By Huang Weijia (黃偉嘉)

and Chen Jiahe (陳佳賀)

The period before the founding of the first imperial dynasty in 221 BCE is considered a “golden age”of love in ancient China: Nearly one third of the 300 or so poems and ballads from the 11th to 6th century BCE collected in theClassic of Poetry(《詩經(jīng)》) talk explicitly about romance and marriage.

Illustrations by Li Si

As Song dynasty (960 - 1279) scholar Zhu Xi (朱熹) concluded in his analysis, “[Pieces in] the ‘Airs of the States’ [one of the three sections] of theClassic of Poetryare mostly ballads, where men and women chant their feelings to each other.(凡詩之所聞風(fēng)者，多出于里巷歌謠之作。所謂男女相與詠歌，各言其情者也。Fán Shī zhī suǒ wén Fēng zhě, duō chūyú lǐxiàng gēyáo zhī zuò.Suǒwèi nán nǚ xiāngyǔ yǒnggē, gè yán qí qíng zhě yě.)”

A Chinese character that can be both close and far

里：這么近，那么遠(yuǎn)

The character 里 (lǐ), which Zhu used together with 巷 (xiàng) to metaphorically mean “among the people,” first appeared carved into bronze around 3,000 years ago and consists of the radical 田 (tián, field) on the top and a 土 (tǔ, soil) below.According to the Eastern Han dynasty (25 - 220)dictionary theAnalytical Dictionary of Chinese Characters(《說文解字》), “里indicates where people live (里，居也 Lǐ, jū yě).” In the poem “To Zhongzi

Confucius states: “It’s beautiful to live in a neighborhood that’s filled with goodness.How can someone be wise if they choose to live in a place that lacks goodness?”(《將仲子》)” from theClassic of Poetry, a woman warns her lover Zhongzi “not to intrude my residence (無逾我里 wú yú wǒ lǐ),” even though she misses him, for fear of her parents’ reaction.

The character’s meaning extended to include neighborhoods and neighbors, as in 鄰里 (línlǐ)and 里巷 (lǐxiàng, alleys or lanes), or 里弄 (lǐlòng)in Shanghai dialect, which is why the gossip exchanged among neighbors is called 家長(zhǎng)里短 (jiācháng lǐduǎn, household trifles).In ancient China, 里 even became an administrative unit comprising 25 households, and the official in charge was a 里長(zhǎng) (lǐzhǎng, “head ofli”).

The neighborhood has been a vital social unit throughout Chinese history.InThe Analects(《論語》), Confucius states: “It’s beautiful to live in a neighborhood that’s filled with goodness.How can someone be wise if they choose to live in a place that lacks goodness? (里仁為美。擇不處仁，焉得知？Lǐ rén wéi měi.Zé bù chù rén,yān dé zhì?)” Likewise, philosopher Mencius’s mother moved their residence three times, from a place near a cemetery, to a marketplace, and then a school, to give the child Mencius a better environment for growth, paving his way to become a great thinker.

里 is now used to refer to someone’s hometown: 故里 (gùlǐ) or 鄉(xiāng)里 (xiānglǐ, home village or town).The homecoming of a person who has achieved great things, or 榮歸故里(róngguī gùlǐ, return in glory), is welcomed, while officials who 魚肉鄉(xiāng)里 (yúròu xiānglǐ), or oppress local people, are condemned.

The character also serves as a measure of distance: One 里 is around 500 meters, and a公里 (gōnglǐ) is one kilometer; while 里程(lǐchéng) refers to mileage.The Great Wall is known as 萬里長(zhǎng)城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng), as it stretches thousands of kilometers, and 千里馬 (qiānlǐmǎ), which originally referred to a horse that can run a thousand miles a day,is now often used to describe people with huge potential.

Many place names in Beijing include the character 里 based on their distance from the nearest city wall of the capital city in ancient time.For instance, Sanlitun (三里屯, literally“threelivillage”), now a popular shopping district, gets this name as it is about threeliaway from Dongzhimen Gate.

With the reform to promote simplified Chinese in modern times, 里 is also used as a simplified version of 裹 (lǐ), which originally indicated the lining of a piece of clothing,and then a location or direction, often inside or near a subject, as in 城里 (chénglǐ, in town)and 屋里 (wūlǐ, in the house).“Here” is 這里 (zhèlǐ), “there” is 那里 (nàlǐ), and “where”is 哪里 (nǎlǐ).

While it’s easy to comprehend the inside of a physical object, understanding the internal thoughts of someone’s heart or mind (心里 xīnlǐ)remains a challenge, especially if they think one way but behave another (表里不一 biǎolǐ bùyī).Perhaps that’s why ancient Chinese put so much emphasis on romantic poetry 2,500 years ago—it was the best way to express their true feelings.