黃曉麗

語(yǔ)法填空的設(shè)空形式分為有提示詞和無(wú)提示詞兩種。其中，有提示詞的空，括號(hào)中給出動(dòng)詞，要求考生填該動(dòng)詞的正確形式是必考點(diǎn)。需要注意的是，從高考題和模擬題來(lái)看，空格前后出現(xiàn)介詞by的頻率非常高。本文按by出現(xiàn)在空格前和空格后兩種情況，分別闡述。

一、介詞by位于設(shè)空提示詞前

介詞by位于提示詞前這類考點(diǎn)比較簡(jiǎn)單，由于by是介詞，后常接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語(yǔ)。因此，一般情況下，只需把括號(hào)里的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)名詞（doing）或名詞形式即可。

[例1]（2019年全國(guó)I卷）Scientists have responded by__________（note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements， leading to the illusion（錯(cuò)覺(jué)）that populations are higher than they actually are.

解析：由空前介詞by可知，此處應(yīng)填note的動(dòng)名詞形式noting。

[例2]（2017年全國(guó)I卷）Fast food is full of fat and salt; by__________（eat）more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

解析：由空前介詞by提示可知，此處應(yīng)填eat的動(dòng)名詞形式eating。

二、介詞by位于設(shè)空提示詞后

介詞by位于提示詞后這類考點(diǎn)的考查比較頻繁，難度較大。要求考生具有分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力，首先應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確判斷該空應(yīng)填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)形式。若應(yīng)填謂語(yǔ)，則需根據(jù)句子的語(yǔ)境，準(zhǔn)確判斷動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài);若應(yīng)填非謂語(yǔ)形式，則根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式，在句中常作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。

1. 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，英語(yǔ)句子可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。

簡(jiǎn)單句只含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。

并列句是由并列連詞（and，or，but等）連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句，即：S1+并列連詞+S2。

復(fù)合句是由“主句+引導(dǎo)詞+從句（定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句）”構(gòu)成的句子。

[例3] In fact， Chinese food in Boston __________（influence）by not just Chinese immigration to the city， but also the large Italian and Irish immigrant population there.

解析：因句中沒(méi)有別的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以influence應(yīng)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;根據(jù)句意和by的提示可知，應(yīng)填一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即is influenced。

[例4]When the fish__________（find）by a fisherman in the Yangtze River Basin， it had been suffering from multiple injuries.

解析：因從句中沒(méi)有別的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以find應(yīng)為謂語(yǔ);由主句時(shí)態(tài)可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí);又根據(jù)句意和by的提示，可知用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);故填一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即was found。

[例5]Emerson Weber， a fifth-grade student in Sioux Falls， __________（know）by family and friends for the thoughtful and frequent letters she send， each wrapped in an envelope decorated with her own design.

解析：句中she send是定語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)中缺少謂語(yǔ)，故know應(yīng)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;根據(jù)句意和by的提示，可知填一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即is known。

2. 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

[例6]__________（design）by IBM， Project Debater（辯手）is a machine that uses Artificial Intelligence（AI）to form a spoken argument.

解析：空格前沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，顯然是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;因句子主語(yǔ)Project Debater與design是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，填過(guò)去分詞designed，注意句首應(yīng)大寫，即Designed。

[例7]According to a survey __________（conduct）by sohu.com， only about40% of the 3500 people surveyed like the idea of“naked marriage”.

解析：因According to...是介詞短語(yǔ)，而非句子，可知conduct為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;又由conduct a survey（進(jìn)行調(diào)查），且有by的提示，可知填過(guò)去分詞conducted作后置定語(yǔ)。

[例8]（2015年全國(guó)I卷）A study of travelers __________ （conduct）by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

解析：因句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞names，所以conduct應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;由句意和by的提示，可知填過(guò)去分詞conducted作后置定語(yǔ)。

[例9]（2015年全國(guó)II卷）The adobe dwellings（土坯房）__________（build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

解析：因句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are admired，所以build應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;根據(jù)句意和by的提示，可知填過(guò)去分詞built作后置定語(yǔ)。

[例10]Nearly three working hours __________（estimate）by the World Bank is lost each day， at a cost of billions of dollars each year.

解析：因句中已有謂語(yǔ)is lost，所以estimate應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;根據(jù)句意和by的提示，可知填過(guò)去分詞estimated作后置定語(yǔ)。

鞏固練習(xí)

1. The Chinese traditional culture can__________ （test）by the time.

2. They__________ （train）by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.

3. When the two online celebrities __________（interview）by reporters on Friday， the two seemed to have already forgiven each other after three days.

4. She initially __________（encourage）by her nephew， who asked Gan to be the main character in his short videos featuring country life.

5. Li Ziqi has risen to fame over the past years by__________（make）videos about traditional Chinese foods and village life.

6. In 1969， Nelson developed the idea for Earth Day after __________（inspire）by the anti-Vietnam War“teach-ins”that were taking place on college campuses around the United States.

參考答案

1. be tested 2. were trained 3. were interviewed 4. was encouraged 5. making 6. being inspired

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青