聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》第15次締約國會議（COP15）于2021年10月、2022年12月，分別在中國昆明、加拿大蒙特利爾召開了兩個階段的會議。前者開啟了全球生物多樣性治理的新紀元，提出在2050年全面實現(xiàn)“人與自然和諧共生”的愿景；后者通過“昆明—蒙特利爾全球生物多樣性框架”后，各國就調(diào)動資金、技術和能力支持，建立執(zhí)行機制和國家行動計劃，推進“框架”得以達成并實施，迅速扭轉全球生物多樣性喪失的趨勢等目標達成一致。聯(lián)合國人居署在最新發(fā)布的《2022世界城市狀況報告》中指出，全球城鎮(zhèn)人口的占比將從2021年的56%上升至68%，未來還將有更多的人口陸續(xù)進入城市。中國是世界上生物多樣性最豐富的國家之一，也是生物多樣性受威脅程度最嚴重的國家之一。城市生物多樣性不僅對提高城市居民的環(huán)境保護意識有著重要的社會價值，也對城市環(huán)境的改善和城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要的作用和意義。但是，城市生物多樣性正面臨著眾多威脅，如城市建設導致生境破碎化、氣候和局地環(huán)境變化、外來物種入侵等，造成城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能降低。

生物多樣性是生態(tài)學的重要表征與核心目標。在具有相當面積和人口聚集，經(jīng)濟活動和經(jīng)濟市場交織的城市區(qū)域內(nèi)，城市生物多樣性是城市生態(tài)環(huán)境與人類之間、生物與生境之間、生物之間復雜關系的體現(xiàn)。城市生物多樣性的屬性決定其不僅依賴自然演替形成的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，更依賴人工建成的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；不僅包括本土生長和繁殖的物種，也包括從其他地區(qū)傳播或遷徙而來的物種。相對自然和鄉(xiāng)村，城市生物物種的組成有其特殊性，如罕見體型較大的動物；植物群落以人工營造為主；物種生境更易受到建筑、道路以及人為侵擾等影響而呈現(xiàn)破碎化，甚至退化、喪失等現(xiàn)象。近年來，與城市生物多樣性密切相關的全球氣候變化、城市微氣候、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務、基于自然的解決方案、生態(tài)保護紅線等議題成為風景園林學科的重要關注內(nèi)容。通過加強綠色基礎設施建設，構建良好的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡和生物生境，提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的連通性，助力城市生物多樣性保護。

本期專題“城市生物多樣性保護與棲息地修復”，歸納城市濕地公園中兩棲類動物棲息地特征，提出基于兩棲類動物棲息地營建的湖泊型濕地公園景觀格局、水系、植被、道路和橋涵等方面的設計方法與營建措施；歸納魚類棲息地生境質(zhì)量受水質(zhì)（水溫、溶解氧、pH值、含沙量）、水力學（水深、流速）、水文（流量）、地形、岸際條件、底質(zhì)、河道內(nèi)覆蓋以及人類活動等因子的影響顯著，探討從水域設計（水深、底質(zhì)、岸線、生態(tài)駁岸、生態(tài)島、斷面設計、微生境）、植物設計、水質(zhì)管養(yǎng)等方面的棲息地構建策略；剖析日本的城市生物多樣性治理措施，提出從加強法律體系建設、理順管理體制機制、形成考核比較機制、完善規(guī)劃傳導機制、建設公眾參與機制等方面對中國城市生物多樣性治理的5點啟示與建議；分析城市校園環(huán)境中的鳥類生境，總結鳥類多樣性受植被豐富度、植被垂直結構、空間形態(tài)及空間層次復雜程度、人為干擾等多種因素的復合影響。

城市生物多樣性保護的復雜程度遠超于自然地的生物多樣性保護，因此，城市生物多樣性的研究不應拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的生態(tài)學理論。在《生物多樣性公約》框架下，結合多空間尺度、多水平開展相關研究工作，結合交叉學科共同探討完整的方法體系，尤其是搭建風景園林學與生態(tài)學之間的橋梁，才能更好地實現(xiàn)提升城市生物多樣性保護水平的目標，推進城市人與自然的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

主編

2023年1月11日

Strategies and Ways to Improve Urban Biodiversity

The 15th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Kunming, China in October 2021 and Montreal, Canada in December 2022. The former ushered in a new era of global biodiversity governance,and proposed the vision of “harmonious coexistence between man and nature” in 2050; the latter adopted the “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework”, in which countries agreed on the goals of mobilizing financial, technical and capacity support, establishing implementation mechanisms and national action plans, promoting the achievement and implementation of the “Framework”, and rapidly reversing the trend of global biodiversity loss. UN Habitat pointed out in the latest Report on the State of World Cities in 2022 that the proportion of global urban population will rise from 56% in 2021 to 68%, and more people will enter cities in the future. China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world, and also one of the countries with the most serious threat to biodiversity. Urban biodiversity not only has an important social value for improving the environmental protection awareness of urban residents, but also plays an important role in the improvement of urban environment and the sustainable development of cities. However, urban biodiversity is facing many threats, such as habitat fragmentation caused by urban construction, climate and local environmental changes, alien species invasion, etc., resulting in the decline of urban ecosystem services.

Biodiversity is an important characterization and core goal of ecology. Urban biodiversity reflects the complex relationship between urban ecological environment and human beings, between organisms and habitats, and between organisms. The attribute of urban biodiversity determines that it depends not only on the ecosystem formed by natural succession, but also on the artificial ecosystem; it includes not only species that grow and reproduce locally, but also species that spread or migrate from other regions. Compared with nature and countryside, the composition of urban biological species has its particularity, such as rare large animals; the plant community is mainly artificially constructed; the habitat of species is more vulnerable to the impact of buildings, roads and human intrusion, which leads to fragmentation, even degradation and loss. In recent years, topics closely related to urban biodiversity, such as global climate change, urban microclimate, ecosystem services, nature-based solutions, and ecological protection red lines, have become important subjects of landscape architecture. By strengthening the construction of green infrastructure, we will build a good ecological network and biological habitat, improve the connectivity of the ecosystem, and help protect urban biodiversity.

In this issue, the topic “Urban Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Restoration”summarized the characteristics of amphibian habitats in urban wetland parks, and proposed design methods and construction measures for landscape pattern, water system, vegetation, roads, bridges and culverts of lake wetland parks based on amphibian habitats; it was concluded that the habitat quality offish habitat is significantly affected by water quality, hydraulics, hydrology, topography, coastal conditions, sediment,river channel coverage and human activities, and the habitat construction strategies from water design, plant design, water quality management and other aspects were discussed; the urban biodiversity governance measures in Japan were analyzed and five inspirations and suggestions for urban biodiversity governance in China from the aspects of strengthening the construction of legal system, streamlining the management system and mechanism, forming the assessment and comparison mechanism,improving the planning transmission mechanism, and building the public participation mechanism were put forward; besides, the opinion was summarized that the bird diversity is affected by multiple factors, such as vegetation abundance, vertical structure of vegetation, spatial form and complexity of spatial hierarchy, and human interference.

The complexity of urban biodiversity conservation is much higher than that of natural biodiversity conservation, so the study of urban biodiversity should not be confined to the traditional ecological theory. Under the framework of Convention on Biological Diversity, relevant research should be carried out at multiple spatial scales and at multiple levels, and a complete methodological system should be discussed together with cross-disciplines, especially to build a bridge between landscape architecture and ecology. Only in this way can we better achieve the goal of improving the level of urban biodiversity conservation and promote the coordinated development of urban man and nature.

Editor-in-Chief

January 11th, 2023