冷曉霞
一、引言
讀后續(xù)寫是一種將閱讀與寫作緊密結合的題型,旨在考查學生的綜合語言運用能力。浙江省于2016年高考首次采用讀后續(xù)寫題型。隨著高考綜合改革的推進,該題型在其他很多省份得到推廣?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標準(2017年版2020年修訂)》指出,故事續(xù)寫需要考生閱讀故事性短文,根據其中情節(jié),續(xù)寫故事,使之完整?!镀胀ǜ叩葘W校招生全國統一考試英語學科考試說明》明確要求考生續(xù)寫出與給定材料有邏輯銜接、情節(jié)和結構完整的短文。
讀后續(xù)寫中讀的是文章的內容情節(jié)、邏輯結構、語言風格和主題意義。續(xù)寫要延續(xù)情節(jié)、遵循邏輯、協同語言和照應主題。這里就存在一定的協同效應。協同效應實質是以讀物為樣板,提高學習者語言使用能力的拉平效應。協同需要作文與讀物連貫,連貫就要不斷回讀,回讀促使產出與理解互動,互動產生協同效應。然而,學生在續(xù)寫作文中常出現故事情節(jié)不連貫和詞不達意的現象,表現在續(xù)寫內容與原文脫節(jié),內容主次不突出,時空切換頻繁,想到哪寫到哪,人稱混亂,語法錯誤較多,詞匯低級,語言表達能力差,不會多維度描寫,只會用干癟的對話推進劇情,缺少語句間的銜接。另外,不少教師讀后續(xù)寫課堂教學側重于為寫而寫,只是泛泛而談,沒有策略性、針對性的指導。
筆者結合理論背景以及學生寫作中遇到的問題,通過學習和借鑒協同理論,探討續(xù)寫的思路及方法。同時,通過分析學生續(xù)寫中出現的問題,指導教師幫助學生對作文進行二次修改和潤色,使學生在閱讀、寫作及二次修改之間形成有效的互動,做到讀、寫、改有機融合,最終提高學生的英語核心素養(yǎng),同時也為教師以后的教學提供全新的教學策略。
二、教學實踐
筆者以山東省濰坊市2023年期末考試讀后續(xù)寫題為例,說明如何完成讀后續(xù)寫的二次修改以提高學生的寫作能力和水平。學生讀后續(xù)寫習作如下:
Version A:
The Big Cleaning plan began. Joan gathered thedirty clothes on the sofa,put them into the washingma chine and pressed the button. After doing that sherushed to help Mike. Who was mopping the flloor? Thetwins cleaned the house from head to toe,and now thehouse became very neat. Then they got the clothes out ofthe machine,putting them in line on the balcony. Atthis time,they heard someone knocking at the door. Itwas mother's birthday cake! They put the cake on thetable cautiously and waited for mum.
With the cake placed on the table,Mum came in.The instant she saw the cake,she couldn 't hold backher tears. When Mum realized what had happened,awarm current rose in her heart. Staring at the clean floor and the washed clothes,she could hardly contain herexcitement and hugged them tightly.“It is the bestbirthday gift I have ever had!”Mum said emotionally.Just then Joan took out her smartphone and took a happyvideo named Mum's Birthday and sent it to Dad.
建議分數:22
批閱反饋:創(chuàng)造了新穎、豐富、合理的內容,富有邏輯性,續(xù)寫完整,與原文情境融洽度高;語言流暢自然,使用了多樣且比較豐富的詞匯和句式,表達比較清晰,語言錯誤較少。全文自然有效地使用了段落間、句間銜接手段;結構清晰,前后呼應,意義連貫。
Version B:
The Big Cleaning plan began. First of all,theygathered all the dirty clothes that piled on the sofa andwashed them carefully. Although they were tired afterwashing plenty of clothes,they began to mop the floorwithout taking a rest. Exhausted,they were overwhelmedby the pleasure for preparing a big surprise to mom.While they were working hardly,the bell rang. It wasmom's cake that was delivered. Mike got out to take thecake when John was busy cleaning up dinner table.“How don't we buy a bunch of flowers?”John suggested.Mike approved. After they bought flowers and put themin vase on the table,the cake was finally placed on thetable,waiting for its owner.
With the cake placed on the table,Mum came in.Astonished and surprised,she couldn't believe the cleanand neat room was her original home. On seeing thecake along with fresh flowers on the table,she couldn'thold back her tears. “Happy birthday,mom!”Mikeand John said and ran towards mom to give her a hug.They hug tightly,and John said:“The cake is orderedby dad,while Mike and I clean the house and buy theflowers.”“Happy birthday,mom!”she repeated.“I'm really happy,my dears. It was the most unforgettablebirthday.”Mom said,with moving tears swimming inher eyes. What made it the most unforgettable? It mustbe the love between family members.
建議分數:17
批閱反饋:創(chuàng)造了比較豐富、合理的內容,比較有邏輯性,部分情節(jié)不合理,打掃衛(wèi)生的過程描寫過于簡單。全文結構比較清晰,內容比較連貫,與原文情境融洽度比較高;詞匯和語法結構有少許錯誤,時態(tài)誤用,用過多的對話推進故事情節(jié),對于“said”的修飾過于單調;段落間銜接不恰當。
讀后續(xù)寫題的評分依據主要有三個方面:內容情節(jié)、邏輯結構以及語言表達。在內容方面,要求前后連貫、主題明確,能將閱讀文本中的主旨表達出來,與原文融洽度高;在邏輯結構方面,要求思路清晰通順、合情合理、自然有效地使用了段落間、句間銜接手段;在語言方面,要求詞句運用正確、語言流暢得體、表達方式多樣?;谠u分標準,教師從內容、邏輯、語言三個方面分析學生在續(xù)寫中存在的問題,并找到相應對策,更好地解決了問題,提高了其寫作水平和能力。
(一)如何讀出細節(jié)和主題
基于問題的閱讀可以幫助學生快速把握文本大意、語篇框架、文本細節(jié)和主題意義。教師要求學生重新閱讀文本,梳理故事的基本要素(who,when,where,what)(見表1),進一步歸納文章的語言風格、文體特點以及主旨大意。
(二)如何構思后續(xù)情節(jié)
以列提綱的方式確定續(xù)寫內容。讀后續(xù)寫遵循Action鄄Response原則,即某人物的所說、所做、所感、所想會引起其他人物的一系列反應?;诖嗽瓌t,我們要求學生推斷第一、第二段所寫的內容。續(xù)寫內容可以從與續(xù)寫首句的主語或者賓語(與所給提示句)保持一致的角度入手推斷出,第一段接續(xù)寫內容可以是:
銜接句1:As planned,they took action immediately.
情節(jié)推動1:Joan和弟弟合作大掃除。
情節(jié)推動2:兩人大掃除以后的心理感受。
銜接句2:(與第二段首句內容銜接):預訂的蛋糕到了。
第二段的續(xù)寫重點應該是:
銜接句1:媽媽回來后看到蛋糕和干凈屋子的反應。
情節(jié)推動1:Joan 和Mike的動作、語言、感受。
情節(jié)推動2:媽媽對Joan和Mike 的感謝。
主旨:一家人度過了一個令人難忘的生日。學生可以采用首尾呼應、主題升華、畫面定格、對話收尾和結尾留白等方式來結尾。
(三)如何改正作文中的錯誤
1.剖析語法錯誤,提高語言表達的正確性
學生作文中常見的語法錯誤主要集中在非謂語動詞做狀語、時態(tài)、連詞、中式英語、冠詞等方面。分類、歸納、總結學生習作中詞匯和語言錯誤,引導學生分析、總結同一類語法錯誤,配以相應的練習鞏固,以此加深對相應知識點的理解,更好地遷移創(chuàng)新到后期的續(xù)寫中。(見圖1、圖2、圖3、圖4)
錯誤:非謂語動詞做狀語,主句的主語與非謂語動詞的邏輯主語不一致。
練習:
(1)生活在這樣的家庭中,我明白了家人之間的愛使我們更有力量。
Living in such family,I understood that the lovebetween family members could make us powerful.
(2)他靜靜地站在那里,感動得淚流滿面。
Moved to tears,he stood there quietly.
錯誤:時態(tài)錯誤
練習:
(1)所有的任務剛完成,這時門鈴響了。
Hardly had all the tasks been finished when the?bell rang.
(2)蛋糕被及時送到了。
The cake was delivered in time.
錯誤:連詞誤用
練習:
(1)所有的任務都完成以后,他們坐在地板上,很累但很快樂。
After all the tasks were finished,they sat on thefloor,tired but happy.
(2)他告訴年輕人保持安靜,以防止他傷著他的脖子。
He told the young man to stay still in case he hurthis neck.
錯誤:中式英語
練習:
(1)媽媽的臉上露出了疲憊的神情。
A look of tiredness spread across Mom's face.
(2)Joan 被分配去洗衣服,Mike負責清掃地板。
Joan was assigned to wash the clothes,while Mike?was responsible for cleaning the floor.
2.優(yōu)化對話表達,豐富句式結構
以記敘文為主的讀后續(xù)寫材料,常常會有對話描寫,因為對話有助于推動故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展,但對話本身不能代替故事情節(jié)。為了保持與原文語言風格的一致,對話內容也不能過多,一定要保持一個“度”,才能恰到好處。續(xù)寫作文時,學生對“說”的修飾過于單一,引導學生適當添加說話語氣、聲音、情緒以及神態(tài),即添加副詞、介詞+名詞、非謂語動詞(獨立主格/ with 復合結構)、分詞形容詞(情緒形容詞)使“說”更生動。例如:
“I will never forgive you!”said he,angrily.
“I would love to.”said Emily in a pleasant tone/voice.
“I won't believe you any more.”he said,tears streaming down her cheeks uncontrollably/ disappointment?crossing his face.
“I didn't get an ideal score in the math exam.”saidLily,disappointed. 同時,為了增強語段內容的豐富性,可以在同一時間點,多角度構造動作面(肢體動作+ 面部表情+ 語言/ 心理)。例如:With his eyesbrimmed with astonishment,the teacher couldn't helpbut walk to Xialuo and sighed,“Disturbs what? Yourscore couldn't get any lower.”
3.分解動作過程,提升畫面感
在續(xù)寫中描寫動作時不能太籠統和空洞,籠統空洞的描寫使文章顯得平淡乏味,缺乏生動性。因此,教師應該引導學生精選動詞,細化動作,按動作的先后順序來描寫整個過程,使情節(jié)更具有畫面感。試比較下面兩句話:
(1)Joan gathered all the dirty clothes that piled on?the sofa and washed them carefully.
(2)Joan collected the clothes from sofa and thenput them in the water of a basin. After pouring in somewashing liquids,she began to wash them by hand.Realizing the clothes were clean enough,Joan gentlysqueezed water out and hung them to dry.
分析:第(1)句描寫了Joan洗衣服的過程,只是簡單描述,顯得很單調。而第(2)句運用了精準的動詞collect、put、pour、wash、squeeze、hang、dry等,生動具體地描述了Joan洗衣服的過程,極具畫面感。
4.深度研讀文本,加深主題理解
在續(xù)寫過程中部分學生由于思維過于開放,還會在續(xù)寫時隨意發(fā)揮,甚至出現和原作“各說各話”的情況。如:內容脫離故事主題、情節(jié)設置過于突兀等情況。針對學生作文中的情節(jié)設置問題,教師可以問題鏈的形式引導學生在續(xù)寫情節(jié)的合理性上進行深層思考。例如:
Plot 1:After Joan and Mike finished their own?task,they made a meal for their mother.
Plot 2:Dad came back home and the family?celebrated Mom's birthday together.
分析:在Plot1中,Joan和Mike大掃除之后,又給媽媽做了一頓飯,不符合原文在時間上的描述,離她媽媽回來還有兩個小時,既拖地又洗衣服,還要做飯,時間上不合理。并且對于兩個不經常做家務的孩子來說,做一頓飯不是簡單的事情。在Plot 2中,文中提到Joan謘s father was a seaman,who rarely cameback. 所以爸爸突然回來給媽媽慶祝生日不合理。
學生之間互動討論內容是否合理,可以更好地加深對文本的主題意義、內容情節(jié)的理解,使其寫作內容更具合理性。
三、結語
在協同理論指導下的讀寫改結合的教學實踐中,學生學會了從內容、語言、連貫性三個方面來二次修改和潤色作文。學生在這一“互動—理解—協同—產出—修改/潤色”的寫作訓練過程中,做到與原語篇在主題意義、寫作手法、文本特征和語言特點等方面達到高度的協同。