陳偉濟(jì)

我們的祖先通過(guò)視覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)和聽(tīng)覺(jué)進(jìn)行交流。十萬(wàn)多年前，人類(lèi)還不能發(fā)出語(yǔ)音。有些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人類(lèi)一切語(yǔ)言都源自我們非洲祖先普遍使用的一種語(yǔ)言。人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言可能在大約十萬(wàn)年前開(kāi)始形成，但關(guān)于語(yǔ)言是如何產(chǎn)生的，科學(xué)家們意見(jiàn)不一。有人認(rèn)為當(dāng)大腦變得夠大、夠復(fù)雜以后，我們的祖先就開(kāi)始說(shuō)話了;有的則認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是從最早的類(lèi)人猿的肢體動(dòng)作和叫聲慢慢演變而成的。盡管在語(yǔ)言形成以前人類(lèi)就能夠發(fā)出元音，但他們的喉頭還不夠發(fā)達(dá)，無(wú)法產(chǎn)生和控制復(fù)雜的發(fā)音。雖然沒(méi)有記載，但科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，當(dāng)時(shí)人類(lèi)的交流方式與動(dòng)物相似。也就是說(shuō)，他們只會(huì)發(fā)出諸如咕嚕和叫喚等有限幾種聲音來(lái)交換自然環(huán)境信息。他們也用手勢(shì)、體態(tài)和面部表情來(lái)進(jìn)行交流。

我們祖先的交流方式

咕嚕和叫喚

早在學(xué)會(huì)制作工具之前，史前人類(lèi)就已經(jīng)像如今智力發(fā)達(dá)的動(dòng)物那樣交流。所以，我們祖先交流的形式包括發(fā)出咕嚕聲、粗嘎的喉音和叫喚聲。雖然能夠發(fā)出聲音，但由于喉頭不夠發(fā)達(dá)，他們無(wú)法構(gòu)建或說(shuō)出詞語(yǔ)。這些聲音是從小規(guī)模族群中發(fā)展而來(lái)的信號(hào)，共同生活的成員能夠相互理解。因此，研究人員推斷，穴居人模仿他們聽(tīng)到的動(dòng)物叫聲、樹(shù)木搖曳和狂風(fēng)呼嘯等自然界的聲音，表達(dá)感覺(jué)、情緒和想法。

手勢(shì)和其他肢體動(dòng)作

手勢(shì)本就轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝，沒(méi)有現(xiàn)代科技的可視化記錄便無(wú)法保存。但我們可以猜想，史前時(shí)期的人類(lèi)在社會(huì)交往和改造自然環(huán)境的活動(dòng)中有成套豐富的手勢(shì)語(yǔ)言。比如，我們完全可以想象他們表達(dá)情感、交流看法的具體手勢(shì)和其他肢體動(dòng)作。我們也能想象集體狩獵、戰(zhàn)斗和傳播應(yīng)用于動(dòng)植物及礦物上的變革性技術(shù)時(shí)，他們常用的視覺(jué)交流形式。雖說(shuō)如此，我們祖先肢體動(dòng)作的活動(dòng)范圍和活動(dòng)對(duì)象本身的特點(diǎn)，很大程度上限制了上述猜想。

洞穴繪畫(huà)

據(jù)估計(jì)，澳大利亞土著人的巖畫(huà)大約有三萬(wàn)五千年的歷史。在法國(guó)和西班牙洞穴發(fā)現(xiàn)的巖畫(huà)可能約有三萬(wàn)年的歷史，在非洲的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣也可以追溯至這一時(shí)期。最初的口頭語(yǔ)言出現(xiàn)之后，圖形是我們祖先最早使用的交流工具之一。通過(guò)這些圖形，人類(lèi)始祖發(fā)展出了跨越時(shí)空進(jìn)行交流的能力。全球各地都能找到雕刻或繪畫(huà)在巖石上的圖形。

煙火信號(hào)

慢慢地，隨著人類(lèi)大腦和發(fā)音器官的不斷進(jìn)化，語(yǔ)言變得更為復(fù)雜。最早的部落族群隨后出現(xiàn)其他的交流方式，其中包括煙火信號(hào)的使用，特別是在間隔距離較遠(yuǎn)的部落族群中。

（譯者為“《英語(yǔ)世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)?單位：廣東科技學(xué)院）

The communication from our ancestors was realized through the senses： the sight， the smell， the taste， the touch and the hearing. More than 100，000 years ago， man was physically unable to produce speech sounds. Some scientists think that all human language arose from a common language spoken by our ancestors in Africa. Human language probably began to develop about 100，000 years ago， although scientists disagree on how it arose. Some people think that our ancestors started talking when their brains became big and sophisticated enough. Others think that language evolved slowly， from the gestures and sounds used by our earliest ape ancestors. Although prior to language development， humans could produce vowel sounds， their larynx was not developed enough to generate and control the intricate sounds of speech. Despite the lack of records， scientists assume that their form of communication resembled that of animals. In this sense， they used a limited number of sounds like grunts and shouts to exchange information about the environment. They also communicated with each other through gestures， posture and facial expressions.

The forms of communication of our ancestors

Grunts and screams

Even before they learned to make tools， prehistoric men communicated as do well-developed animals. Thus， the communication of our ancestors included grunts， guttural sounds and shouts. As their larynx was underdeveloped， they were able to make sounds， but they could not construct or utter words. These sounds were mutually understood signs and signs developed by small groups living together. In this way， researchers have come to the conclusion that cave men and women made noises similar to the sounds they heard in nature， such as animal noises， such as noises produced by the swaying trees and the howls of the wind. These were used to communicate feelings， moods and ideas.

Gestures and other body movements

The gestures are by nature ephemeral and could not be preserved until modern technologies allowed their visual recording. However， it can be assumed that human beings from prehistory had rich repertoires of gestures in their social interactions and in their manipulation of the elements of the environment. Thus， it is only possible to imagine the specific gestures and other bodily movements that they did to communicate feelings and attitudes to each other. The same is true of the forms of visual communication that prevailed during collective hunting， war and the transmission of transformative techniques applied to plants， animals， and mineral materials. That said， this presumption is largely restricted by the range of movements that the human body can perform and by the nature of the objects with which our ancestors interacted.

Drawings in the caves

It is estimated that the aboriginal rock paintings of Australia can be about 35，000 years old. Those found in the caves of France and Spain could be about 30，000 years old. Similarly， some discoveries in Africa go back to that time. After the first forms of spoken language， images were one of the first communication tools of our ancestors. Through the images， the first humans developed the ability to communicate over time and over long distances. These images are found all around the planet chiseled， inscribed or painted on rocks.

Signs of smoke and fire

Over time， language became more complex as the human brain and the organs of speech evolved. The first groups then developed other forms of communication. One of these involved the use of smoke and fire signals. This occurred particularly among groups that were at some distance.