EastAsianCivilizationStudies

Japanese Marine Distress Relief Policy in Heian Period

Jin Hongpei and Wang Dandan(4)

The Transformation of East Asian Trade in the 18th and 19th Centuries and the Evolution of

Japan’s Internal and External Consciousness

Qu Liang(12)

Changes in History Textbooks of Public Schools in Kwantung Leased Territory and Manchuria

Railway Dependencies

Gu Liwei(27)

The Discussion on the Ethical Concept of “Public and Private” among Japanese Intellectuals

after World War II：Centered on the Thesis of Mizoguchi Yuzo

Wu Yadan(24)

A Study on the process of Establishment about the Tributary Relationship between Ming Dynasty

and Chosun Dynasty

Huang Biao(43)

AncientCivilizationStudies

On the Reasons of the Government of the Roman Empire Signed the Peace Treaty of 382 A. D.

Dong Xiaojia(50)

The Strategic Position of the City-States of Philistines in 8th-7th Century BCE

Ma Yizhou(57)

The Relationship between the Development of Kingship and Local Landmarks in Early Ancient

Egypt: A Case Study of Elephantine

Zhao Yi(66)

Europe-AmericaStudies

Diseases, Death and Transformation of Religious Faith in Early American South

Ding Jianmin(75)

The Non-Governmental Organizations as Puppets of the U.S. Cultural Cold War: Franklin Book

Program

Chang Beibei(86)

The Argentine New Left’s Interpretation of the “Third World” Concept

Xia Tingting(95)

Henry II’s Judicial Reform and Property Right Protection

Li Bin and Gao Lu(104)

TheAncientandModernSilkRoadStudies

Albert Einstein’s Resistance and Criticism on Ultranationalism

Li Yemeng(114)

EnglishAbstract

TotalContents2022

“HistoricalTheoryResearchofNENU”ForumHeldintheSchoolofHistoryandCultureof

NortheastNormalUniversity

Cover Ⅱ

AfterwordtoTheStudyofJapan

Cover Ⅲ

SUMMARIESOFARTICLES

JapaneseMarineDistressReliefPolicyinHeianPeriod

Jin Hongpei and Wang Dandan

After the Battle of Baekgang， an international order centered on the Tang Dynasty was established in East Asia， and various countries engaged in extensive exchanges in politics， trade and culture through the media of the sea. The prosperous marine activities also resulted in frequent shipwrecks. Shipwrecks and refugees from the Tang， Song， Silla， Goryeo and Bohai constantly appeared along the coast of Japan. In accordance with the principle of “generosity”， Japan has adopted relief procedures for foreign victims who have drifted to Japan， such as food aid， examination and interrogation， and repatriation.Through the aid to the sea refugees， The Japanese authorities highlight their benevolent international image， improve their international status， promote foreign trade and cultural exchanges， and enhance their international influence in East Asia.

TheTransformationofEastAsianTradeinthe18thand19thCenturiesandtheEvolutionofJapan’sInternalandExternalConsciousness

Qu Liang

In the early 18th and 19th centuries， as consumer goods replaced luxury goods as the main source of trade， Britain， the United States， Russia and France competed over fur and whaling in the North Pacific， it also promoted the change of tributary trade and Japanese trade. This not only made Japan’s domestic trade order from the 18th century with China as the center to absorb foreign market gradually into an expanding market that the western and Japan to join and play the regional efficiency of the outward expansion of the market， it has also stimulated a shift in their internal and external consciousness. Because of the huge profits from trading with fur， the real source of fur was not in the territory of Japan at that time， but in its so-called northern region， in the late 18th century and the early 19th century， as the fur trade competition between Britain， the United States and Russia intensified in the North Pacific， Japan gradually brought into its real control and development the land that it did not want to govern， this broke the modern Japan to abide by the lock-up pattern. The whaling crisis prompted the shogunate to launch Ogasawara Islands investigations into the expediency of whaling and to assert its territorial and diplomatic interests， it not only laid the foundation for the introduction of Ogasawara sovereignty into the Meiji era， but also foreshadowed the active participation of modern Japan in the struggle for resources and territory outside its territory.

ChangesinHistoryTextbooksofPublicSchoolsinKwantungLeasedTerritoryandManchuriaRailwayDependencies

Gu Liwei

Japan established the Public schools in Northeast China after the Russo-Japanese War. Since the 1920s， public schools used history textbooks compiled independently in order to highlight the history of Jurchen to establish an independent regime three times. The ultimate goal was to strengthen historical relations between Northeast China and Japan. On the other hand， due to the fact that Manchurian Railway was surrounded by Chinese residential areas， Japanese educational institutions used history textbooks compiled by the Republic of China， in which Three Principles of the People and some narratives against Japan were deleted in order to avoid stimulating anti-japanese sentiments. After the Mukden Incident， the Textbook Editorial Department of Southern Manchuria Education Association issued a new History， in which Manchuria history was independent in the first volume， while in the second volume China was included in the category of Oriental history， side by side with Japanese and Korean history. The new History was used in Northeast China before the compilation of National Textbooks completed， the purpose of which was to cut off China’s internal connections and graft Manchuria history and Japanese history. This was the main content of Japan’s policy of invading Manchuria and Mongolia.

TheDiscussionontheEthicalConceptof“PublicandPrivate”amongJapaneseIntellectualsafterWorldWarII：CenteredontheThesisofMizoguchiYuzo

Wu Yadan

How to break through the framework of eurocentrism and explore the principle of modernization of Asian countries were the focus issues discussed by the intellectual circle in the reflection of modern social trend of thought in Japan after World War II. On the basis of inheriting and revising the Chinese studies of Takeuchi Yoshimi and Shimada Kenji， Mizoguchi adopted the methods of “mutual differentiation” and “multiple world Views” to study the ethical concept of “public and private” in the development of Chinese pre-modern thought. By combing and analyzing the evolution of the concept of “public and private” in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties， Mizoguchi outlined the trajectory of China’s modernization from “village public theory” at the end of the Ming Dynasty to “public revolution” at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Although Mizoguchi sought another possibility of China’s modernization from the standpoint of Asian countries， there were some fallacy in his construction of China and modern concepts， such as the orientalist thinking of self orientalization and the understanding of ideational “modern”. It is undeniable that Mizoguchi’s schema of exploring the “principles” of modern China provides us with inspiration to study the modernization of other Asian countries.

AStudyontheprocessofEstablishmentabouttheTributaryRelationshipbetweenMingDynastyandChosunDynasty

Huang Biao

Abstract：At the beginning of the establishment of Chosun Dynasty， due to the legitimacy of the regime， territorial disputes and so on， t Ming Dynasty refused to accept Chosun Dynasty into the Tributary System. However， Ming Dynasty and Chosun Dynasty have no formal relations， They both made full use of the ethical rules when dealing with practical problems. After the Jingnan Campaign， Formal Tributary Relationship between the two countries were established， and both sides made full use of the ethical rules to achieve their own goals. After the coup of the two counties， Yongle Emperor and Li Fangyuan quickly rebuilt the Tributary Relationship， which not only provided the external support for their usurpation， but also confirmed the legitimacy of each other， and set a model for the extension of the East Asian Tributary System in the pre-modern East Asian world.

OntheReasonsoftheGovernmentoftheRomanEmpireSignedthePeaceTreatyof382A.D.

Dong Xiaojia

Valens， the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire， died in the war with the Goths in 378 A.D. in Adrianople. After a war lasting three years， Theodosius I， the successor of Valens， made a peace treaty with the Goths in 382 A. D. The reasons of the Eastern Roman Empire signed the Peace Treaty of 382 A. D. included the external factor and the internal factor. The external factor was the unfavorable strategic environment which the Eastern Roman Empire faced in the Balkan during the war. The fortuity of the succession of Theodosius I was the internal factor. If the war could not win some decisive victories and was prolonged， the legality and stability of his throne would suffer damage.

TheStrategicPositionoftheCity-StatesofPhilistinesin8th—7thCenturyBCE

Ma Yizhou

Among the Sea People， the Philistines came to Palestine in the 13th century BC， and settled in the south of the there. Taking advantage of the superior location and the fine environment， they made there the important trade routes and field of economic-crops. Neo-Assyria empire invaded the city-states of Philistines in order to expand its territory and get more resource in the 8th century BC； but this threatened the security and damaged the economic interest of the surrounding powers， especially Egypt and Judah. They fought against each other for the control of Palestinian city-states. Combing the relevant ancient documents， this article tried to explore the military and economic struggle for city-states of Philistines， and discuss their strategic position in the 8th to 7th century BC.

TheRelationshipbetweentheDevelopmentofKingshipandLocalLandmarksinEarlyAncientEgypt：ACaseStudyofElephantine

Zhao Yi

Scholarly studies of ancient Egyptian kingship have tended to focus on the symbols， texts and manifestations of kingship’s sacredness， and less on the architecture associated with the kingship itself and its development， particularly in the border areas away from the capital. Elephantine， on the southern border of Egypt， is an excellent example of this， both in terms of its location and in terms of the conditions it possessed. This paper therefore examines the development and evolution of landmarks on the island of Elephantine from the Early Dynastic period to the end of the Old Kingdom in an attempt to explore how kingship influenced the development of local landmarks in terms of its ideological manifestations， the demands of kingship in terms of economic attributes and the impact of the collapse of kingship itself， in order to gain a clear understanding of how kingship influenced the development of local landmarks. The purpose is to gain a clear understanding of how kingship influenced the development of local landmarks.

Diseases，DeathandTransformationofReligiousFaithinEarlyAmericanSouth

Ding Jianmin

During 18thand early 19thCenturies， Anglican Church sent their clergymen from Britain to the south of North America， who had to face with great challenges of various diseases such as Yellow Fever， malaria and dysentery. These foreign missionaries had been tortured by serious illness and suffered to death in different parishes. Illness and death forced them to change air from their own parishes to other healthy areas such as interior uplands and inlands， Barbados， Bermuda and other Caribbean Islands， eventually Great Britain. The result is， clergy vacancy became so common in southern parishes in North America that a few surviving clergymen tried to satisfied the people’s religious and social needs unsuccessfully. So many people turned to Protestant denominations for help.Protestant sects especially the baptists， recruited their clergymen from North America who had adapted to the local climate and environment， thus attracting many persons to change their faith. Until early 19thCentury， Protestant denominations had become the leading churches which realized the nativization of religious faith in American South.

TheNon-GovernmentalOrganizationasPuppetoftheU.S.CulturalColdWar：FranklinBookProgram

Chang Beibei

At the beginning of the cold war， the U.S. government launched a large-scale psychological warfare to carry out propaganda of ideology， culture and values， as the most popular cultural media in the world at that time， books were brought into the cold war strategy. The U.S. government organized and carried out a huge overseas book program， using both official forces and non-governmental organizations to spread the “selected” books carrying the purpose of American cultural propaganda to all corners of the cold war. Non governmental organizations play an irreplaceable role in the overall cold war process. They are the hidden tools of American Cold War cultural propaganda， of which the Franklin book program is a classic case. This program hides the government propaganda under the superficial non-governmental behavior. As the agent of the U.S. government， Franklin book programs translated and distributed a large number of American books in developing areas around the world， promoting the development of American cultural publicity activities， and weakening prejudice and anti American sentiment towards the western world， and increasing the probability of local pro American or “Democratic Movement”； at the same time， it also opened the overseas market of American books， and established a large number of business contacts and communication channels， and laid the foundation for the continuous development of American overseas book programs. Under the disguise of so-called private activities， American propagandists practiced their overall cold war strategy in a more covert and cunning way.

TheArgentineNewLeft’sInterpretationofthe“ThirdWorld”Concept

Xia Tingting

The concept of “Third World” originated in the Cold War period and has been widely disseminated and practiced all over the world. The path of understanding and disseminating this concept in Latin American countries has its own characteristics， and the Argentine New Left is one of the typical cases. In the mid-20th century， Argentina gradually formed new leftists such as theological leftists， Peronist leftists， and new Marxist-Leninist leftists. Based on their own knowledge structures and political positions， they interpreted and understood the “Third World” from the perspectives of poverty， cultural colonization， and dependency theory， which reflects the deformation of the “Third World” concept in Argentine left-wing thoughts. Behind this “deformation”， it reflects Argentina’s unique political development process.

HenryII’sJudicialReformandPropertyRightProtection

Li Bin and Gao Lu

In the second half of the 12th century， Henry II， the King of England， carried out judicial reform in England， introducing the circuit court， jury system and writ system into the judicial proceedings. These not only improved the efficiency of the judicial trial and increased the benefits brought by the judicial trial， but also made the royal court absorb a large number of lawsuits， thus allowing the royal court to gain an advantage in the competition with the church court， the lord court and other court system. With the expansion of the royal judicial power， the ranks of judicial officials belonging to the king were expanded， and the centralization of power was strengthened. However， the expansion of the royal judicial power did not infringe the property rights of the free people and Villan. On the contrary， their property rights were strengthened by the improvement of judicial procedures and the judicialization of writs. The protection of property rights has laid a legal foundation for the rise of a civil society different from kings， great nobles and churches.

AlbertEinstein’sResistanceandCriticismonUltranationalism

Li Yemeng

Albert Einstein， one of the greatest scientists in the world’s scientific community， he also gave deep concern tothefateoftheHumanCommunity. As a Jew and an internationalist， he dissociates himself from Nationality and Internationality， his criticism of ultranationalism runs through his whole humanistic thought system. This paper takes Einstein’s understanding of German nationalism as a starting point to analyze his struggle against white racism in the United States， and then explore his views on the Israel-Palestine issue， especially his attitude towards Jewish nationalism.