李紹青
人效黃牛心自貴,歲朝寅虎勁更高。2022年是中國農(nóng)歷戊寅年,即生肖紀(jì)年的虎年。屬相“虎”“虎文化”習(xí)語及其英譯自然成為熱門話題。
中華民族不僅有延續(xù)8000年的“龍文化”,還有更為悠久的虎文化歷史。中華虎文化源遠(yuǎn)流長,虎很早就成為中國的圖騰之一。龍飛于天,虎行于地。威風(fēng)凜凜的虎雖然沒有像“龍”一樣成為帝王的象征,但虎威震山林而使群獸畏服?;⒁恢北划?dāng)作是權(quán)力和力量的象征。古時“虎符”“虎節(jié)”為調(diào)兵遣將的信物。虎是威猛的象征,是避邪祈福的神(瑞)獸。中國人對虎的聯(lián)想非常豐富,因此產(chǎn)生了“坐山觀虎斗”“虎踞龍盤”“如虎添翼”“生龍活虎”“虎頭虎腦”等許多虎文化習(xí)語。一言以蔽之,中國文化里虎是“山獸之君”。
作為百獸之長,祥瑞之虎勇猛威武,而英語里的tiger卻無此內(nèi)涵?!杜=蚋唠A英漢雙解詞典》上說“tiger: a large wild animal of the cat family, that has yellowish fur with black lines and lives in parts of Asia”?;⒌脑a(chǎn)地在亞洲,西方人很少能接觸到虎,西方傳統(tǒng)文化中也就缺乏虎的意象。西方文化中l(wèi)ion(獅子)才是“百獸之王”。
西方人對獅子的敬畏和推崇有著悠久的歷史。獅子的王者個性使它成為戰(zhàn)神的象征(VS漢語里的“虎將”),常用來稱贊驍勇善戰(zhàn)的勇士。英國國王理查一世(King Richard Ⅰ)因勇猛過人而被稱為“獅心王(The Lion Heart)”。英國是一個十分崇拜“獅子”的國家。英國的錢幣印有獅子圖案。獅子紋章是英國國徽,the British Lion用來轉(zhuǎn)喻“大英帝國”。lion象征勇猛(courage)、威武(dignity)和王權(quán)(royalty)。動畫片《獅子王》即使在中國也幾乎家喻戶曉。榮獲奧斯卡六項提名的影片Lion(《雄獅》)的主題是“做自己的雄獅,即使孤獨,即使落魄,雖敗猶榮”。
《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》給“獅子”的定義是“l(fā)ion: a large powerful animal of the cat family, that hunts in groups...”。社會名流或社交明星叫作great lion;捧紅某人則用短語“make a lion of...”;see/show the lions觀賞名勝古跡;lion-hunter巴結(jié)社會名流的人;a literary lion文學(xué)名人。the lions share (of sth): (BrE) the largest or best part of sth when it is divided指最大(或最好)的一份??傮w而言,英語中的lion習(xí)語數(shù)目繁多,而且多傾向用于褒義。
中國“虎”與西方“獅”在漢英民族心目中的地位相當(dāng),那么虎文化習(xí)語究竟如何英譯呢?筆者為此芹獻(xiàn)三個錦囊:
一、上策為“留”——形神移植不失真
凡有可能,應(yīng)盡量采取保留虎文化習(xí)語的移植法,使之成為英語文化的“新鮮血液”,使西方讀者感到耳目一新,為其了解源語虎文化提供想象空間。
例如:1946年8月毛澤東主席提出的著名論斷“一切反動派都是紙老虎”譯為:All reactionaries are paper tigers. “紙老虎”直譯為paper tiger傳神易懂,早已作為正式英語進(jìn)入詞典:“paper tiger: a person, a country or a situation that seems or claims to be powerful or dangerous but is not really”,(指人、國家或局勢)紙老虎,外強(qiáng)中干者。(《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》第6版,第1246頁)
對于李安導(dǎo)演的影片《臥虎藏龍》,國際上最流行的英譯是Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon?!盎⒛辍笔荰he Year of the Tiger而不是The Year of the Lion。屬相“虎”更是堂而皇之地譯為tiger!
對于下列虎文化成語,譯者盡管直譯(異化)無妨。
坐山觀虎斗 sit on the mountain and watch tigers fight (watch in safety while others fight)
不入虎穴,焉得虎子? How can you catch the tigers cubs without entering the tigers lair?
苛政猛于虎 (Tigers devour people, but) tyranny is fiercer / more cruel than tigers.
餓虎撲食 like a hungry tiger pouncing on its prey
虎嘯風(fēng)生 tigers howl with the rise of winds
秋老虎 Autumn Tiger
兩虎相斗,必有一傷。 When two tigers fight, one is sure to lose.
談虎色變 turn pale at the mention of the tiger
調(diào)虎離山 lure the tiger out of the mountains
虎父無犬子 A tiger does not produce a dog.
龍騰虎躍 dragons rising and tigers leaping
注意:必要時,直譯+注釋:
前怕狼后怕虎 fear the wolves ahead and tigers behind—be full of fears
三人成虎 three people make a tiger—gossip can be as ferocious as a tiger
九牛二虎之力 strength of nine bulls and two tigers—Herculean effort
騎虎難下 he who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount—have a tiger by the tail
二、中策為“換”——中西意象相輝映
倘若英語文化中有與中國虎文化習(xí)語半對應(yīng)(喻體異而意相似)的習(xí)語時,則采用類比法(歸化譯法)。
1. 譯“虎”為“獅”
虎與獅同為貓科動物,漢英習(xí)語中存在著“虎冠獅戴”的現(xiàn)象:
攔路虎a lion in the way
虎口拔牙beard the lion in his den
虎落平陽被犬欺little birds pick a dead lion / hares may pull dead lions by the beard
虎頭蛇尾in like a lion, out like a lamb
虎膽英雄hero as brave as a lion
置身虎穴place oneself in the lions mouth
摸老虎屁股twist the lions tail
虎虎生威as majestic as a lion
龍?zhí)痘⒀╰he lions den
狐假虎威like a donkey on a lions hide / an ass in a lions skin
誠如李佐文在《語言與文化》中所言:The lion is regarded as the king of beasts in English speaking countries, while the Chinese regard the tiger as ‘百獸之王. Therefore instead of saying ‘a(chǎn)s brave as a lion, the Chinese say ‘猛如虎.
2. 歸化為其他喻體
虎父無犬子 Eagles do not breed doves.
養(yǎng)虎遺患 cherish a snake in ones bosom
剛出虎穴,又入狼窩 out of the frying pan into the fire
騎虎難下 hold a wolf by the ears / grab the bear by the tail / have a bear by the tail
三、下策為“舍”——得“意”忘“形”巧變通
當(dāng)直譯(異化)虎文化習(xí)語讓西方讀者茫然不知所云,在英語中實在找不到異曲同工的對等習(xí)語借用時,譯者無奈只能采用意譯法——舍形取意。
例如:母老虎(母大蟲)如果譯為a tigress / female tiger,西方讀者不但不明白源語本意,反而會心生誤會:漢語中既然有female tiger也應(yīng)該有male tiger呀!英文中又無與“母老虎”匹配的喻體,譯者只好舍“喻體”之“形”而取“母老虎”之“喻意”:virago/termagant(潑婦,悍婦)。同樣,虎背熊腰如果譯為喻體“tigers back, bears waist”,英語讀者也會莫名其妙,譯者只要譯出此習(xí)語本體“膀大腰粗(broad-shouldered and thick-waisted / of a powerful build)”就大功告成了。
下面再列舉一些如此意譯的虎習(xí)語英譯:
如虎添翼 with might doubled
龍?zhí)痘⒀?an extremely dangerous place
養(yǎng)虎遺患 appeasement brings disasters
狼吞虎咽 devour ravenously
三人成虎 lies turning into truth
降龍伏虎 overcome powerful adversaries
生龍活虎 full of vim and vigor
虎頭虎腦 naive and healthy (mostly used of a child)
畫虎類狗/畫虎不成反類犬 make a poor imitation
虎毒不食子 All men, good or bad, rarely ill-treat their children.
不入虎穴,焉得虎子? Nothing venture, nothing gain.
上述三種翻譯策略一般“留”(異化)優(yōu)先、“換”(歸化)次之、“舍”(意譯)最次。譯者對三法運用得當(dāng)可以有效消除中西文化差異的天然屏障,準(zhǔn)確傳神地進(jìn)行中華虎文化傳播。茲舉幾個有趣的虎文化習(xí)語英譯例證:
一山難容二虎
①Two tigers cant share the same mountain.(異化)
②In the realm of lions, there shall be only one king.(歸化)
③There cant be two kings in one palace.(意譯)
明知山有虎,偏向虎山行。
Despite full awareness that there are tigers in the mountain, one is determined to head for it.
老虎屁股摸不得
Dont touch a tigers backside to stir up trouble!
獨有英雄驅(qū)虎豹,更無豪杰怕熊羆。(毛澤東《七律·冬云》)
Only heroes dare drive tigers away; never do they fear fierce beasts in their way.
畫虎畫皮難畫骨,知人知面不知心。(孟漢卿《魔合羅》)
You can paint a tiger and its skin, but not its bones. You may know the man and his appearance, but not always his mind.
山中無老虎,猴子稱大王。
①When tigers are away, monkeys have the say.(異化)
②When the cats away, the mice will play.(歸化)
初生牛犢不怕虎
①A new-born calf has no fear of the tiger. / Newborn calves are not afraid of tigers. / A baby calf fears no tigers.(異化)
②Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.(歸化)
雙拳難敵四手,惡虎還怕群狼。/好虎架不住一群狼。
Just as a ferocious tiger fears a wolf pack, two fists are no match for four hands.
有些虎文化成語典故字面上雖無“虎”,不言而喻其內(nèi)涵卻有“虎”,英譯時最好讓源語中穿著隱身衣的“虎”在目標(biāo)語中“顯形”,從而達(dá)到向西方讀者彰顯中國虎文化之目的。
例如:
心病終須心藥治,解鈴還須系鈴人。(《紅樓夢》第九十回)
No remedy but love can cure the lovesick well;
Only he who tied the knot can loose the tigers neck bell.
【解析】“解鈴還須系鈴人”典出宋代惠洪《林間錄》(卷下)中“虎項下金鈴何人解得”與“系者解得”兩句。譯文中tigers neck bell采用了異化處理,旨在讓譯入語讀者領(lǐng)略中華虎文化,且bell與上句的well押韻,達(dá)到音美的效果。
漢語中與虎有關(guān)的習(xí)語實在是太多了,本文充其量只是冰山一角,旨在為探索中華虎文化習(xí)語的對外譯介拋磚引玉。? ? ? ? ? ? ?□
(作者單位:華北理工大學(xué)遷安學(xué)院)
本文系四川省翻譯協(xié)會復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社翻譯理論與實踐專項科研課題重點項目《“一帶一路”背景下十二生肖文化對外譯介研究》(課題編號:YX2020005)及河北省專業(yè)學(xué)位教學(xué)案例(庫)立項建設(shè)項目“《翻譯批評》課程教學(xué)案例庫建設(shè)”(課題編號:KCJSZ2019100)的階段性研究成果。