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        不同方案和不同來源胚胎的臨床妊娠結(jié)局及子代差異性分析

        2023-11-01 10:21:26廖花
        中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2023年29期
        關(guān)鍵詞:新生兒

        廖花

        不同方案和不同來源胚胎的臨床妊娠結(jié)局及子代差異性分析

        廖花

        贛州市婦幼保健院生殖與遺傳科,江西贛州 341000

        探討超長方案和拮抗劑方案不同來源胚胎臨床妊娠結(jié)局及子代差異性?;仡櫺苑治?018年1月至2022年6月贛州市婦幼保健院生殖與遺傳科控制性超促排卵(controlled ovarian hyperstimulation,COH)助孕患者的隨訪數(shù)據(jù),包括超長方案1000例周期,拮抗劑方案1000例周期,通過產(chǎn)婦姓名、年齡、胚胎情況等關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)在贛州市婦幼保健院生殖與遺傳科的體外受精(fertilization,IVF)系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)一步篩選出在本科室助孕并懷孕的孕產(chǎn)婦,篩查出500例納入本研究。其中超長方案組258例,拮抗劑方案組242例;根據(jù)移植胚胎性質(zhì)分為囊胚組258例,卵裂胚組242例;根據(jù)移植周期方式分為新鮮周期組224例,解凍周期組276例。分析比較兩組患者的一般情況、種植率、臨床妊娠率、早期流產(chǎn)率,并檢測兩組外周血中hCG日竇狀卵泡數(shù)(human chorionic gonadotrophin antral follicle count,hCGAFC)、hCG前日雌二醇(hCG pre-day estradiol,PhCGE2)、hCG日雌二醇(hCG daily estradiol,hCGE2)、hCG日孕酮(hCG daily progesterone,hCGP)、hCG日黃體生成素(hCG daily luteinizing hormone,hCGLH)水平。記錄兩組卵巢過度刺激綜合征(orian hyperstimulation syndrome,OHSS)發(fā)生率及新生兒并發(fā)癥情況。超長方案組的平均獲卵數(shù)、囊胚形成率、優(yōu)質(zhì)囊胚率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05);超長方案組Gn總用量與用藥時長均高于拮抗劑組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05);兩組患者h(yuǎn)CGP比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),但超長方案組PhCGE2、hCGE2及hCGAFC均較拮抗劑方案組明顯升高,而hCGLH則明顯降低(<0.05)。此外,超長方案組OHSS發(fā)生率和臨床妊娠率均更高(<0.05);超長方案和拮抗劑方案來源的胚胎,無論囊胚或卵裂期胚胎,無論采用新鮮周期或解凍周期移植,兩組新生兒分娩孕周、出生體重、新生兒性別、出生缺陷比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。超長方案和拮抗劑方案來源胚胎的子代差異性較小,但超長方案的新鮮臨床妊娠率更高,更適合卵巢儲備正常反應(yīng)患者,采用新鮮周期移植;而拮抗劑方案有助于降低OHSS的發(fā)生風(fēng)險,安全性更好,更適合卵巢儲備高反應(yīng)患者,采用解凍周期移植。

        超長方案;拮抗劑方案;不同來源胚胎;臨床妊娠結(jié)局;新生兒結(jié)局

        目前我國輔助生殖技術(shù)(assisted reproductive technology,ART)受孕出生的子代已占出生人口的1%以上[1]。每年進(jìn)行的輔助生殖助孕周期已超過90萬次,且呈持續(xù)、快速增加趨勢[2]。隨著人口出生率不斷下降,優(yōu)生優(yōu)育一直是現(xiàn)階段我國人口和健康領(lǐng)域高度關(guān)注的核心問題。低生育率本身和體外受精治療,包括卵巢刺激和胚胎培養(yǎng)技術(shù),都被認(rèn)為是造成不良圍產(chǎn)期和產(chǎn)科結(jié)局的危險因素[3-4]。鑒于目前嚴(yán)峻的生育形勢,探索一條最優(yōu)(成功率高、并發(fā)癥低)的助孕策略迫在眉睫。本研究擬通過研究分析超長方案和拮抗劑方案來源的囊胚和卵裂期胚胎采用新鮮周期和解凍周期方式移植的臨床結(jié)局及新生兒并發(fā)癥情況是否有差異性,探索一種更安全的助孕途徑。

        1 資料與方法

        1.1 一般資料

        回顧性分析2018年1月至2022年6月贛州市婦幼保健院生殖與遺傳科控制性超促排卵(controlled ovarian hyperstimulation,COH)助孕隨訪數(shù)據(jù),包括超長方案1000例周期,拮抗劑方案1000例周期。

        1.2 方法

        通過產(chǎn)婦姓名、年齡、胚胎情況等關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)在贛州市婦幼保健院生殖與遺傳科的體外受精(fertilization,IVF)系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)一步篩選出在本科室助孕并懷孕的孕產(chǎn)婦,篩查出500例納入本次研究中。分別設(shè)置為超長方案組258例,拮抗劑方案組242例;根據(jù)移植胚胎性質(zhì)分為囊胚組258例,卵裂胚組242例;根據(jù)胚胎移植方式分為新鮮周期組224例,解凍周期組276例。

        納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患者行體外受精胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)助孕治療;②女方年齡≤35歲;③分娩孕周≥28周;④采用超長方案拮抗劑方案進(jìn)行促排卵。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①輸卵管積水;②子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥和子宮肌瘤、宮腔病變、子宮畸形;③合并心臟、肝臟、腎臟疾病及糖尿病、高血壓等病史;④感染性疾病以及自身免疫性疾病病史;⑤雙胎妊娠。本研究經(jīng)贛州市婦幼保健院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)[倫理審批號:(2023)倫審臨第(12)號]。

        1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

        統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組患者的平均年齡、不孕年限、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、基礎(chǔ)竇狀卵泡數(shù)(antral follicle count,AFC)、抗苗勒氏管激素(anti-müllerian hormone,AMH)、基礎(chǔ)促卵泡生成素(follicle-stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)、黃體生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、平均獲卵數(shù)、優(yōu)質(zhì)囊胚率、促性腺激素(gonadotropins,Gn)總用量及用藥時長、臨床妊娠率、早產(chǎn)率,并檢測兩組外周血中hCG日竇狀卵泡數(shù)(human chorionic gonadotrophin antral follicle count,hCGAFC)、hCG前日雌二醇(hCG pre-day estradiol,PhCGE2)、hCG日雌二醇(hCG daily estradiol,hCGE2)、hCG日孕酮(hCG daily progesterone,hCGP)、hCG日黃體生成素(hCG daily luteinizing hormone,hCGLH)水平。記錄兩組卵巢過度刺激綜合征(orian hyperstimulation syndrome,OHSS)。記錄兩組OHSS發(fā)生率,OHSS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及分類參考美國生殖醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會實(shí)踐委員會2016年發(fā)布的《中重度卵巢過度刺激綜合征的防治指南》[5]。最后統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組最終妊娠結(jié)局及新生兒情況(包括孕周、新生兒體質(zhì)量及出生缺陷)。

        1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

        2 結(jié)果

        2.1 兩種助孕方案患者一般情況比較

        在兩組中,女方平均年齡、不孕年限、BMI、基礎(chǔ)AFC、AMH、基礎(chǔ)FSH、LH、E2比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),見表1。

        2.2 兩種助孕方案患者促排卵臨床結(jié)局比較

        超長方案組的平均獲卵數(shù)、囊胚形成率、優(yōu)質(zhì)囊胚率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。超長方案組Gn總用量與用藥時長均高于拮抗劑組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。兩組助孕患者h(yuǎn)CGP比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05);但超長方案組PhCGE2、hCGE2及hCGAFC均較拮抗劑方案組明顯升高,而hCGLH則明顯降低(<0.05)。超長方案組中OHSS發(fā)生率為30.0%,高于拮抗劑方案組(14.33%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。兩種助孕方案患者早期流產(chǎn)率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05);而超長方案組種植率、臨床妊娠率分別43.60%、65.00%,則更高于拮抗劑方案組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05),見表2。

        2.3 新生兒出生結(jié)局比較

        不同組別的分娩孕周、出生體質(zhì)量、新生兒性別比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05);不同組別的出生缺陷比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。見表3、表4。

        表1 兩種助孕方案患者一般情況比較()

        表2 兩種助孕方案患者促排卵相關(guān)臨床指標(biāo)比較

        表3 采用新鮮周期和解凍周期移植的新生兒出生結(jié)局比較

        表4 移植囊胚和卵裂胚的新生兒出生結(jié)局比較

        3 討論

        當(dāng)前關(guān)于最佳促排卵方案,臨床尚無相關(guān)定論。針對輔助生殖助孕患者,要想得到理想的助孕效果,需選擇合理促排卵方案,促多個卵泡同步發(fā)育成熟,并選擇高質(zhì)量的卵子[6-7]。本研究中,超長方案組PhCGE2、hCGE2及hCGAFC均較拮抗劑組明顯升高,而hCGLH則明顯降低,證明超長促排卵方案中患者可以獲得質(zhì)量較好的發(fā)育卵泡。不僅如此,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)超長方案組患者的新鮮胚胎種植率及臨床妊娠率均高于拮抗劑組,表明超長方案更有利于提高新鮮臨床妊娠成功率,更適合采用新鮮周期胚胎移植方式。拮抗劑方案LH高峰的出現(xiàn)會引起子宮內(nèi)膜孕激素受體提前表達(dá),降低子宮內(nèi)膜對胚胎的容受性[8]。推測導(dǎo)致拮抗劑方案妊娠率降低與拮抗劑方案LH高峰有關(guān)。拮抗劑的使用會影響Gn藥物對人體內(nèi)源性雌激素釋放的抑制效果,導(dǎo)致子宮內(nèi)膜增殖與卵泡發(fā)育不同步[9-10]。本研究中,拮抗劑方案組患者的Gn藥物用量及促排時間明顯低于超長方案組,對雌激素的調(diào)節(jié)效果顯然不及超長方案組,子宮內(nèi)膜的生長情況呈現(xiàn)不規(guī)則變化趨勢,因此不利于胚胎的早期種植。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Gn用量與時長、hCGE2水平與OHSS發(fā)生率有一定的相關(guān)性[11]。本研究中,超長方案組患者h(yuǎn)CGE2、hCGAFC水平和OHSS總發(fā)生率均高于拮抗劑組,推測可能是超長方案組Gn給藥持續(xù)時間較久,對應(yīng)藥物劑量增加,募集生長的卵泡更多,平均E2水平增高,而多卵泡發(fā)育會過度刺激卵巢,導(dǎo)致卵巢出現(xiàn)囊性增大,故OHSS發(fā)生率更高。另一方面,不孕癥患者自身卵巢功能存在異常,屬于OHSS高危群體,因此更需慎重選擇促排卵方案[12]。從促排安全性及降低OHSS風(fēng)險角度分析,超長方案卵泡同步性好,更適合卵巢正常反應(yīng)患者,募集卵泡數(shù)不會太多,促排過程中E2更低,OHSS風(fēng)險相應(yīng)降低。拮抗劑方案藥物使用相對靈活,主要根據(jù)卵泡發(fā)育情況決定是否繼續(xù)給藥,更有利于優(yōu)勢卵泡發(fā)育,更適合卵巢高反應(yīng)患者,同時可提升患者接受IVF-ET技術(shù)助孕的安全性。

        相對于新鮮周期移植而言,解凍周期移植胚胎經(jīng)歷過玻璃化低溫冷凍。有研究報道,胚胎暴露于高濃度的玻璃化冷凍保護(hù)劑可能造成細(xì)胞毒性和滲透損傷[13]。IVF-ET過程各環(huán)節(jié)諸多暴露因素可能會對配子和胚胎發(fā)育造成影響,從而導(dǎo)致子代出生缺陷的發(fā)生[14]。本研究設(shè)計(jì)比較新鮮胚胎和冷凍胚胎移植妊娠后子代出生結(jié)局比較發(fā)現(xiàn),超長方案與拮抗劑方案來源胚胎的新生兒分娩孕周、出生體質(zhì)量、出生缺陷等方面差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。隨著促排卵方案、囊胚體外培養(yǎng)技術(shù)與冷凍技術(shù)完善,臨床開始將胚胎在體外培養(yǎng)至囊胚期,通過篩選,保留發(fā)育潛能良好胚胎,提高妊娠率與活產(chǎn)率,降低相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。有研究認(rèn)為,囊胚與卵裂期胚胎移植后母親孕期并發(fā)癥、新生兒結(jié)局相似,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[15]。本研究與上述結(jié)果一致,無論移植囊胚或者是卵裂胚,超長方案組與拮抗劑方案組比較,出生缺陷、孕期并發(fā)癥差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而且研究發(fā)現(xiàn),超長方案與拮抗劑方案囊胚組的男女性別比例與卵裂期組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。從子代出生結(jié)局來看,超長方案和拮抗劑方案來源胚胎是一種安全助孕方式。

        綜上所述,超長方案和拮抗劑方案均可用于不孕癥患者的IVF-ET助孕治療,兩者的子代差異性較小。但其中超長排卵方案的臨床妊娠成功率較高,患者子宮容受性較好,更適合卵巢儲備正常反應(yīng)患者,胚胎移植方式采用新鮮周期移植方案。拮抗劑方案能夠減少Gn用量,有助于降低OHSS的發(fā)生風(fēng)險,安全性更高,更適合卵巢儲備高反應(yīng)患者,胚胎移植方式采用解凍周期移植方案。臨床應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的生理健康狀況和實(shí)際需求制定相應(yīng)的促排卵方案。

        [1] BAI F, WANG D Y, FAN Y J, et al. Assisted reproductive technology service availability, efficacy and safety in mainland China: 2016[J]. Hum Reprod, 2020, 35(1): 446–452.

        [2] YANG X, LI Y, LI C, et al. Current overview of pregnancy complications and live-birth outcome of assisted reproductive technology in mainland China[J]. Fertil Steril, 2014, 101(8): 385–391.

        [3] PINBORG A, WENNERHOLM U B, ROMUNDSTAD L B, et al. Why do sin-gletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Hum Reprod Update, 2013, 19(1): 87–104.

        [4] MAGNUSSON A, WENNERHOLM U B, KLLEN K, et al. The association between the number of oocytes retrieved for IVF perinatal outcome and obstetric complications[J]. Hum Reprod, 2018, 33(10): 1939–1947.

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        [6] 尹軼莎, 李秋圓, 陳圓輝, 等. 自然周期凍融胚胎移植使用絨促性素誘發(fā)排卵后不同胚胎移植時間臨床結(jié)局比較[J]. 實(shí)用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2020, 36(7): 510–514.

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        [15] 黃愈, 師娟子, 李娜. 人工周期凍融胚胎移植后黃體支持中添加HCG的前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究[J]. 生殖醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2020, 29(10): 1268–1274.

        Clinical pregnancy outcome and progeny difference analysis of embryos from different programs and different sources

        Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China

        To investigate the clinical pregnancy outcome and offspring difference of embryos from different sources of ultra-long protocol and antagonist regimen.The follow-up data of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) assisted pregnancy in the Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 1000 cycles of ultra-long regimen and 1000 cycles of antagonist regimen. Through the key data of maternal “name, age, embryo status” and so on, pregnant women assisted in pregnancy in the department were further screened out from thefertilization (IVF) system of Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, and 500 cases were screened and included in this study. In addition, 258 patients were assigned to the ultra-long regimen and 242 patients were assigned to the GnRH antagonist regimen. According to the properties of transplanted embryos, 258 cases were divided into blastocyst group and 242 cases were divided into blastocyst group. There were 224 cases in fresh cycle group and 276 cases in thawed cycle group. The general situation, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate and early abortion rate of the two groups were analyzed and compared. The human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG antral follicle count (hCGAFC), hCG pre-day estradiol (PhCGE2), hCG daily estradiol (hCGE2), hCG daily progesterone (hCGP), and hCG daily luteinizing hormone (hCGLH) levels in peripheral blood of the two groups were detected. The incidence of orian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and neonatal complications were recorded in the two groups.There were no significant differences in the average number of eggs obtained, blastocyst formation rate and high quality blastocyst rate in the ultra-long protocol group (>0.05). The total dosage and duration of Gn in ultra-long regimen group were higher than those in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist regimen group, and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). There was no significant difference in hCGP between the two groups (>0.05), but PhCGE2, hCGE2and hCGAFC in the ultra-long regimen group were significantly higher than those in theGnRH antagonist regimen group, while hCGLH was significantly lower (<0.05). In addition, the incidence of OHSS and clinical pregnancy rate were higher in the ultra-long regimen group (<0.05). There were no differences in gestational weeks, birth weight, neonatal gender and birth defects between the two groups (>0.05) for embryos from the ultra-long regimen and GnRH antagonist regimen, regardless of blastula or cleavage stage embryos, regardless of fresh cycle or thawing cycle transplantation.There was little difference in neonatal complications between the embryos derived from ultra-long regimen and GnRH antagonist regimen, but the ultra-long regimen had a higher rate of fresh clinical pregnancy, which was more suitable for patients with normal ovarian reserve response, and fresh cycle transplantation was adopted. However, GnRH antagonist regimen is helpful to reduce the risk of OHSS and has better safety. It is more suitable for patients with high ovarian reserve response, and thawing cycle transplantation is adopted.

        Ultra-long protocol; Antagonist regimen; Embryos of different origin; Pregnancy complications; Neonatal outcome

        R711

        A

        10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.29.007

        江西省衛(wèi)生健康委員會科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(202120004)

        廖花,電子信箱:584783589@qq.com

        (2023–05–22)

        (2023–09–18)

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