管曉月,原夢,鐘磊,閔婕,周慶
血尿素氮與白蛋白比值與膿毒癥合并急性呼吸衰竭患者死亡的相關(guān)性分析
管曉月1,原夢2,鐘磊2,閔婕2,周慶2
1.湖州市中心醫(yī)院醫(yī)院感染管理部,浙江湖州 313000;2.湖州市中心醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學科,浙江湖州 313000
探討血尿素氮與白蛋白比值(blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio,B/A)與膿毒癥合并急性呼吸衰竭(acute respiratory failure,ARF)患者住院期間死亡的相關(guān)性?;仡櫺苑治雒绹匕Y醫(yī)學數(shù)據(jù)庫Ⅳ中2008~2019年重癥監(jiān)護病房(intensive care unit,ICU)的膿毒癥合并ARF患者3806例的臨床資料,根據(jù)住院30d內(nèi)結(jié)局將其分為存活組(=2677)和死亡組(=1129)。使用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank檢驗評價生存風險,Cox比例風險回歸分析探討膿毒癥合并ARF患者住院期間死亡的危險因素。死亡組患者的年齡顯著大于存活組,序貫器官衰竭評估評分、血尿素氮、B/A、陰離子間隙、白細胞、血肌酐及連續(xù)性腎臟替代治療、機械通氣、合并慢性腎臟病、急性腎損傷、心臟驟停和急性心肌梗死的比例均顯著高于存活組,白蛋白、紅細胞、血小板均顯著低于存活組,總住院時間顯著短于存活組(<0.05)。生存曲線顯示,隨著B/A的上升,患者住院期間累積生存率逐漸降低(2=82.700,<0.001)。多因素Cox回歸分析顯示,B/A>4.34是膿毒癥合并ARF患者住院期間死亡的獨立危險因素(=1.450,95%1.208~1.742,<0.001)。入住ICU時B/A>4.34是膿毒癥合并ARF患者住院期間死亡的獨立危險因素,早期識別并及時干預(yù)有助于降低膿毒癥合并ARF患者的死亡風險。
血尿素氮與白蛋白比值;膿毒癥;急性呼吸衰竭;全因死亡率
在中國,每年有數(shù)以百萬人罹患膿毒癥,多年來其發(fā)病率居高不下,是患者入住重癥監(jiān)護病房(intensive care unit,ICU)的主要病因之一[1]。膿毒癥病情發(fā)展迅速,如未能及時干預(yù)可迅速出現(xiàn)休克、器官衰竭等情況,病死率高達35%~40%,是僅次于心臟疾病的重癥患者死亡原因[2]。膿毒癥患者中最重要的感染源為肺部感染,約占64%[3]。血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)和血清白蛋白(albumin,Alb)均是簡單易得的生化指標。研究顯示,BUN與Alb比值(B/A)對重癥肺炎等疾病的預(yù)后有一定預(yù)測價值[4],但其對伴有急性呼吸衰竭(acute respiratory failure,ARF)的膿毒癥患者的預(yù)后是否同樣具有預(yù)測作用暫無研究數(shù)據(jù)。為此,本研究擬探討入住ICU時B/A對伴有ARF的膿毒癥患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測價值,為臨床及護理工作提供參考。
本研究從美國重癥醫(yī)學數(shù)據(jù)庫Ⅳ(Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Ⅳ,MIMIC-Ⅳ)中提取數(shù)據(jù),采用國際疾病分類編碼(ICD-9和ICD-10)中膿毒癥及急性呼吸衰竭的診斷編碼在數(shù)據(jù)庫中進行檢索,從而獲得所需研究對象。診斷標準符合2016年提出的膿毒癥和感染性休克的第三次國際共識定義(Sepsis 3.0)[5]。
通過PostgreSQL軟件進入MIMIC-Ⅳ數(shù)據(jù)庫,提取2008~2019年的所需研究資料。納入標準:①首次在ICU住院;②年齡≥18歲;③膿毒癥合并ARF患者。排除標準:①ICU住院時間<2d;②總住院時間>30d;③BUN、Alb等關(guān)鍵數(shù)值缺失。以患者總住院期間全因死亡率作為臨床終點指標,將患者分為存活組和死亡組。依據(jù)三分位數(shù)法將B/A分為<2.16(=1272)、2.16~4.34(=1269)和>4.34(=1265)三組。
本研究共納入3806例患者,其中存活組2677例,死亡組1129例。死亡組患者的年齡顯著大于存活組,序貫器官衰竭評估(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)評分、BUN、B/A、陰離子間隙、白細胞、血肌酐及連續(xù)性腎臟替代治療、機械通氣、合并慢性腎臟病、急性腎損傷、心臟驟停和急性心肌梗死的比例均顯著高于存活組,Alb、紅細胞、血小板均顯著低于存活組,總住院時間顯著短于存活組(<0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組患者的臨床資料比較
續(xù)表1
注:1mmHg=0.133kPa
表2 膿毒癥合并ARF患者住院期間預(yù)后情況Cox回歸分析
注:模型1未控制任何因子;模型2控制了年齡、SOFA評分、陰離子間隙、動脈血氧分壓、白細胞、紅細胞、血小板、肌酐、連續(xù)性腎臟
替代治療、機械通氣、慢性腎臟病、心臟驟停、急性心肌梗死和急性腎損傷等因子
Kaplan-Meier生存曲線顯示,隨著B/A的上升,患者住院期間累積生存率逐漸降低,log-rank檢驗差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(2=82.700,<0.001),見圖1。
圖1 三組患者住院期間累積生存率比較
單因素Cox回歸分析(模型1)顯示,高B/A特別是當B/A>4.34時患者死亡風險明顯增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.05)。多因素Cox回歸分析(模型2)顯示,B/A>4.34是膿毒癥合并ARF患者住院期間死亡的獨立危險因素(=1.450,95%1.208~1.742,<0.001),見表2。
膿毒癥是一種由感染引起的全身反應(yīng)失調(diào)及器官功能障礙綜合征,其特點是嚴重的循環(huán)及代謝失調(diào)[5]。當發(fā)生感染時,免疫系統(tǒng)會對感染進行識別,同時激活相應(yīng)的促炎和抗炎途徑,產(chǎn)生細胞因子[6],而膿毒癥則是促炎和抗炎途徑不協(xié)調(diào)所導(dǎo)致的“細胞因子風暴”,造成病理性的血管擴張及通透性增加,使心、肺、腎等重要器官灌注不足,導(dǎo)致多臟器功能衰竭[7]。血管通透性增加直接導(dǎo)致Alb流向組織間隙,感染應(yīng)激使Alb與其他物質(zhì)結(jié)合避免過氧化,Kendall等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)入院時低Alb是膿毒癥嚴重程度的獨立危險因素。BUN主要在腎臟代謝,當膿毒癥患者存在急性腎損傷時BUN排泄障礙,隨著BUN升高,膿毒癥患者病死率明顯增加[9]。既往研究已證實B/A在腹部感染導(dǎo)致的大腸桿菌菌血癥預(yù)后預(yù)測方面有一定價值[10];在其他部位感染相關(guān)的膿毒癥目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)研究數(shù)據(jù)。
肺部感染作為膿毒癥最常見的病因,其感染本身足以導(dǎo)致急性肺功能損害[11],另外其他部位感染所致的膿毒癥使機體產(chǎn)生的免疫因子也會導(dǎo)致急性呼吸窘迫綜合征,多種原因均促使患者低氧性呼吸衰竭癥狀的逐步加重[12-13]。這也導(dǎo)致大部分膿毒癥患者入住ICU時已存在不同程度的呼吸衰竭,且大部分需要機械通氣治療[14-15]。機械通氣治療帶來獲益的同時也伴隨著一些風險,如呼吸機致肺部損傷、呼吸機相關(guān)性肺炎等[16],可能延長住院時間或在原發(fā)疾病基礎(chǔ)上再一次造成致命打擊。既往研究致力于膿毒癥患者發(fā)生呼吸衰竭時利用更優(yōu)化的機械通氣治療方案,對其肺部進行保護性通氣等方式以保護肺功能、減少肺損傷[6,14]。但已有研究指出,醫(yī)院獲得性膿毒癥在所有住院的膿毒癥患者中占有相當大的比例,約接近總體的1/4[17]。對早期膿毒癥或院內(nèi)獲得性膿毒癥患者,早期識別和發(fā)現(xiàn)并加以干預(yù)可在一定程度上阻止病情進展。B/A作為社區(qū)和醫(yī)院獲得性肺炎患者住院期間死亡的預(yù)測因子[18-19],與膿毒癥間存在一定的聯(lián)系。本研究通過對MIMIC-Ⅳ中合并ARF的膿毒癥患者的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)與存活組相比,死亡組患者各臟器所遭受的打擊更嚴重,且B/A明顯升高。通過生存曲線發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著B/A的上升,患者住院期間累積生存率逐漸降低。多因素Cox回歸分析顯示B/A>4.34是合并ARF的膿毒癥患者死亡的獨立危險因素。
綜上,入院時B/A水平是合并ARF的膿毒癥患者住院期間死亡的預(yù)測因子,可通過B/A對預(yù)后進行初步判斷,對入住ICU患者膿毒癥進行早期預(yù)警,從而進行更積極的干預(yù),幫助改善患者最終預(yù)后。但本研究相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)均來自于國外數(shù)據(jù)庫,未來應(yīng)在國內(nèi)進一步研究,以提供更加有力的證據(jù)。
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Correlation analysis of blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio and mortality in sepsis patients with acute respiratory failure
GUAN Xiaoyue, YUAN Meng, ZHONG Lei, MIN Jie, ZHOU Qing
1.Department of Infection Management, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China; 2.Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
To investigate the correlation between blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio (B/A) and in-hospital death in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) caused by sepsis.The clinical data of 3806 patients with sepsis complicated with ARF admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) from 2008 to 2019 in the United States Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Ⅳ were retrospectively analyzed. According to the outcome within 30 days of hospitalization, they were divided into survival group (=2677) and death group (=1129). Kaplan-Meier test and log-rank test were used to evaluate the survival risk. Cox proportional risk regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors of in-hospital death in patients with sepsis and ARF.Patients in death group were significantly older than those in survival group, sequential organ failure assessment score, blood urea nitrogen, B/A, anion gap, leukocyte, serum creatinine and the rates of continuous renal replacement therapy, mechanical ventilation, combined chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, cardiac arrest and acute myocardial infarction were significantly higher than those in survival group, albumin, erythrocyte and platelet were significantly lower than those in survival group, and the total hospital stay was significantly shorter than that in survival group (<0.05). The survival curve showed that with the increase of B/A, the cumulative survival rate decreased gradually during hospitalization (2=82.700,<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that B/A>4.34 was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death in patients with sepsis and ARF (=1.450,95%1.208~1.742,<0.001).B/A>4.34 at ICU admission is an independent risk factor for death during hospitalization in patients with sepsis and ARF. Early identification and timely intervention can help reduce the risk of death in patients with sepsis and ARF.
Blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio; Sepsis; Acute respiratory failure; All-cause mortality
R631; R563.8
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.07.004
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計劃項目(2022KY1222);湖州市科技計劃項目(2019GYB10)
周慶,電子信箱:49394121@qq.com.
(2022–09–15)
(2023–01–31)