏附、激活和釋放功能。大量臨床研究證明,血小板在凝血、止血及炎癥細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)方面起著重要作用?;颊咴趹?yīng)激狀態(tài)下,常常出現(xiàn)功能障礙和細(xì)胞過度活化,一旦內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能不全時(shí),血小板發(fā)揮其促凝、抗纖、黏附、募集及活化等作用[1]。白細(xì)胞、血小板及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞三者之間互相協(xié)同作用增加了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能不全,進(jìn)而引發(fā)明顯的炎癥反應(yīng)和血栓形成,在整個(gè)過程中血小板起著非常重要的作用[2]。

        血小板減少是臨床患者常見并發(fā)癥之一,重癥患者更容易發(fā)生血小板減少。血小板減少嚴(yán)重威脅著重癥患者的生命安全[3]。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,成人重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(intensive care unit,ICU)患者血小板減少發(fā)生率為8.3%~67.6%[4-5]。影響血小板減少的因素多種多樣,包括原發(fā)性因素和繼發(fā)性因素。發(fā)生血小板減少的重癥患者其組織器官出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和機(jī)體需要的輸血量也顯著增加,甚至死亡率也明顯增加[6-7]。但影響醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少(入院時(shí)血小板計(jì)數(shù)≥100×109/L,入院后血小板計(jì)數(shù)<100×109/L)的重癥患者預(yù)后因素仍不明確,目前臨床研究表明,醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少的病因有創(chuàng)傷、嚴(yán)重感染、營養(yǎng)障礙、免疫紊亂等多種疾病,病因復(fù)雜[8]。本研究旨在探討醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少癥患者的發(fā)病原因及預(yù)后情況。

        1 資料與方法

        1.1 臨床資料

        采用回顧性研究方法,選取2020年1月至2021年12月杭州師范大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)收治的141例血小板減少患者為研究對象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡18~75歲;②入院時(shí)血小板計(jì)數(shù)(platelet count,PLT)≥100×109/L,入院后復(fù)查PLT低于正常值。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①1個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生血栓類似疾病;②再生障礙性貧血等原發(fā)性骨髓增生異常;③近3個(gè)月接受過免疫治療、放療、化療;④系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡等免疫相關(guān)性疾病。本研究符合醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通過杭州師范大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(倫理審批號:202211211559000157124),獲得患者本人或者家屬知情同意。

        1.2 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        PLT<50×109/L為嚴(yán)重血小板減少;PLT<100×109/L且>50×109/L為輕度血小板減少。PLT正常范圍為≥100×109/L。

        1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

        ①一般資料:記錄患者的年齡、性別、急性生理學(xué)和慢性健康狀況評價(jià)Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)、基礎(chǔ)疾?。òǜ哐獕骸⒐谛牟?、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、糖尿病、腎功能不全等)、住院天數(shù)、是否有機(jī)械通氣;②引起血小板減少的原因:膿毒癥、非膿毒癥的因素;③實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查的結(jié)果:首次出現(xiàn)血小板減少時(shí),是否PLT>50×109/L、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞比例、血紅蛋白、C反應(yīng)蛋白、乳酸、總膽紅素、血白蛋白、肌酐、降鈣素原等指標(biāo);④預(yù)后相關(guān)指標(biāo):住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用及28d結(jié)局。

        1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

        2 結(jié)果

        2.1 血小板減少發(fā)生率、病死率、住院天數(shù)和發(fā)生恢復(fù)時(shí)間

        血小板減少在EICU中的發(fā)病率為21.04%(141/670),患者的病死率為33.33%(45/135)。患者住院天數(shù)為15(9,22)d,入院至出現(xiàn)血小板減少的中位數(shù)時(shí)間為2d,出現(xiàn)血小板減少至恢復(fù)正常中位數(shù)時(shí)間為5d,28d存活率為68.09%。

        2.2 血小板減少患者的28d生存情況

        141例患者中,28d內(nèi)病死45例(31.91%)。圖1可見血小板輕度減少組(PLT<100×109/L且>50×109/L)患者的生存時(shí)間明顯更長,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。

        2.3 28d生存相關(guān)因素的單因素分析

        單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,膿毒癥(=0.017)、血小板減少的程度(<0.001)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(=0.029)、中性粒細(xì)胞比例(=0.029)、乳酸水平(<0.001)、總膽紅素水平(=0.025)、降鈣素原(=0.012)、APACHEⅡ評分(=0.004)、血小板減少的天數(shù)(=0.006)、住院天數(shù)(=0.001)、機(jī)械通氣(=0.001)是影響預(yù)后的相關(guān)因素,見表1。

        2.4 28d生存相關(guān)因素的多因素Logistic分析

        將上述因素納入多因素Logistic分析結(jié)果顯示,血小板輕度減少(=0.007,=4.932)、中性粒細(xì)胞比例(=0.044,=0.923)、血小板減少天數(shù)(0.031,=0.883)、住院天數(shù)(=0.000,=1.221)、機(jī)械通氣(<0.001,=0.077)是影響血小板減少重癥患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素,見表2。其中血小板輕度減少、住院天數(shù)是保護(hù)性因素。

        表1 28d生存相關(guān)因素的單因素分析

        表2 28d生存相關(guān)因素的多因素Logistic分析

        3 討論

        血小板減少在重癥患者中十分常見,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在治療期間血小板減少患者的發(fā)生率為14%~44%[4-5]。本研究中,血小板減少的發(fā)病率為21.04%,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符?;颊哐“鍦p少可分為原發(fā)性和獲得性血小板減少[9]。原發(fā)性血小板減少影響因素多為血液系統(tǒng)疾病、感染性疾病、嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷、免疫系統(tǒng)功能紊亂、營養(yǎng)缺乏等多種疾病。臨床上依據(jù)病理生理學(xué)進(jìn)行分類,分為血小板生成減少、血小板消耗增加、血小板破壞增多、血小板分布異常以及各種輸液致血液稀釋5種機(jī)制[10]。重癥患者發(fā)生獲得性血小板減少通過2種或2種以上機(jī)制引起血小板減少,如嚴(yán)重肝病患者發(fā)生血小板減少原因有骨髓抑制血小板生成減少和自身抗體形成致血小板破壞增多,也可因凝血功能異常出血消耗[11-12]。原發(fā)性血小板減少有3種及以上發(fā)病機(jī)制,獲得性血小板減少也有2種以上發(fā)病機(jī)制[13-14]。研究報(bào)道,發(fā)生獲得性血小板減少重癥患者的病因依次為:膿毒癥、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血、稀釋性血小板減少、葉酸缺乏、藥物相關(guān)性血小板減少[15-17]。藥物相關(guān)血小板減少常見于肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少。本研究中,膿毒癥導(dǎo)致醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少占血小板減少因素的47.52%。膿毒癥致血小板減少原因包括嚴(yán)重感染致骨髓抑制、巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬作用、補(bǔ)體激活、微小血栓形成、組胺類物質(zhì)釋放等[18-19]。臨床鑒別假性血小板減少,包括實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查誤差及采血所致的異常[20-21]。膿毒癥患者一旦出現(xiàn)血小板減少,其住院時(shí)間延長,臟器功能恢復(fù)需更長時(shí)間,出血事件發(fā)生率增加,導(dǎo)致病死率上升[22-23]。PLT越低,釋炎癥因子就越多,激活內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和補(bǔ)體信號通路更多,各種炎癥反應(yīng)、器官損害增多,病死率增加[24]。膿毒癥患者血小板減少具有雙向性,膿毒癥早期(1~4d)出現(xiàn)PLT下降,之后很快升至正常,該患者預(yù)后相對較好;一類患者持續(xù)性PLT降低或持續(xù)PLT不升,提示預(yù)后不良[25]。早期預(yù)防血小板減少和促進(jìn)PLT恢復(fù)可降低膿毒性休克患者的病死率[26]。研究報(bào)道,膿毒癥合并血小板減少的患者應(yīng)用升血小板藥物可降低此類患者的病死率[27-28]。本研究中,患者28d生存相關(guān)單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,膿毒癥合并血小板減少與非膿毒癥患者比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,血小板輕度減少患者預(yù)后較好,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;代表炎癥指標(biāo)的白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比、降鈣素原水平,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,死亡組明顯高于生存組;乳酸水平和APACHEⅡ評分兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,患者乳酸水平和APACHEⅡ評分越高其死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。28d生存相關(guān)多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,血小板減少持續(xù)的天數(shù)、住院天數(shù)及機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間與患者的生存相關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。輕度血小板減少患者預(yù)后較重度血小板減少的生存率高,血小板輕度減少者,原因是原發(fā)疾病對患者血液系統(tǒng)損傷輕或者對治療效果好、恢復(fù)快,因而預(yù)后較好。住院天數(shù)是保護(hù)因素,在疾病嚴(yán)重程度相似的情況下,患者對治療反應(yīng)明顯,治療效果好,因此,住院天數(shù)越少,患者預(yù)后越好。Dominique等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),機(jī)械通氣持續(xù)的天數(shù)是影響血小板減少患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。

        圖1 累積生存分析的Kaplan-Meier曲線

        目前本研究尚有一定局限性,危重癥是一個(gè)動態(tài)的實(shí)體,包括各種混雜因素,本研究沒有調(diào)查輸血、連續(xù)性腎臟替代治療、體外膜肺氧合等干預(yù)措施的影響或藥物的影響,是一項(xiàng)單中心觀察性研究,因此研究結(jié)果可能會有偏倚。

        綜上所述,醫(yī)院獲得性血小板減少在重癥患者中十分常見,尤其是膿毒癥患者,預(yù)防膿毒癥發(fā)生和及時(shí)救治非常重要。監(jiān)測PLT水平、血小板減少持續(xù)天數(shù)、住院天數(shù)、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間等,有助于臨床上更好地判斷血小板減少重癥患者的病情嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后。

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        Prognostic factors for hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia in severe patients

        Department of Emergency, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China

        To investigate the relevant factors affecting prognosis of hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia in severe patients.The clinical data of patients with normal platelet count at admission and lower platelet count after admission in Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU), Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The differences of general data, laboratory indexes, whether there was mechanical ventilation, hospitalization time and 28 d mortality were analyzed. The influencing factors of thrombocytopenia were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression.A total of 141 patients with hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia were included. The incidence of thrombocytopenia in EICU was 21.04% (141/670), and the mortality was 33.33% (45/135). The hospitalization time was 15(9, 22) d. Univariate analysis showed that sepsis (=0.017), degree of thrombocytopenia (<0.001), white blood cell count (=0.029), neutrophil ratio (=0.029), lactate level (<0.001), total bilirubin level (=0.025), procalcitonin (=0.012), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score (=0.004), days of thrombocytopenia (=0.006), hospitalization time (=0.001), and mechanical ventilation (=0.001) were relevant factors affecting prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the above factors showed that mild thrombocytopenia (=0.007,=4.932), neutrophil ratio (=0.044,=0.932), days of thrombocytopenia (=0.031,=0.883), hospitalization time (<0.001,=1.221), and mechanical ventilation (<0.001,=0.077) were independent factors affecting the prognosis of severe patients with thrombocytopenia.Mild thrombocytopenia, neutrophil ratio, days of thrombocytopenia, hospitalization time, and mechanical ventilation were independent factors affecting the prognosis of severe patients with thrombocytopenia.

        Hospital-acquired; Thrombocytopenia; Risk facors; Prognosis

        R558.2

        A

        10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.29.017

        浙江省衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會中醫(yī)藥管理局項(xiàng)目(2020ZB200)

        蔣鎮(zhèn)宏,電子信箱:1169847664@qq.com

        (2023–04–01)

        (2023–09–15)

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