在“雅思寫作詞匯”系列里，老雅已經(jīng)指出，雅思寫作（即使是高分段寫作）并不需要特別高端的詞匯。老雅的基本觀點(diǎn)是：如果能準(zhǔn)確使用4500左右的詞匯，就能達(dá)到寫作7分的詞匯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。也就是說，在一篇250詞左右的雅思作文中，如果準(zhǔn)確使用了10—15個(gè)在4500這個(gè)幅度內(nèi)的單詞，那么在“詞匯幅度”這一評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中就能達(dá)到高分，而其余的240詞則完全可以使用2500幅度（也就是高中階段詞匯）內(nèi)的詞匯。用這種詞匯策略，既確保了詞匯幅度，又能最大限度地保證表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)莫名其妙的單詞使用錯(cuò)誤。本系列的前兩篇，老雅已經(jīng)介紹了10個(gè)單詞，分別為available、specific、alternative、afford、primarily、involve、justify、excessive、eventually、apparently，并以雅思真題為例，展示了這些單詞的具體用法。本期將繼續(xù)介紹另外5個(gè)高分單詞。需要再次說明的是，本系列中的所謂“萬能詞匯”，是指這些單詞可以在多數(shù)題材中都可用到，因此考生既可以為了意思表達(dá)需要而使用這些單詞，也可以為了使用這些單詞而調(diào)整需要表達(dá)的意思。

萬能詞匯：confine

confine的意思為“將……控制/限制在……范圍內(nèi)”，通常用于詞組confine... to...（把……限定在……），其名詞形式為confinement。比如：

Health officials have successfully confined the epidemic to the area. 衛(wèi)生官員已經(jīng)成功地將該傳染病控制在這個(gè)地區(qū)。

They decided not to let their new dog run loose， confining it to a fenced enclosure during the day. 他們決定不讓新養(yǎng)的狗到處亂跑，白天把它關(guān)在圍欄里。

以下看老雅在其原創(chuàng)雅思真題高分范文中如何使用這個(gè)單詞。

An organisation aiming at solving local issues should spend its money helping people who live in the same country， but it should not confine itself to a single country if an organisation sets its eyes on global issues. 致力于解決區(qū)域問題的機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該將善款用于幫助生活在同一國家的人，但是如果一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)注全球問題，那它就不應(yīng)該局限在一個(gè)國家了。（2016/8/20，慈善機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該只幫助本國人嗎？）

But we all know that confinement to oneself is no good， no matter how many friends or fans you may have online. As part of the solution to the problem， I would suggest everybody have an “Internet-free moment”. 但是我們都知道，無論你在網(wǎng)上有多少朋友或者粉絲，封閉自我都不好。為了解決這個(gè)問題，我提出一個(gè)方案，建議每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)“無網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)刻”。（2016/9/24，城市居民不再互相交往的原因及解決辦法）

However， it does not follow that university students must confine themselves to the library and the classroom. Quite the opposite， they ought to engage in as many extracurricular activities as possible， for if the academic study makes them prepared intellectually， these club activities may be helpful to their future career in many different ways. 然而，這并不意味著大學(xué)生必須局限于圖書館和教室。相反，他們應(yīng)該盡可能多地從事課外活動(dòng)。因?yàn)槿绻f學(xué)習(xí)為他們儲(chǔ)備了知識(shí)，那這些社團(tuán)活動(dòng)或能以許多不同的方式助力他們未來的職業(yè)生涯。（2017/8/26，大學(xué)生應(yīng)該參加課外活動(dòng)嗎？）

With dwindled outdoor areas， people will find themselves confined to the limited number of indoor activities. If in the past they were able to engage in such activities as walking， gardening， weeding， and planting in their backyard， when they got back home from work， now what people can do is sitting in the sofa and watching TV. 隨著室外區(qū)域的減少，人們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己局限于有限的室內(nèi)活動(dòng)。如果過去下班回家后，他們能在后院從事散步、園藝、除草、種樹等活動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在人們能做的就是坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。（2020/1/16，室外空間越來越少是好還是壞？）

萬能詞匯：derive

derive的基本意思為“獲得，得到;衍生”，相當(dāng)于get、obtain，通常用于詞組derive... from...（從……獲得;從……衍生而來）。比如：

Mr. Ying is one of those happy people who derive pleasure from helping others. 英先生是那種以助人為樂的快活人。

This word is derived from a Greek word. 這個(gè)詞從一個(gè)希臘單詞衍生而來。

以下看derive在老雅原創(chuàng)范文中的使用情況。

Further still， people can perhaps derive more happiness and satisfaction from their success in individual sports， and this sense of self-recognition is an essential skill in their work and life. 此外，人們可能從個(gè)人運(yùn)動(dòng)的成功中獲得更多的幸福和滿足，這種自我認(rèn)同感是他們工作和生活中必不可少的技能。（2018/9/29，團(tuán)隊(duì)活動(dòng)比個(gè)人活動(dòng)能教我們更多生活技能嗎？）

萬能詞匯：compel

compel絕對(duì)算得上一個(gè)萬能單詞，使用非常廣泛，表示“強(qiáng)迫;迫使”，意思相當(dāng)于force、make，搭配是compel somebody to do something（強(qiáng)迫某人做某事）。比如：

The heavy rain compelled us to stay indoors. 大雨迫使我們留在家里。

以下看compel在老雅范文中是如何使用的。

Except for the very few who may take art as their lifelong career， the great majority of students will not get a job in relation to art when they finish their high school. Besides， what is the point of compelling a student who has no interest in art to spend many hours restlessly in the art classes？ 除了極少數(shù)學(xué)生會(huì)將藝術(shù)作為終身事業(yè)，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生高中畢業(yè)后都不會(huì)從事與藝術(shù)相關(guān)的工作。此外，如果一個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)藝術(shù)不感興趣，那么強(qiáng)迫他長時(shí)間心神不寧地待在藝術(shù)課上有什么意義？（2017/1/7，藝術(shù)課程應(yīng)該成為高中必修課嗎？）

However， I believe the intensified competition resulting from the arrival of the foreign food is beneficial to the long-term development of the local food industry， because it will compel the local food companies to improve the quality of their products， which in turn will make them more competitive in the global market. 然而，我相信，隨著外國食品到來而引起的激烈競爭對(duì)本地食品業(yè)的長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展是有好處的，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)迫使本地食品公司改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，這反過來會(huì)讓它們?cè)趪H市場上更具競爭力。（2018/5/13，食用進(jìn)口食品利大于弊嗎？）

For example， a paper-making factory will be more careful with its wastes if it is compelled to pay a tremendous amount of money for the water it pollutes， and a car owner may choose to use public transport if he is made to pay an extra pollution fee for driving. 例如，如果強(qiáng)迫造紙廠為其污染的水支付巨額費(fèi)用，它就會(huì)更加小心地處理其廢物;如果讓車主為駕駛而支付額外的污染費(fèi)，他有可能選擇使用公共交通工具。（2019/10/26，該由誰來負(fù)責(zé)清理環(huán)境？）

萬能詞匯：expose

expose本義為“揭穿;暴露”，但常用于表達(dá)“使接觸，使處于……影響或作用之下”的意思，用于詞組expose... to...，其名詞形式為exposure。比如：

Its very foolish of the commander to expose his men to unnecessary risks. 這個(gè)指揮官讓士兵冒不必要的危險(xiǎn)，真是太愚蠢了。

Dont expose your skin to the sun for too long at noon， or it will easily get burnt. 正午的時(shí)候不要讓皮膚在陽光下暴曬太久，否則很容易曬傷。

以下我們看expose/exposure在老雅范文中是如何使用的。

Besides， as many secondary school students are not yet mature intellectually and mentally， the excessive exposure to international news may actually have negative influence on their ways of looking at their own country. 此外，許多中學(xué)生在智力和精神上都還沒有成熟，過度接觸國際新聞實(shí)際上可能會(huì)對(duì)他們看待自己國家的方式造成負(fù)面影響。（2020/8/16，中學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)國際新聞?wù)n嗎？）

As I see it， the excessive exposure to these criminal scenes will negatively influence newspaper readers and TV viewers， thus increasing the likelihood of their committing the same crimes in real life， but to restrict them on media is quite another story. 在我看來，看到太多犯罪場景將對(duì)報(bào)紙讀者和電視觀眾產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，從而增加他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活中犯下同樣罪行的可能性，但在媒體上限制這些描寫則是另一回事。（2020/10/24，是否應(yīng)該限制報(bào)紙電視中的犯罪描寫？）

Catering to the psychological needs of children， many advertisements describe the world in highly imaginative and unrealistic manners. For instance， when they want to promote their toy weapons， they will describe the world as a place full of bad guys. A child exposed to such advertising may develop a deep sense of hostility to the world. 為了迎合孩子的心理需求，很多廣告用極其富于想象力和不現(xiàn)實(shí)的方式描述這個(gè)世界。比如說，當(dāng)廣告商想要推廣玩具武器時(shí)，他們會(huì)將世界描述為一個(gè)充滿了壞蛋的地方。孩子若是處于這樣的廣告環(huán)境下，可能會(huì)對(duì)世界產(chǎn)生很深的敵意。（2016/2/20，兒童廣告應(yīng)該被禁止嗎？）

萬能詞匯：exclusively

exclusively來自exclude（把……排除在外），意思為“排他地，唯一地”，相當(dāng)于only。比如：

Today he was able to focus his message exclusively on economy. 今天他做到了將重點(diǎn)全部聚焦在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面。

Up till that time， his interest had focused almost exclusively on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft. 直到那時(shí)，他的興趣幾乎全部聚焦在全面掌握工藝技能和技術(shù)上。

以下句子摘自老雅高分范文。

The government in any country provides funding for the development of its higher education， but there are divided opinions about where this government funding should go. Should it go exclusively to those “top students” or indiscriminately to all students？ 任何國家的政府都為本國高等教育的發(fā)展提供資助，但關(guān)于政府資助該用在哪里卻有不同觀點(diǎn)。它是該只用于“優(yōu)秀學(xué)生”還是不加區(qū)分地用于所有學(xué)生？（2017/6/24，政府應(yīng)該只資助優(yōu)秀學(xué)生嗎？）

Charity organisations are supposed to offer help to people in great need， such as those suffering from incurable diseases， natural disasters and unexpected accidents. Yet one issue is still in debate： to whom should the money of charity organisations go， exclusively to people who live in the same country as the organisations， or to all people regardless of where they live？ 慈善組織應(yīng)為急需幫助的人提供幫助，比如身患不治之癥的人、遭受自然災(zāi)害的人和遭遇意外事故的人。然而，有一個(gè)問題仍在爭論中：慈善組織的錢該用在誰身上，應(yīng)該僅用于與機(jī)構(gòu)同一國家的人，還是用于所有人而不論居住地？（2016/8/20，慈善機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該只幫助本國人嗎？）

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