山東 李全忠

?題型概述

概要寫作是在準(zhǔn)確理解原文的前提下，確定文章要點(diǎn)，去除文章中次要的內(nèi)容，只留文章框架的寫作，詞數(shù)60 左右，應(yīng)涵蓋文章全部要點(diǎn)，并使用自己的語言進(jìn)行表述。

概要寫作必須忠實(shí)于原文，既不能遺漏任何要點(diǎn)，也不能隨意添加內(nèi)容。根據(jù)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)劃分文章的自然段，意義段的數(shù)量對應(yīng)的就是要點(diǎn)的數(shù)量。一個(gè)自然段不一定是一個(gè)要點(diǎn)：有時(shí)幾個(gè)自然段說明一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，有時(shí)一個(gè)自然段包含數(shù)個(gè)要點(diǎn)。

?寫作步驟

第1步 明確主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)

在進(jìn)行概要寫作之前，一定要先通讀原文，在準(zhǔn)確理解原文的前提下把握文章的主旨和整體結(jié)構(gòu)，再根據(jù)文章的體裁特點(diǎn)來決定內(nèi)容的取舍。

第2步 提煉各段要點(diǎn)

明確文章主題和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)后，先找出各段的主旨句，同時(shí)標(biāo)注與主旨相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，最后利用這些關(guān)鍵詞，用自己的語言重組段落要點(diǎn)。歸納的要點(diǎn)往往是這些詞句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，原文描述性的語言、細(xì)節(jié)性的信息等不需要出現(xiàn)在要點(diǎn)中。

第3步 轉(zhuǎn)換詞語和句式

利用同義詞、近義詞或反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)鍵詞，并將提煉出的要點(diǎn)利用相似句型轉(zhuǎn)換、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換（主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)句或被動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換為主動(dòng)句），利用非謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞短語對句子進(jìn)行簡化或者利用定語從句、狀語從句或主語從句合并句子，將原文要點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換為自己的語言。

第4步 恰當(dāng)銜接過渡

在概要寫作中，可以利用語法銜接和過渡詞銜接等手段，使各要點(diǎn)之間過渡合理，銜接連貫。

?寫作微技能

一、概要寫作句式

1.記敘文

點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：

The writer tells us...(主題)by showing us an example of...,who/which...(故事情節(jié))

作者經(jīng)歷類：

In the passage,the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing...,which...

他人經(jīng)歷類：

This passage is mainly about sb's experience of doing...

2.議論文

The article gives the view that...should/shouldn't...(主題)...(補(bǔ)充論據(jù))

The passage highlights the importance of...

The author argues that...

3.說明文

現(xiàn)象解釋類：

This article points out the common phenomenon...(主題),which...(補(bǔ)充解釋)

利弊對比類：

The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.

The passage discusses the impact of...On the positive side...,but it may also...

研究顯示類：

The study reveals that...

The purpose of the report is to show that...

二、定位主題句的常用方法

主題句是指能夠概括全文或者整個(gè)段落的關(guān)鍵句。一篇文章通常由若干個(gè)自然段組成。段落首句或段落末句常為主題句，當(dāng)然也有一些主題句出現(xiàn)在自然段的中間。

1.關(guān)注表順序及舉例類的標(biāo)志詞【例1】

To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are quite expensive. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time... Further,electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete(廢棄的)so quickly.

該段的第一句提出應(yīng)避免投資仍處于前期研發(fā)階段的科技產(chǎn)品，接著列舉三點(diǎn)來論證其弊端。first、plus、further等表示順序的連接詞表明此段的構(gòu)段方式為總分關(guān)系，首句是主題句，其他句子是支撐句。

在英文中，大部分段落的首句是主題句，其他句子是支撐句。除了關(guān)注上文提及的first、plus、further 等表示順序的標(biāo)志詞，還可以關(guān)注for example、for instance、take...as an example等表示舉例類的標(biāo)志詞，這些詞的上文很可能是主題句。

2.關(guān)注總結(jié)類的標(biāo)志詞

【例2】

Working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can't bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.

該段第一、二句是具體、細(xì)節(jié)性的表達(dá)。第三句用Therefore 引出結(jié)論：別著急，放慢生活節(jié)奏。所以，該段的末句是主題句。

主題句也常位于段中或段末，通常對前面所述內(nèi)容起總結(jié)作用，段落前面幾句則是具體、細(xì)節(jié)性的表達(dá)，這是寫作中的一種歸納方法。同時(shí)還可以關(guān)注so、therefore、thus、as a result、in a word、to conclude 等標(biāo)志詞，這些詞后往往接對前文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，很可能是主題句。

3.關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折類的標(biāo)志詞

【例3】

Some parents are kind, but not firm. Others are firm, but not kind. Many parents go from one extreme to the other, either being too kind until they can't stand their children or being too firm until they can't stand themselves.However,the trick of effective parenting is to find the sweet spot by being kind and firm at the same time.

該段第一句指出有些父母友善但不嚴(yán)格，第二句指出還有些父母嚴(yán)格但不友善，第三句指出很多父母在教養(yǎng)子女上會走極端，第四句出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞However，筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，提出有效的養(yǎng)育技巧是找到友善和嚴(yán)格的“甜區(qū)”。顯然，第四句是該段的主題句。

關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折類的標(biāo)志詞，例如but、however、yet、anyhow、nevertheless、on the contrary等，通常這些詞的前后大多是段落的主題句。先給出話題，然后通過轉(zhuǎn)折類連接詞切入作者的觀點(diǎn)，也就是主題句。

4.關(guān)注問答處

【例4】

So what can people do to help avoid food shocks? Making agriculture efficient is one choice.But one of the most effective ways to fight against food shocks might be to cut down on food waste.“If we could cut food waste in half,”said Seth Cook,a British environmental scientist,“we could feed an extra billion people.”

該段的第一句提出問題：如何避免食物沖擊？第二、三句做出回答，提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率和減少食物浪費(fèi)可以解決這個(gè)問題；第四句是引語部分，可以忽略，故該段的主題句是第一、二、三句。

作者提出問題，并做出相應(yīng)的回答，問題和回答即是段落的要點(diǎn)。

三、概要寫作句子改寫

1.同義替換法

Tom thought of an idea.

→An idea occurred to Tom.

2.正話反說法

I think wealth is less important than health.

→I don't think wealth is more important than health.

3.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法

Your suggestions are super valuable.

→Your suggestions are of great value.

4.利用介詞短語法

We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.

→With so many people helping us,we are sure to finish it in time.

5.句式變化法

（1）語態(tài)變換

It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

→Computers are widely used in the world today.

（2）簡單句變復(fù)合句

The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.

→The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.

（3）連詞銜接

He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.

→He insisted on staying rather than going.

（4）詞序改變

Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.

→Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.

（5）利用特殊句式

Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating,too.

→Jim wants to go boating and so do his parents.

四、過渡銜接詞

表并列順承：moreover、besides、in addition、on the one hand...on the other hand、for one thing...for another(thing)、firstly、secondly等。

表轉(zhuǎn)折：however、instead、on the contrary、yet等。

表因果關(guān)系：because、therefore、so、as a result、thus等。

表總結(jié)：in short、to conclude、in conclusion、all in all、to sum up、in a word等。

表舉例：for example、for instance等。

?案例導(dǎo)學(xué)

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

Not setting homework can be impossible in certain situations. There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the following: homework is a perfect opportunity to review what was done with the teacher, and rethink and develop that initial input; homework offers a moment for students to work as individuals and develop self-governance outside the classroom; students and parents expect homework to be set and graded.Nevertheless,the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.

There are two key issues which need to be raised when dealing with the concept of homework. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often, homework is not done at home at all,but at a friend's house,on the way back home or to class.Additionally,for it to be done effectively at home, homework often requires adults' involvement. Parents aren't always available,for some very valid reasons,and a tutor's ability to aid and guide may be limited in many ways.

If the idea of“home”can be problematic, so can the concept of“work”. Very often there is so much for students to do.Demand on their time means homework is usually something to get out of the way as fast as possible. It is not always seen as useful time spent strengthening what is done in class, but rather as something quickly finished. It might be correct or not, copied from a friend or from the Internet. But the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result, the task achieved: How much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate, even when work clearly falls below standard. Teachers and students are happy because everyone has officially fulfilled their commitment.

The ideal that students go home, review what they have learned from their teachers and use the great resources to put everything they have learned in class into practice,doesn't often happen with some students.All in all,the desired effects of homework cannot be guaranteed.

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?寫作導(dǎo)引

第1步 明確主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)

體裁話題時(shí)態(tài)人稱議論文家庭作業(yè)有優(yōu)點(diǎn)，也有不可忽視的缺點(diǎn)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱

第2步 提煉各段要點(diǎn)

1. There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the advantages that homework brings about.2.Nevertheless,the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.3. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often, homework is not done at home at all,but at a friend's house,on the way back home or to class.4. Additionally, for it to be done effectively at home, homework often requires adults' involvement. Parents aren't always available and a tutor's ability to aid and guide may be limited in many ways.5. But the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result,the task achieved:How much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate,even when work clearly falls below standard.6.All in all,the desired effects of homework cannot be guaranteed.Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4

第3步 轉(zhuǎn)換詞語和句式

要點(diǎn)1、2構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，要點(diǎn)3、4、5構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，分別陳述家庭作業(yè)的不同缺點(diǎn)，要點(diǎn)6 進(jìn)行總結(jié)。以下是各要點(diǎn)的句式轉(zhuǎn)換：

√要點(diǎn)1、2 可轉(zhuǎn)換為Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected.

√要點(diǎn)3、4、5 可轉(zhuǎn)換為Homework is often done outside home and without guidance,and it can't be done effectively. The efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess,so everybody is happy when seeing it finished,regardless of the quality.

√要點(diǎn)6可轉(zhuǎn)換為The e xpected effects of homework are rarely achieved.

第4步 恰當(dāng)銜接過渡

Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected. (要點(diǎn)1) First, homework is often done outside home and without guidance, it can't be done effectively.(要點(diǎn)2)Besides,the efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess, so everybody is happy when seeing it finished, regardless of the quality. (要點(diǎn)3)Therefore,the expected effects of homework are rarely achieved.(要點(diǎn)4)

?小試牛刀

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

Nowadays, the business of fast food is developing at a rapid speed. Have you ever thought twice before deciding to eat fast food?Even if it is easy to buy and cheap,the risks outweigh (超過) the five minutes of satisfaction that fast food brings. There are many risks when it comes to eating fast food that is made in just a few seconds.

What you eat can affect your health. People who are addicted to fast food are more likely to suffer from various life-threatening diseases. Obesity (肥胖) can come when fast food is bought often. Fast food is made from a lot of fats and high calories. If it isn't removed, then you can grow to become obese. Even a small quantity of fast food contains many calories.People are fooled by its appearance and they tend to eat more.Thus,without knowing the truth, they consume a lot of calories. What's worse, obesity isn't the only risk.Heart disease is also a danger.The more fats,sugar and salt you eat,the weaker your heart can grow.

Another concern for most consumers is that they can't keep track of the sources of the food supplies in fast food restaurants. They never know about the living conditions of the animals killed for meat in those restaurants, like cows, pigs and chickens. A recent study has suggested that bacteria have been found in about 38% fast food. Even some soft drinks are now infected by food-borne illnesses that usually come from meals.

Although fast food is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of eating, the health risks aren't worth your life, and risking your life for something that isn't good for you could cost thousands of dollars in hospital bills.It is important to eat healthily and make good choices when deciding what to put in your body. Don't be lazy and pick up fast food on your way home from work.

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