摘要: 對水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子((H2O)+O+n)反應(yīng)的研究可更好地理解某些自然過程的機(jī)制, 如水溶液中的質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移、 氫鍵形成、 DNA等生物大分子的破壞以及發(fā)現(xiàn)新的氣相反應(yīng)和產(chǎn)物. 此外, (H2O)+n在放射生物學(xué)中以及作為初級反應(yīng)離子在選擇性電離和提高分析靈敏度等分析領(lǐng)域均具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景." 目前, 質(zhì)子化水團(tuán)簇和水合電子成鍵及結(jié)構(gòu)研究較多, 但對具有超高的反應(yīng)活性和極短壽命的(H2O)+n的分離和理化性質(zhì)研究較少." 近期, 質(zhì)譜技術(shù)、 分子光譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)合技術(shù)和高精度量子化學(xué)理論計(jì)算發(fā)展迅速, 基于此綜述有關(guān)(H2O)+ n的形成方法與產(chǎn)生機(jī)制、 結(jié)構(gòu)理論模擬與實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證、 化學(xué)性質(zhì)分析以及應(yīng)用研究等方面的進(jìn)展.
關(guān)鍵詞: 水自由基陽離子; 質(zhì)譜分析; 有機(jī)質(zhì)譜分析; 碰撞誘導(dǎo)解離; 分子光譜; 從頭動力學(xué)模擬; 密度泛函理論計(jì)算
中圖分類號: O644 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號: 1671-5489(2023)04-0957-25
Progress in Chemical Research of Water Radical Cations
MI Dongbo, ZHANG Xinglei
(Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation,
East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China)
Abstract:"" The studies of reactions involving water radical cations and their cluster ion ((H2O)+n)" can" better understand the mechanisms of certain natural processes," such as proton transfer in aqueous solutions," the formation of hydrogen bonds," the destruction of bio-molecules such as DNA, "and the discovery of novel gas phase reactions and products. In addition," the potential of water radical cations in" radio-biology have broad application prospects and its use as a primary reactive ion have attracted much attention for efficient selective" chemical ionization as well as improving the analytical sensitivity. At present, there are many studies on the bonding properties and" structure" of protonated water clusters and hydrated electrons, but there are few studies on the isolation and physicochemical properties of (H2O)+ n" due to" their ultra-high reaction activity and extremely short lifetime. Since significant progress has been made in the" technology" of mass spectroscopy," molecular spectrometry" and high-precision" theoretical calculation of quantum chemistry, we review the current knowledge of""" (H2O)+ n, including" the formation" methods" and generation mechanisms," structural theoretical simulation and experimental verification,"" chemical property analysis," and their application research.
Keywords: water radical cation;" mass spectrometry analysis;" organic mass spectrometry analysis;" collision induced dissociation;" molecular spectroscopy;" ab initio dynamic simulation;" density functional theory calculation
水影響著幾乎所有生物和化學(xué)過程[1]. 人們對基于微液滴界面反應(yīng)的動力學(xué)理論及合成應(yīng)用研究[2-3]、"" 基于分子光譜(molecular spectroscopy)技術(shù)的質(zhì)子化水團(tuán)簇和水合電子成鍵及結(jié)構(gòu)研究、 金屬-水分子反應(yīng)研究[4-5]以及有關(guān)電離輻射導(dǎo)致水分子內(nèi)層電子躍遷形成的一系列復(fù)雜物理過程的研究[6]較多." 經(jīng)電離輻射作用, 水分子將電離為水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子((H2O)+ n)[7], 由于其活性高和壽命短等因素, 人們對該類離子理化性質(zhì)的研究較少.
利用光子、 快電子、 X射線以及重離子等對液態(tài)水進(jìn)行電離均可產(chǎn)生水自由基陽離子, 其在化學(xué)、 生命科學(xué)、 醫(yī)學(xué)、 核廢料存儲以及核反應(yīng)堆的腐蝕損傷等領(lǐng)域具有重大意義[8-16]. 目前, 水自由基陽離子常用質(zhì)譜技術(shù)和光譜技術(shù)相結(jié)合表征[17-18]. 如Conlan等[19]將Au+,Au+3和C+60作為初級離子, 通過二次離子質(zhì)譜技術(shù), 在冰中發(fā)現(xiàn)了(H2O)+ n; Liu等[20]將微流控芯片技術(shù)與飛行時(shí)間二次離子質(zhì)譜(TOF-SIMS)相結(jié)合, 采用keV能量級的Bi+3作為初級離子輻照液態(tài)水, 檢測到極其微量的(H2O)+ n. 基于不確定原理ΔEΔt≈h, 估計(jì)H2O+于阿秒(as)的時(shí)間尺度內(nèi)產(chǎn)生, 或最長于亞飛秒時(shí)間尺度內(nèi)形成[21]. 液態(tài)水電離后產(chǎn)生的熱電子擴(kuò)散入溶劑分子并最終形成水合電子(e-hyd); 同時(shí)H2O+n通過質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng), 在皮秒(ps)時(shí)間尺度內(nèi)即可迅速形成具有高氧化性能的OH[21]. 通過使用時(shí)間分辨率更高的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法, 可深入了解水自由基陽離子的理化特征[21-24]." Mizuse等[17]研究了氣相(H2O)+n (n=3~11)的紅外解離光譜, 以了解水團(tuán)簇自由基陽離子在分子水平上的結(jié)構(gòu)演變, 進(jìn)一步的研究使我們對氣相中(H2O)+ n的精確結(jié)構(gòu)有了更深入的了解[25-26]." 除一些動力學(xué)模擬外, 人們研究了H2O+氧化O2,C2H4 或 CH2O等小分子以及其他質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移和電子轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng)[27-28]. Wang等[29]在H2O+及(H2O)+n的常壓氣相制備方面獲得突破性進(jìn)展," 通過使用新型能量可調(diào)節(jié)的常壓電暈放電裝置檢測到H2O+以及高豐度的(H2O)+ 2. 利用該方法使在常壓下實(shí)驗(yàn)研究(H2O)+ n的化學(xué)性質(zhì)成為可能.
近年來, 研究人員對水自由基陽離子及其溶劑化團(tuán)簇離子進(jìn)行了大量研究, 增加了人們對這種高度不穩(wěn)定水瞬態(tài)物種的認(rèn)識. 本文綜述有關(guān)(H2O)+n的形成方法與產(chǎn)生機(jī)制、 分子結(jié)構(gòu)的理論模擬與實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證、 化學(xué)性質(zhì)分析以及應(yīng)用研究等方面的進(jìn)展.
1 水自由基陽離子的化學(xué)性質(zhì)
1.1 分子間(內(nèi))的質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng)
二者的光譜已沒有明顯差異." 但從結(jié)合數(shù)小于10的(H2O)+ n結(jié)構(gòu)變化趨勢中可知, 上述特點(diǎn)仍然適用于ngt;10的(H2O)+ n.
4 結(jié)論與展望
綜上, 由少量水分子組成的體系一直是備受關(guān)注的研究領(lǐng)域, 水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子的研究有利于在分子層次闡明生命起源、 能量存儲與利用、 化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化等領(lǐng)域的一些基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)問題, 如質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移、 氫鍵的形成、 細(xì)胞的損傷以及大氣和星際化學(xué)等. 而且對發(fā)展新興質(zhì)譜分析方法具有顯著意義. 在應(yīng)用研究領(lǐng)域, 水自由基陽離子在放射生物學(xué)及臨床醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域的潛在價(jià)值已引起人們廣泛關(guān)注. 此外, 具有高反應(yīng)活性的水自由基陽離子對化學(xué)反應(yīng)具有催化活性, 在多領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景, 值得深入探索."" 基于分子束的分子光譜技術(shù)、 各類超快光譜技術(shù)以及質(zhì)譜分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展, 依托高精度量子化學(xué)理論的進(jìn)步, 人們對水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇的形成機(jī)制、 制備方法、 結(jié)構(gòu)演化、 化學(xué)性質(zhì)以及應(yīng)用等方面的認(rèn)識取得較大進(jìn)步.
1) 早期, 水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子的產(chǎn)生、 檢測需依賴高真空度下形成水分子束的光電離以及電子轟擊電離. 目前基于常壓下電暈放電電離技術(shù)的發(fā)展, 從痕量的離子信號檢測到高豐度二聚體自由基陽離子的制備, 水自由基陽離子的制備方法有了里程碑式的發(fā)展. 此外, 微液滴(界面)化學(xué)的極速發(fā)展, 有效推動了人類對水科學(xué)的深入認(rèn)識. 目前實(shí)驗(yàn)及理論研究均證實(shí), 當(dāng)水滴的尺度降至微米數(shù)量級時(shí), 其界面處的化學(xué)反應(yīng)熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)發(fā)生質(zhì)的變化, 進(jìn)而引發(fā)一些新奇的反應(yīng), 對常規(guī)反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)速率也有極高的加速因子." 在有機(jī)溶液的微液滴界面可形成水自由基陽離子及其二聚體自由基陽離子, 甚至在宏觀的水溶液中, 理論上可借助氫鍵誘導(dǎo)的電子轉(zhuǎn)移形成水自由基陽離子/陰離子對. 借助質(zhì)譜分析技術(shù), 研究者們近期提出了在微液滴的界面處存在雙電層理論, 即在雙電層界面處形成水自由基陽離子和陰離子對, 在此處水自由基陽離子可與水自由基陰離子分離和聚集, 并可分別引發(fā)氧化加成與還原反應(yīng).
2) 對于水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子的形成機(jī)制, 基于不同的物理、 化學(xué)環(huán)境有多種理論被提出: ① 基于氣相分子-離子反應(yīng);" ② 中性水團(tuán)簇及吸附信使分子的二元團(tuán)簇的垂直電離(包括后續(xù)信使分子解離的蒸發(fā)冷卻機(jī)制); ③ 通過絕熱超音速瞬間膨脹冷卻和后續(xù)多次碰撞冷卻作用, 形成低內(nèi)能體系的中性水團(tuán)簇或二元團(tuán)簇, 后經(jīng)電離形成水團(tuán)簇自由基陽離子;" ④ 通過能荷在三維時(shí)-空內(nèi)傳遞過程的調(diào)控, 并結(jié)合瞬間膨脹冷卻(非絕熱過程)和后續(xù)碰撞冷卻作用, 通過場電離(電暈放電)于常壓產(chǎn)生水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子,"" 其碰撞過程中可能伴隨質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng), 但由于團(tuán)簇體系內(nèi)能降低, 因此在非平衡態(tài)下, 離子-自由基復(fù)合物(即質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移異構(gòu)體)未經(jīng)解離即被質(zhì)譜隔離并檢測;" ⑤ 已經(jīng)證實(shí)帶電的微液滴表面具有極強(qiáng)的電場, 可電離液滴表面的水(或二聚體等)生成水自由基陽離子(或水團(tuán)簇自由基陽離子); ⑥ 在水溶液中, 通過氫鍵誘導(dǎo)的電子轉(zhuǎn)移形成水自由基陽離子/陰離子對, 在微液滴界面的雙電層處形成水自由基陽離子/陰離子對.
3) 早期的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證和理論分析都證實(shí)了存在水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子的質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移異構(gòu)體. 近期, 有關(guān)水二聚體自由基陽離子的三電子半鍵異構(gòu)體的研究已引起科研工作者極大興趣." 通過使用引導(dǎo)離子束串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法, 在碰撞池中與重水分子的單分子碰撞反應(yīng)后, 僅觀察到H2O+瘙簚, 并未檢測到H3O+碎片離子, 表明此時(shí)三電子半鍵異構(gòu)體占了主導(dǎo)地位. 基于能量可調(diào)的電暈放電裝置可產(chǎn)生高豐度的(H2O)+瘙簚2, 將其隔離于線性離子阱中, 通過碰撞誘導(dǎo)解離可確認(rèn)存在2種同分異構(gòu)體的存在; 通過分析源內(nèi)反應(yīng), 可獲得三電子半鍵異構(gòu)體存在及反應(yīng)的相關(guān)信息. 目前, 基于微液滴的有關(guān)水自由基陽離子的氧化加成等化學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究, 間接證實(shí)該條件下產(chǎn)生的二聚體自由基陽離子中, 三電子半鍵異構(gòu)體大量存在. 從理論上分析, 水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子, 特別是水二聚體自由基陽離子在基態(tài)不應(yīng)只具有兩種可能的異構(gòu)體, 除基態(tài)中局部勢能面的極小值點(diǎn)對應(yīng)的質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移異構(gòu)體以及三電子半鍵異構(gòu)體外, 在較高勢能面上, 應(yīng)該存在Gibbs自由能較高的其他異構(gòu)體. 目前水二聚體自由基陽離子高能異構(gòu)體的實(shí)驗(yàn)和理論基礎(chǔ)都較薄弱, 一方面受限于精密理論分析中計(jì)算成本的加大, 另一方面也由于現(xiàn)有電離技術(shù)的限制. 因此, 水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子高能異構(gòu)體的構(gòu)-效關(guān)系研究還有待深入.
4) 基于水自由基陽離子性質(zhì)及應(yīng)用的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較多. De Visser等[70]利用Fourier轉(zhuǎn)換離子回旋質(zhì)譜研究了氣相水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子的化學(xué)性質(zhì), 發(fā)現(xiàn)其可作為電子受體、 質(zhì)子供體以及OH交換試劑. 近期研究結(jié)果表明, 水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子可發(fā)生分子間Coulomb衰變、 形成二元團(tuán)簇自由基陽離子誘發(fā)單分子反應(yīng)以及加成等相關(guān)性質(zhì), 豐富了對水自由基陽離子及團(tuán)簇離子性質(zhì)的認(rèn)識. 然而, 對于水自由基陽離子性質(zhì)的了解依然有待深入, 如電離輻射與液態(tài)水作用時(shí)形成OH的初級反應(yīng)動力學(xué), 依然是光動力學(xué)等物理化學(xué)家極其關(guān)注的問題. 通過更高能量同步輻射技術(shù)的進(jìn)步以及更高時(shí)間分辨率光譜技術(shù)的發(fā)展, 人們對水溶液中水自由基陽離子質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng)的動力學(xué)特征的了解越來越深入, 特別是基于阿秒吸收光譜技術(shù)的發(fā)展, 有望在水自由基陽離子的吸收光譜上獲得新突破. 此外, 水自由基陽離子因具有其他異構(gòu)體而引發(fā)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究值得深入推進(jìn). 無論依靠傳統(tǒng)電離技術(shù)還是新興的微液滴技術(shù), 都較難提供水自由基陽離子及其團(tuán)簇離子高能異構(gòu)體存在的直接證據(jù). 目前, 基于能量可調(diào)電暈放電技術(shù)的發(fā)展, 有望在水自由基陽離子高能異構(gòu)體化學(xué)性質(zhì)的探索上取得突破.
5) 對于水自由基陽離子的應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究有廣闊的發(fā)展前景. 如利用水自由基陽離子的催化性能, 通過質(zhì)譜制備的方法合成溶液反應(yīng)中難以得到的產(chǎn)物. 此外, 水自由基陽離子較高的化學(xué)反應(yīng)活性和選擇性, 在分析化學(xué)領(lǐng)域有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景, 如利用水自由基陽離子對呼出氣體中特異性物質(zhì)的分析檢測, 可用于快速、 無創(chuàng)地診斷某些臟器的病變情況以及實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測體內(nèi)重要生物過程的代謝情況; 通過對癌癥組織以及癌旁組織特異性物質(zhì)的分析檢測, 水自由基陽離子在快速診斷癌變組織、" 區(qū)分癌細(xì)胞及癌旁細(xì)胞、 實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域有重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值.
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(責(zé)任編輯: 單 凝)
收稿日期:" 2023-02-24.
第一作者簡介:" 米東伯(1984—), 男, 漢族, 博士, 助理研究員, 從事有機(jī)質(zhì)譜分析及有機(jī)合成化學(xué)的研究, E-mail:" wjmdb@hotmail.com. 通信作者簡介:" 張興磊(1986—), 男, 漢族, 博士, 副教授, 從事質(zhì)譜分析方法的研究, E-mail:" xlzhang@ecut.edu.cn.
基金項(xiàng)目: 國家自然科學(xué)基金(批準(zhǔn)號: 21520102007)、 東華理工大學(xué)博士啟動基金(批準(zhǔn)號: DHBK2020003)和江西省高等學(xué)校大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(批準(zhǔn)號: S202210405026).