吳春花

《建筑技藝》（AT）執(zhí)行主編

江立敏

同濟(jì)大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院（集團(tuán)）有限公司副總建筑師

過去三年的新冠疫情，不僅對(duì)城市和社會(huì)造成了沖擊，也在大學(xué)校園中產(chǎn)生了一些影響，引發(fā)了建筑師和規(guī)劃師群體對(duì)大學(xué)校園中韌性、恢復(fù)性與可持續(xù)性的探討。為此，本期特別邀請(qǐng)同濟(jì)大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院（集團(tuán)）有限公司副總建筑師、建筑設(shè)計(jì)四院院長江立敏作為客座主編，從認(rèn)知、理念到規(guī)劃、建筑實(shí)踐來對(duì)韌性校園進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理與呈現(xiàn)。

韌性校園理念引申拓展自“韌性城市”概念，“韌性城市”是指城市能夠憑自身的能力抵御災(zāi)害、減輕災(zāi)害損失，并合理調(diào)配資源以從災(zāi)害中快速恢復(fù)過來。韌性（Resilience）包含彈性、適應(yīng)性、可持續(xù)發(fā)展等概念。當(dāng)代中國的大學(xué)校園是一個(gè)建成環(huán)境與使用者高度聚集的活力社區(qū)和空間，具備一定的城市和社會(huì)空間屬性。當(dāng)我們將“韌性城市”概念引申到校園環(huán)境——“韌性校園”，指大學(xué)校園中的系統(tǒng)與要素在面臨重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，仍能保持適應(yīng)性和彈性，維持校園內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)、科研與生活的持續(xù)運(yùn)作，具備動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整、變化以適應(yīng)外在環(huán)境的能力。

在當(dāng)下這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，韌性校園的討論部分緣起自新冠疫情的沖擊，我們看到黃獻(xiàn)明等從疫情災(zāi)害視角介紹了康復(fù)大學(xué)規(guī)劃，劉宇波等以華南理工大學(xué)為例基于人流模擬方法進(jìn)行了疫情防控的專項(xiàng)研究。但是面對(duì)未來，我們更需要關(guān)注校園系統(tǒng)未來發(fā)展的體系。江立敏嘗試系統(tǒng)梳理韌性校園的概念內(nèi)涵與核心議題，并在此基礎(chǔ)上嘗試提出韌性校園的規(guī)劃框架和內(nèi)容及規(guī)劃方法初探。高崧、袁瑋從彈性設(shè)計(jì)角度提出的《韌性大學(xué)校園認(rèn)知》與董丹申結(jié)合實(shí)踐闡述的《韌性大學(xué)校園中營造和合共生》，針對(duì)如何認(rèn)知韌性校園及怎樣從規(guī)劃、建筑角度聚焦大學(xué)校園面臨的宏觀挑戰(zhàn)與微觀議題進(jìn)行了深入討論。

回到韌性校園的規(guī)劃，涵蓋策劃、規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)營與管理、調(diào)整與更新等全生命周期階段，需要在不斷的運(yùn)行與反饋、韌性挑戰(zhàn)沖擊后調(diào)整與適應(yīng)，在面向未來發(fā)展目標(biāo)的審視中動(dòng)態(tài)更新。其中，動(dòng)態(tài)一方面指應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)和擾動(dòng)時(shí)的動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整和閾值空間，另一方面指在全生命周期內(nèi)的動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整和學(xué)習(xí)適應(yīng)。在已經(jīng)建成使用的北京電影學(xué)院懷柔新校區(qū)與剛剛建成的中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)高新園區(qū)學(xué)生生活社區(qū)中，建筑師們根據(jù)不同院校的特點(diǎn)大膽嘗試了集約、開放、復(fù)合、共享的設(shè)計(jì)，并通過使用后評(píng)估加以驗(yàn)證。

過去三年的經(jīng)歷觸發(fā)了很多新的思考，也激發(fā)我們探索更可持續(xù)、更具韌性的校園規(guī)劃建設(shè)，相信未來可期。

The COVID-19 epidemic has not only impacted cities and societies but also had effects on university campuses,prompting architects and planners to explore resilience,recovery and sustainability of university campuses.In this issue,we invite Jiang Limin as the guest editor-in-chief to sort out and present resilient campuses from awareness and concept to planning and practice.

The concept of "resilient campus" is derived from "resilient city",which refers to a city's ability to withstand disasters on its own,mitigate damage and rationally deploy resources to recover quickly from disasters.While "resilient campus" means that the systems and elements of a campus remain adaptable and resilient in the face of risks and challenges,and can maintain continuous operation,with the ability to dynamically adjust to adapt to the external environment.

At this point,the discussion of resilient campus is partly due to COVID-19.Huang Xianming et al.introduce Rehabilitation University planning from an epidemic disaster perspective.Liu Yubo et al.introduce a study on epidemic prevention and control based on a pedestrian flow simulation method.But we also need to focus more on the system for the future development of campuses.Jiang Limin sorts out the conceptual connotation and core issues and propose a planning framework and content for the resilient campus.Gao Song and Yuan Wei put forward the concept of resilient university campus from the aspect of resilient design.Dong Danshen elaborates on the idea of creating harmonious symbiosis in the resilient campus.

The resilient campus planning covers the entire lifecycle of planning,design,operation,management,adjustment and renovation.It needs adjustment and adaptation after the impact of challenges,and dynamic updates toward future goals.The "dynamism" refers to both the dynamic adjustment and threshold range in response to emergencies and disturbances,and the dynamic adjustment and learning adaptation during the whole lifecycle.In the Huairou Campus of Beijing Film Academy,and the student living community of the University of Science and Technology of China,the architects have boldly used intensive,open,composite and shared design strategies according to the campus characteristics,and verified them through post-use evaluations.