湖北 王 鋒
英語中的if 一般當(dāng)作連詞使用,意思是“假如,是否”,可以用來引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句或賓語從句。當(dāng)if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí),其意為“如果,假若,倘若”等;當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),其意為“是否”,此時(shí)if 的用法及意思與whether 頗為相似,在有些情況下if 與whether 可互換。雖然if 的拼寫、漢語意思及用法看起來相對簡單,但是在平時(shí)的英語教學(xué)中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在涉及if 的用法的試題上容易出錯(cuò)。學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤一般體現(xiàn)在:引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)if與whether 的混淆;引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí)if 與unless 之間的誤用;if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí)主從句的時(shí)態(tài)誤用;if 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句時(shí)主從句謂語動(dòng)詞形式不匹配;對含有if 的復(fù)合連詞引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的用法掌握不牢以及在if 在省略句中的用法上出錯(cuò)。筆者試圖結(jié)合近幾年高考英語真題和平時(shí)的教學(xué)實(shí)際,對有關(guān)if 用法的典型試題進(jìn)行分析探究,希望能夠?qū)V大教師的教學(xué)和莘莘學(xué)子的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。
【高考鏈接】[2021年1月浙江卷,語法填空]BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool that/which gives an indication of ____ someone is a healthy weight.
【答案及解析】whether。句意:BMI 是一種國際認(rèn)可的測量工具,它可以顯示出一個(gè)人是否有健康的體重。本題考查的是當(dāng)介詞of 后的賓語從句表示“是否”時(shí),只能用連接詞whether 而不能用if。故填whether。
【錯(cuò)因分析】有的學(xué)生可能只根據(jù)漢語意思“是否”而不假思索地填if,或者因?yàn)椴恢酪龑?dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)if 不完全等同于whether 而出錯(cuò)。
【方法點(diǎn)撥】英語連接詞if 和whether 都可以用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句,雖然兩者引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)都有“是否”的含義,但是它們不完全等同。在有些情況下if 和whether 可以互換:在及物動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中,當(dāng)賓語從句中不含or (not)或者if/whether 不與or not 直接連用時(shí),if 與whether可以互換,如:I don’t care if /whether Mary comes or not.我不在乎Mary 來不來。以下幾種情況下if 與whether 不能互換:①當(dāng)賓語從句與or not 直接連用時(shí)只能用whether,如:I don’t care whether or not Tom will attend my birthday party.我不在乎Tom 是否參加我的生日聚會(huì)。②在不定式前只能用whether,如:Lily can’t decide whether to stay herself.Lily 不能決定是否留下。③作介詞賓語時(shí)只能用whether,如:[2021年6月浙江卷,閱讀理解C 篇,28]The new study focused on whether dogs can make sense of human faces.這項(xiàng)研究關(guān)注的是狗是否能理解人的面部表情。④在discuss等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞后只能用whether,如:They discussed whether they would change the plan.他們討論是否應(yīng)該改變計(jì)劃。⑤if 只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句中的賓語從句,而whether 可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句以及同位語從句。如:Whether Jim will come is a question.(主語從句)Jim 來不來是一個(gè)問題。The question is whether Jim will come.(表語 從 句)問題是Jim 來 不 來。I have no idea whether Jim will come.(同位語從句)我不知道Jim 來不來。
【高考鏈接】[2021年6月浙江卷,完形填空,改編,語法填空]My mother is 92.____ I have to be out of town, each week I take my mother to do her shopping and visit the doctor, providing company and transportation.
【答案及解析】Unless。句意:我母親已經(jīng)92 歲了。除非我必須出城,否則每周我都帶她去購物和看醫(yī)生,為母親提供陪伴和交通工具。本題考查unless(=if not“如果不”)引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意可知,本句是一個(gè)條件狀語從句,設(shè)空處意思是“如果不,除非”。故填Unless。
【錯(cuò)因分析】部分學(xué)生可能因?yàn)椴荒苷_區(qū)分在條件狀語從句中if 與unless 的區(qū)別或者不能正確理解句意而誤填if。
【方法點(diǎn)撥】在真實(shí)條件句中,能否正確區(qū)分if 與unless 是學(xué)生經(jīng)常感到棘手的問題。一般來說,unless (=if not)是“除非,如果不”的意思,本身為否定含義,句子中不能再有否定詞。此外,if 可以用來引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句表示虛擬語氣,而unless 不能用于非真實(shí)條件句。如:You will fail the exam unless you study hard (=if you don’t study hard).除非你努力學(xué)習(xí),否則你考試會(huì)不及格。[2019年天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空,13]Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion unless he wants their support.Tom 如此獨(dú)立以至于他從來不征求他父母的意見,除非他想要他們的支持。我們知道,if 是引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句最常用的連詞,而除if 外,還有幾個(gè)連詞和短語也可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,如unless “除非,如果不”,so/as long as “只要”,in case“如 果,假使”,on condition that“條件是”,suppose/supposing (that) “假設(shè),如果”,provided/providing (that) “如果”等,學(xué)生也要牢固掌握這些連詞和短語的意思及用法。
【高考鏈接】[2021年1月浙江卷,“七選五”,改編,語 法 填 空] If there ____ (be) three lines in the store, delays
will happen randomly at different registers.
【答案及解析】are。句意:如果在商店的結(jié)賬處排有三隊(duì),那么延遲會(huì)隨機(jī)地發(fā)生在不同的結(jié)賬處。本題考查if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí),如果動(dòng)作是將來發(fā)生的主從句的時(shí)態(tài)搭配問題。根據(jù)if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則可知,從句應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且從句主語three lines是復(fù)數(shù)。故填are。
【錯(cuò)因分析】有的學(xué)生可能一看到主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是will happen,就認(rèn)為從句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致而誤填will be。
【方法點(diǎn)撥】if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí),主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題是學(xué)生的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)之一。一般來說,在if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句的情況下,當(dāng)主句和從句都是一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)候,條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),或用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí),如:I will have a picnic if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨我將去野炊。Mary said that she would attend my birthday party if I invited her.Mary 說如果我邀請她,她就會(huì)來參加我的生日聚會(huì)。另外,當(dāng)if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí),有時(shí)if 條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),如:If weather permits, we will go hiking in the mountain this weekend.= Weather permitting, we will go hiking in the mountain this weekend.如果天氣允許的話,我們本周末將去山里徒步旅行。學(xué)生還要注意:當(dāng)if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí),有時(shí)if 條件句可以與其他表示條件關(guān)系的句型轉(zhuǎn)換,此類句型為“祈使句+and/or/otherwise+簡單句”。如:Look them up in the dictionary, and you will find out such examples.= If you look them up in the dictionary, you will find out such examples.如果查字典,你就會(huì)弄清楚這樣的例子。She has to have the operation, or she will die.= If she doesn’t have the operation, she will die.她必須進(jìn)行手術(shù),否則她會(huì)死的。
【高考鏈接】[2021年新高考Ⅰ卷,閱讀理解A,改編,語法填空]If I ____(have) to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome, it would be Yellow Hostel.
【答案及解析】had。句意:如果我只能推薦一個(gè)在羅馬居住的地方,那就是黃色旅館。本題考查if 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句表虛擬語氣的用法,根據(jù)主句謂語動(dòng)詞“would be”可知,從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)。故填had。
【錯(cuò)因分析】如果學(xué)生沒有牢記當(dāng)if 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句表虛擬語氣時(shí)(與事實(shí)相反或愿望等),主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的相應(yīng)形式,那么就不能正確解答此類試題。
【方法點(diǎn)撥】if 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句表虛擬語氣時(shí),主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則如下表:
時(shí)間 從句 主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 動(dòng)詞過去式(be 動(dòng)詞用were) would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形與過去事實(shí)相反 had+過去分詞 would/should/could/might+have done與將來事實(shí)相反 動(dòng)詞過去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形/were to +動(dòng)詞原形 would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形
如:If I were you now, I should seize the opportunity.如果現(xiàn)在我是你的話,我就會(huì)抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。If I had been you then, I should have seized the opportunity.如果當(dāng)時(shí)我是你的話,我就會(huì)抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。If I were/should be/were to be you tomorrow, I should seize the opportunity.如果明天我是你的話,我就會(huì)抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。此外,學(xué)生還要注意,有時(shí)if 引導(dǎo)的是混合虛擬語氣(也叫錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句),即主句和從句表示的時(shí)間不同,這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整,如:If Tom had followed my advice, he would be better now.如果Tom 當(dāng)時(shí)聽了我的建議,那么他現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好一些了。如果if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的從句中含有were/had/should,可以將if 省略,直接將were/had/should 提到主語前。如If the sun were (=Were the sun ) to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.即使太陽從西邊出來,我也不會(huì)改變我的主意。if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句也可轉(zhuǎn)換為由with/without/but for 等構(gòu)成的含蓄條件句,如:If there were no water (=Without water), man couldn’t live on the earth.要是沒有水,人類就不可能在地球上生存。
【高考鏈接】[2021年6月浙江卷,閱讀理解A,改編,語法填空] Even ___ he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance a few years later in 1948.
【答案及解析】if/though。句意:即使他經(jīng)常覺得自己是個(gè)沒有天賦的人,他還是持之以恒,不斷進(jìn)步,獲得了去社區(qū)劇場的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,并在幾年后的1948年首次在電視上亮相。本題考查even if/though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。故填if/though。
【錯(cuò)因分析】部分學(xué)生可能由于不知道even if/though“即使,盡管”可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句而不能正確解答此題。
【方法點(diǎn)撥】if 通常用來引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句和賓語從句,但是學(xué)生也要注意有時(shí)其他英語單詞與if 一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合連詞可以引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句。如even if/though “即使,盡管”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,含假設(shè)性,表示表述的不一定是事實(shí),有時(shí)帶有強(qiáng)調(diào)的意味,語氣較強(qiáng)。如:[2021年3月天津卷,閱讀理解D] There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.即使你是一個(gè)專家,成為一個(gè)多面手也是有好處的。此外還有as if/though“好像,仿佛”引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句,如:[2020年全國卷Ⅱ,閱讀理解D] I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! 我總是用不同的聲音閱讀,就好像我用自己的聲音把故事表演出來一樣,他們很喜歡。as if/though“好像,仿佛”也可以引導(dǎo)表語從句,如:This meat tastes as if/though it has already gone bad.這肉嘗起來好像已經(jīng)壞了。學(xué)生應(yīng)注意as if/though 引導(dǎo)的從句可以用虛擬語氣,但如果從句所陳述的情況很可能實(shí)現(xiàn)就用陳述語氣。另外,what if...句式用來表達(dá)“要是……會(huì)怎么樣呢?”是固定搭配,此時(shí)what if...= what would happen if...“要是……會(huì)怎么樣呢?”如:[2020年全國卷Ⅰ,完形填空]What if later in life they come to a metaphorical door, like an opportunity(機(jī)會(huì))of some sort, and instead of opening the door and taking the opportunity, they just stare at it and wonder, “What if it isn’t a door? ”That is,“What if it isn’t a real opportunity?”如果在以后的生活中他們遇到一扇比喻意義上的門,就像某種機(jī)會(huì),但他們不是去打開門抓住機(jī)會(huì),而只是盯著它,想知道“如果這不是一扇門,會(huì)怎么樣呢?”也就是說,“如果它不是一個(gè)真正的機(jī)會(huì)會(huì)怎么樣呢?”
【高考鏈接】[2021年3月天津卷,閱讀理解A,改編,語 法填空]As part of the package, initial and follow-up training sessions are provided and accommodation is available if ______(require).
【答案及解析】required。句意:作為一攬子計(jì)劃的一部分,我們會(huì)提供初步和后續(xù)的培訓(xùn)課程,如果有需要,我們還提供住宿。本題考查if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的省略用法,完整句子應(yīng)為if it is required。故填required。
【錯(cuò)因分析】學(xué)生如果沒有掌握狀語從句的省略這一用法,就可能誤填requiring 等。
【方法點(diǎn)撥】一般來說,在表示時(shí)間、條件、讓步、方式等狀語從句中,如果從句的主語與主句的主語一致,或者主語是it,并且從句謂語動(dòng)詞含有be 動(dòng)詞時(shí),常將從句主語和be 省略,即構(gòu)成“從屬連詞+動(dòng)詞ed/動(dòng)詞ing/動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式/形 容 詞/副 詞 等”。如:If (it is ) possible, send me a message tomorrow.如果可能的話,明天給我發(fā)個(gè)短信。Take the dictionary with you, if (it is) necessary.如果有必要,把這個(gè)詞典帶上。此外,還可以用so/not 代替上下文內(nèi)容,構(gòu)成“if so/not”省略句,如:[2021年3月天津卷,閱讀理解A] Would you like the opportunity to earn extra cash close to home? If so we have a vacancy in our team which would suit you.你想要個(gè)在家附近賺外快的機(jī)會(huì)嗎?如果想要,我們團(tuán)隊(duì)有一個(gè)空缺適合您。Do you like this watch? If not, choose what you like.你喜歡這個(gè)手表嗎?如果不喜歡,隨便選擇你喜歡的。
英語單詞if“如果,假設(shè),是否”常用來引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句和賓語從句(位于及物動(dòng)詞后面),雖然if 的意思和用法看起來很簡單,但是以下幾點(diǎn)加大了學(xué)生對if 用法掌握的難度:賓語從句中if 與whether 的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系;真實(shí)條件句中if 與unless 的區(qū)別以及主從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)問題;if 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句中虛擬語氣主從句動(dòng)詞的搭配規(guī)則以及含有if 的復(fù)合連詞引導(dǎo)其他復(fù)合句的用法等等。不管怎么樣,筆者堅(jiān)信只要學(xué)生牢記連詞if 的基本用法,再結(jié)合與if 用法相關(guān)的習(xí)題認(rèn)真思考、分析、歸納和總結(jié),就能正確解答含有if 的各類試題。
The peony, boasting bright colors and an elegant appearance, is a symbol of peace and prosperity and thus recognized as “king of the flowers” in China.Peonies are bred and grown in many parts of the country.Over the centuries, numerous poems and paintings have been created to praise the flower.Peonies were particularly popular during the Tang Dynasty, when they were extensively cultivated in the imperial gardens and praised as the national flower.In the tenth century, the ancient city of Luoyang became the center for peony cultivation, a position it still holds today.Nowadays, thousands of tourists from home and abroad flock to Luoyang for the annual Peony Festival to both admire the unique beauty of the city’s peonies and explore the history of the ancient capital of nine dynasties.
The lotus flower, one of China’s famous flowers, has been deeply loved by Chinese people.Lakes and ponds in many parts of China are suitable for the growth of lotus plants.The lotus flower, which is bright in color, blooms in the early morning and closes at night in summer, with the flowering lasting up to two or three months, attracting visitors from all over the country.The lotus has multiple uses, including purifying water, reducing pollution and improving the environment, as well as greening water surfaces and beautifying gardens.The flower is characterized by its abilities to tolerate intense sun exposure and emerge pure and clean from the murky water, thus symbolizing purity and elegance.So it is often used as a metaphor for a person’s noble character and has been a main subject for poets and painters throughout history.Places with lotus flowers in full bloom are also frequented by many photography enthusiasts.
(摘編自網(wǎng)絡(luò),有刪減)