浙江 林 妮

通過對(duì)近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)真題的分析和研究，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)高考英語(yǔ)聽力試題總體上難度適中，話題廣泛，時(shí)代性強(qiáng)，風(fēng)格穩(wěn)定。聽力話題基本圍繞學(xué)生的日常生活，涉及學(xué)習(xí)生活、就餐出行、就診購(gòu)物、相約見面、新工作狀況等。在2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷的聽力試題中，還涉及電話咨詢銀行開戶，參加畢業(yè)典禮，以及以“痛苦也能帶來快樂”為話題的節(jié)目主持人的獨(dú)白。聽力部分仍是10 段聽力材料，其中5 段材料較短，另外5 段較長(zhǎng)。聽力的語(yǔ)速較慢，平均語(yǔ)速為130 詞/分。題目類型是以《考試大綱》列出的考生應(yīng)該掌握的四項(xiàng)聽力技能為基礎(chǔ)的四大類：主旨要義題，事實(shí)性具體信息題，推理判斷題，觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題，目的意圖題。筆者將2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷的聽力真題給學(xué)習(xí)水平為中等層次的高一學(xué)生測(cè)試后，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤率較高的題目都集中在需要應(yīng)用有形推斷和無形推斷的題目上。為了能夠更好地指導(dǎo)考生解答此類題目，筆者在有形推斷所包含的一意多詞、熟詞生義和信息轉(zhuǎn)換及無形推斷所涉及的話題語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)法句型和話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)方面進(jìn)行了研究和總結(jié)。

一、有形推斷

（一）一意多詞

聽力原文和聽力題目的選項(xiàng)中常常有近義詞交替出現(xiàn)，這些詞往往是一意多詞，且有這種詞出現(xiàn)的選項(xiàng)多為正確答案。例如：2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷聽力部分第4 題和第17 題。

4.What will Jim probably do this weekend?

A.Finish a project.

B.Take a class.

C.Have a rest.

W: Hi,Jim.How’s your new job going?

M: It’s very exciting,and I’m really learning a lot.But it’s also quite tiring.I feel like a good break this weekend.

此例中，C 選項(xiàng)中的rest 和對(duì)話中的break 是同義詞，意為“休息”，因此正確答案為C。

17.What is Peter going to do this afternoon?

A.Hold a dinner.

B.Give Sally a call.

C.Attend a meeting.

M: Good point.Yikes! It’s already 12:30.I have to go now.I have an important meeting this afternoon.Tell Jim I said hi,and I’ll call you so we can have dinner sometime.

W: Great.And say hi to Sally and the kids.See you.

M: See you.

第17 題問的是Peter 下午將做什么，聽力文本中的“I have an important meeting this afternoon.”與C選項(xiàng)中的“Attend a meeting”為同義詞組，意為“參加會(huì)議”，因此正確答案為C。

（二）熟詞生義

有時(shí)，聽力原文中包含的解題關(guān)鍵詞，在文本中的意思并不是這個(gè)詞的最常用含義，而是二級(jí)、三級(jí)含義。例如：2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷聽力部分第6 題和第7 題。

6.What does the woman want to do?

A.Open a bank account.

B.Cancel a credit card.

C.Withdraw some money.

7.Where will the woman go?

A.Brown College.

B.Dudley Road.

C.Kingfield Street.

M: Hello,City Bank.Can I help you?

W: Hi.I’m calling for information on opening a savings account.

M: Have you had any accounts in our bank before?

W: No,I don’t think so.

M: Then you’ll have to go in person to one of our branches and talk to a clerk there.

W: I see.Is there a bank near Brown College?

M:We have one branch at 135 Dudley Road and one at 512 Kingfield Street.

W: I think I will go to the one on Dudley.Thank you

此例中，account 意為“賬戶”，branch 意為“支行”，都是熟詞生義，了解它們?cè)谖谋局械囊馑?，是答?duì)上述兩道題的關(guān)鍵。

（三）信息轉(zhuǎn)換

聽力題目通常會(huì)以原文中涉及的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式、程度、數(shù)字、選擇等來提問，如：

When does this meeting start?

Where are the speakers going?

Why is the man unhappy?

How much is the T-shirt?

What day is it today?

...

信息題除了涉及基本的計(jì)算和轉(zhuǎn)換外，也存在一些設(shè)題規(guī)律，如三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容在原文中都有提到，但往往最后提到的才是正確答案，例如：2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷聽力部分第2 題。

2.What will Jeff take to school tomorrow?

A.An apple pie.

B.A carrot cake.

C.A roast chicken.

M: What are you cooking? It smells delicious!

W: I’m making a carrot cake.

M: Nice! I see a roast chicken and an apple pie over there,too.

W: The chicken is for dinner,and the pie is for Jeff.He has to take something to school tomorrow.

此例中先提到女士正在做a carrot cake，然后提到晚餐吃a roast chicken，最后提到an apple pie 是給Jeff的。考生需要耐心地聽完全部?jī)?nèi)容，才能選對(duì)答案，千萬不能先入為主，聽到啥就選啥。

二、無形推斷

（一）話題語(yǔ)境

考生應(yīng)注意題目的背景聲音，說話人的語(yǔ)氣、語(yǔ)調(diào)和重音。對(duì)話或獨(dú)白往往發(fā)生在一定的場(chǎng)景中，例如談?wù)撎鞖狻柭?、?gòu)物、事務(wù)安排，因此考生應(yīng)該結(jié)合聽力對(duì)話或獨(dú)白的場(chǎng)景來解答相應(yīng)的試題。例如：2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷聽力部分第18 題和第20 題。

18.What is Jennifer Green doing?

A.Conducting a class.

B.Presenting a speaker.

C.Recommending a book.

20.What is Professor Bastian going to do next?

A.Share his stories.

B.Discuss his plans.

C.Explain his views.

W:Good evening,everyone.I’m Jennifer Green.Thanks for joining us.In today’s edition of Perfect Life,our guest is Brock Bastian,a social psychologist from the University of Melbourne.Professor Bastian’s research focuses on pain,happiness,and morality.Recently,he published a book on the role of pain in promoting pleasure.The title of the book is The Other Side of Happiness.In this book,he argues that as we seek to escape pain or sorrow,we are weakening ourselves and may lose our adaptive ability to deal with pain in the future.Painful experiences are in fact vital for our development and how we face the unavoidable challenges ahead.And they play a key role in helping us develop our ability to feel truly happy.Now,let’s welcome Professor Bastian to talk about his ideas in the book.

此例中，獨(dú)白的開場(chǎng)語(yǔ)為問候語(yǔ)“Good evening,everyone.”，緊接著介紹到“In today’s edition of Perfect Life,our guest is Brock Bastian”，根據(jù)說話人的語(yǔ)氣和介紹嘉賓的內(nèi)容，考生可以推斷出此處場(chǎng)景應(yīng)是在為一位嘉賓做開場(chǎng)介紹“Presenting a speaker.”，因此第18 題的正確答案為B。而獨(dú)白的最后一句 “Now,let’s welcome Professor Bastian to talk about his ideas in the book.”體現(xiàn)出接下來的事務(wù)安排是歡迎教授闡述他書本里的觀點(diǎn)，因此第20 題的正確答案為C。

（二）語(yǔ)法句型

考生應(yīng)注意特殊詞匯和句型。句子的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、語(yǔ)態(tài)經(jīng)常決定著說話者的意圖，考生應(yīng)多留意would rather，I wish，If I were 等表示與事實(shí)相反的表達(dá)方式，這有利于考生快速準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行解題。例如：2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷聽力部分第12 題和第13 題。

12.What does the man suggest the woman do?

A.Arrive early.

B.Sit near the stage.

C.Take some pictures.

13.What is the relationship between the speakers?

A.Brother and sister.

B.Fellow teachers.

C.Schoolmates.

M: Hi,Annie.That’s a very lovely bunch of flowers.

W: It’s for my sister.It’s her graduation day today.

M: It must have cost you a fortune.

W: I paid 60 dollars for it,but it’s worth it.Jane worked very hard for her degree over the last four years.Today is a very important day for her,and I want it to be special.

M: That’s very nice of you.I wish it were our graduation day too.

W: Another three years and we’ll be done too.

M: Where are they going to hold the graduation ceremony?

W: In the conference hall at 2:00 p.m.It’ll be a big ceremony.

M:I guess you should be there early.Otherwise,you won’t get a seat.

W: Yes,I’ll try to find a seat close to the stage.I want to take some good pictures of my sister.

M: Have fun,Annie.Give Jane my best wishes.

W: Thanks.Bye,Steve.

此例中，第12 題題干問的是男士建議女士做什么，根據(jù)原文中“I guess you should be there early.Otherwise,you won’t get a seat.”用表示建議的句型“I guess you should”和虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型 “Otherwise,you won’t” 可知，男士建議女士早點(diǎn)到場(chǎng)，否則就沒有座位了，因此第12 題的正確答案為A。第13 題考查推斷說話者之間的關(guān)系，根據(jù)男士所說的“I wish it were our graduation day too.”（我多么希望這也是我們的畢業(yè)典禮）可知，說話者之間的關(guān)系是校友，“I wish it were”是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型，因此第13 題的正確答案為C。

（三）話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)

聽力文本中的話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)指的是連接文本但無實(shí)際意義的詞語(yǔ)，它們有助于聽者理解文本，不同的話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)在聽力文本中有著不同的語(yǔ)用功能。闡述性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)主要用于連接句子、預(yù)測(cè)信息與解釋信息，如and，or，like，I’m afraid，also，I’m sorry，either，excuse me，as well as；對(duì)比性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)主要用來對(duì)比信息或轉(zhuǎn)換主題，如but，if，however，though，even；推論性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用功能是推導(dǎo)信息，如so，because/because of，since，probably，therefore；語(yǔ)篇性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)多用于指明順序和構(gòu)筑語(yǔ)篇，如then，when，now，next，before，after，firstly，secondly，first of all；填充性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用功能為延緩語(yǔ)氣，也有問候的功能，如well，oh，OK，hello，yeah，hi，I see，after all，anyway，hmm，wow；自我評(píng)價(jià)性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)用來揭示主觀情感，如I think，I’m sure，I hope，I suppose，I guess；強(qiáng)調(diào)性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)，如really，very，quite，actually，in fact，as a matter of fact，extremely。例如：2022 年1 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷聽力部分第14 題和第16 題。

14.How does Laura sound at the beginning of the conversation?

A.Anxious. B.Regretful. C.Surprised.

16.Why did Jim choose to work from home?

A.To look after the kids.

B.To get more sleep.

C.To accompany his wife.

W:Oh,I can’t believe it! Peter,I haven’t seen you for ages.How are you?

M: Hi,Laura.Nice to meet you here.I’m pretty good.How about you?

W: I’m fine.It’s really great to see you.Do you have time to sit down?

M: I was leaving,but I can join you for a few minutes.

W: Great.So tell me,how’s your family?

M: Well,it keeps getting bigger.We have four kids now,all boys.

W: Four boys? I suppose they keep you busy.

M: They sure do.The baby is only one month old,so Sally is not working right now.And what’s new with you and Jim?

W:Believe it or not,he’s home with the kids.

M: You’re kidding!

W: No,I’m not.Jim chose to work from home so we could spend less on child care.I love it because he does all the shopping and cleaning.

此例中，第14 題考查推斷說話者的態(tài)度，根據(jù)Laura所 說 的“Oh,I can’t believe it! Peter,I haven’t seen you for ages.”可知，Laura 很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒有見到男士了，見到男士時(shí)她感到非常驚訝，其中包含填充性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)“Oh”，語(yǔ)用功能為問候，及自我評(píng)價(jià)性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)“I can’t believe it!”用來揭示驚訝的主觀情感，因此第14 題的正確答案為C。第16 題問的是Jim 選擇在家工作的原因，原文中“Believe it or not,he’s home with the kids....Jim chose to work from home so we could spend less on child care.”包含強(qiáng)調(diào)性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)“Believe it or not”用于強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)，及推論性話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)“so”，其語(yǔ)用功能為推導(dǎo)信息，因此，根據(jù)so 后的“we could spend less on child care”可知Jim居家辦公可以節(jié)省照看孩子的費(fèi)用，因此推斷出他居家辦公的原因是照看孩子，因此第16 題的正確答案為A。