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        急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚抗氧化酶和消化酶活性及熱休克蛋白基因表達(dá)的影響

        2021-08-02 20:18:08張晨光丁煒東曹哲明邴旭文徐暢李良

        張晨光 丁煒東 曹哲明 邴旭文 徐暢 李良

        摘要:【目的】從抗氧化酶和消化酶活性及熱休克蛋白基因表達(dá)層面明確高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖(Siniperca chuatsi)幼魚生長(zhǎng)及應(yīng)激生理響應(yīng)的影響,為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中翹嘴鱖幼魚培育提供可靠的參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā繉?duì)2月齡翹嘴鱖幼魚進(jìn)行96 h的急性高溫脅迫,通過預(yù)試驗(yàn)測(cè)試高起始致死溫度(96 h-UILT50),采用突變升溫方法設(shè)常溫對(duì)照組(26.0 ℃)和急性高溫脅迫組(36.0 ℃),分別于脅迫0、6、12、24、48和96 h后取樣,使用生化試劑盒測(cè)定抗氧化酶和消化酶活性,并以實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)熱休克蛋白基因(HSP70α和HSP90α)的表達(dá)情況?!窘Y(jié)果】翹嘴鱖幼魚死亡率隨水溫的升高不斷上升,其96 h-UILT50為36.22 ℃。在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì),谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(GPT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量則表現(xiàn)出升高—降低—升高的變化趨勢(shì);在消化酶方面,翹嘴鱖幼魚胃蛋白酶和腸道淀粉酶(AMS)活性呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì),而腸道脂肪酶(LPS)活性呈升高—降低—升高的變化趨勢(shì)。在急性高溫脅迫過程中,翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量呈升高—下降的波動(dòng)式變化趨勢(shì),于脅迫12 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值,在脅迫48 h時(shí)出現(xiàn)第2個(gè)峰值;HSP90α基因表達(dá)呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢(shì),于脅迫24 h時(shí)上調(diào)至最高值;但至脅迫96 h時(shí)HSP70α和HSP90α基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚(P<0.05)?!窘Y(jié)論】急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚抗氧化酶和消化酶活性及熱休克蛋白基因表達(dá)產(chǎn)生顯著影響。其中,熱休克蛋白基因HSP70α和HSP90α參與高溫脅迫應(yīng)答過程的生理調(diào)節(jié),以應(yīng)對(duì)高溫脅迫對(duì)肝臟細(xì)胞的損傷,故可作為高溫脅迫應(yīng)答的標(biāo)志物。

        關(guān)鍵詞: 翹嘴鱖;高溫脅迫;抗氧化酶;消化酶;熱休克蛋白基因

        中圖分類號(hào): S965.127? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2021)03-0815-12

        Effects of acute high temperature stress on antioxidant enzymes activity, digestive enzymes activity and gene expression of heat shock proteins in mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)

        ZHANG Chen-guang1, DING Wei-dong2, CAO Zhe-ming2, BING Xu-wen1,2*,

        XU Chang1,2, LI Liang1,2

        (1Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu? 214081, China; 2Fisheries Research

        Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu? 214081, China)

        Abstract:【Objective】The effects of high temperature stress on the growth and physiological response of juvenile mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi) were investigated from the aspects of antioxidant enzyme, digestive enzyme activities and heat shock protein family gene expression, which provided a reliable reference for the cultivation of juvenile S. chuatsi in practical production. 【Method】Two-month-old juvenile S. chuatsi was subjected to acute high temperature stress for 96 h. The high initial lethal temperature(96 h-UILT50) was measured by pre-test. The control group(26.0 ℃) and the acute high temperature stress group(36.0 ℃) were set by abrupt temperature rise method. Samples were taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h respectively after stress. Biochemistry kits were used to determine the activities of antioxidant and digestive enzymes, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of heat shock protein family genes(HSP70α and HSP90α). 【Result】The mortality rate of juvenile S. chuatsi increased with the increase of water temperature, and its 96 h-UILT50 was 36.22 ℃. During the 96 h acute high temperature stress, the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) in liver of S. chuatsi showed a decreasing, increasing and decreasing trend, while the activities of alanine aminotransferase(GPT) and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) showed an increasing, decrea-sing and increasing trend.In terms of digestive enzymes, the activities of pepsin and intestinal amylase(AMS) of juvenile S. chuatsi showed a decreasing, increasing and decreasing trend, while the activities of intestinal lipase(LPS) showed an increasing, decreasing and increasing trend. In the process of acute heat stress, the relative expression of HSP70α gene in juvenile S. chuatsi showed a fluctuating trend of increasing to decreasing, and reached the highest value at 12 h of stress, and the second peak value appeared at 48 h of stress. The expression of HSP90α gene increased at first and then decreased, and reached the highest value at 24 h of stress. However, at 96 h of stress, HSP70α and HSP90α genes were still significantly higher than those of juvenile S. chuatsi in the control group(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】The activity of antioxidant enzyme, digestive enzyme and the expression of heat shock protein gene of juvenile S. chuatsiare significantly affec-ted by acute high temperature stress. Among them, heat shock protein genes HSP70α and HSP90α are involved in the phy-siological regulation of the response to high temperature stress to deal with the damage of liver cells under high temperature stress, so they can be used as markers of the response to high temperature stress.

        Key words: Siniperca chuatsi; high temperature stress; antioxidant enzymes; digestive enzymes; heat shock protein gene

        Foundation item: Jiangsu Agricultural Independent Innovation Fund Project[CX(17)3005]; Basic Research Pro-ject of Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2019JBFZ01)

        Effects of acute high temperature stress on antioxidant enzymes activity, digestive enzymes activity and gene expression of heat shock proteins in mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)

        ZHANG Chen-guang1, DING Wei-dong2, CAO Zhe-ming2, BING Xu-wen1,2*,

        XU Chang1,2, LI Liang1,2

        (1Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu? 214081, China; 2Fisheries Research

        Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu? 214081, China)

        Abstract:【Objective】The effects of high temperature stress on the growth and physiological response of juvenile mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi) were investigated from the aspects of antioxidant enzyme, digestive enzyme activities and heat shock protein family gene expression, which provided a reliable reference for the cultivation of juvenile S. chuatsi in practical production. 【Method】Two-month-old juvenile S. chuatsi was subjected to acute high temperature stress for 96 h. The high initial lethal temperature(96 h-UILT50) was measured by pre-test. The control group(26.0 ℃) and the acute high temperature stress group(36.0 ℃) were set by abrupt temperature rise method. Samples were taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h respectively after stress. Biochemistry kits were used to determine the activities of antioxidant and digestive enzymes, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of heat shock protein family genes(HSP70α and HSP90α). 【Result】The mortality rate of juvenile S. chuatsi increased with the increase of water temperature, and its 96 h-UILT50 was 36.22 ℃. During the 96 h acute high temperature stress, the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) in liver of S. chuatsi showed a decreasing, increasing and decreasing trend, while the activities of alanine aminotransferase(GPT) and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) showed an increasing, decrea-sing and increasing trend.In terms of digestive enzymes, the activities of pepsin and intestinal amylase(AMS) of juvenile S. chuatsi showed a decreasing, increasing and decreasing trend, while the activities of intestinal lipase(LPS) showed an increasing, decreasing and increasing trend. In the process of acute heat stress, the relative expression of HSP70α gene in juvenile S. chuatsi showed a fluctuating trend of increasing to decreasing, and reached the highest value at 12 h of stress, and the second peak value appeared at 48 h of stress. The expression of HSP90α gene increased at first and then decreased, and reached the highest value at 24 h of stress. However, at 96 h of stress, HSP70α and HSP90α genes were still significantly higher than those of juvenile S. chuatsi in the control group(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】The activity of antioxidant enzyme, digestive enzyme and the expression of heat shock protein gene of juvenile S. chuatsiare significantly affec-ted by acute high temperature stress. Among them, heat shock protein genes HSP70α and HSP90α are involved in the phy-siological regulation of the response to high temperature stress to deal with the damage of liver cells under high temperature stress, so they can be used as markers of the response to high temperature stress.

        Key words: Siniperca chuatsi; high temperature stress; antioxidant enzymes; digestive enzymes; heat shock protein gene

        Foundation item: Jiangsu Agricultural Independent Innovation Fund Project[CX(17)3005]; Basic Research Pro-ject of Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2019JBFZ01)

        0 引言

        【研究意義】水溫是水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖過程中最重要的生態(tài)因子,水溫變化均直接影響魚類的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、攝食及代謝等生命活動(dòng)(He et al.,2014)。高溫是導(dǎo)致多種魚類疾病產(chǎn)生的重要因素,尤其在有條件致病菌的環(huán)境條件下,當(dāng)水溫持續(xù)升高至超過魚類耐受范圍時(shí),可導(dǎo)致鰓、腸胃及肝臟等部位組織喪失生理功能,魚類體內(nèi)的抗氧化酶系統(tǒng)遭到損傷,呼吸、消化及排泄系統(tǒng)被破壞,進(jìn)而影響機(jī)體的正常生理機(jī)能(Yanar et al.,2019)。雖然大多數(shù)魚類具備適應(yīng)高溫的能力,但若長(zhǎng)期處于高溫脅迫下,便會(huì)對(duì)魚類造成不可逆的損傷,而引發(fā)魚類疾病甚至造成死亡。因此,基于抗氧化酶和消化酶指標(biāo)及熱休克蛋白相關(guān)基因表達(dá)趨勢(shì),探討魚類對(duì)高溫的耐受程度,可為揭示高溫脅迫下魚體的應(yīng)對(duì)機(jī)制提供理論依據(jù)。【前人研究進(jìn)展】當(dāng)魚類感受到水溫變化時(shí),便刺激下丘腦—垂體—腎間組織軸(Hypothalamus-pitui-tary-interrenal axis,HPI)作用,通過增加呼吸量和代謝率而維持新陳代謝及其穩(wěn)態(tài);但水溫進(jìn)一步升高超過其調(diào)節(jié)范圍時(shí),則導(dǎo)致機(jī)體代謝紊亂甚至死亡(辛苑茹等,2019)。在銀鯧(Pampus argenteus)(謝明媚等,2015)、暗紋東方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)(Cheng et al.,2018)和葛氏鱸塘鱧(Perccottus glenii)(王博雅等,2020)等魚類中均發(fā)現(xiàn)高溫可引起抗氧化相關(guān)酶呈規(guī)律性表達(dá),整體上表現(xiàn)為先升高后降低。已有研究表明,暴露于高溫應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下的魚類會(huì)出現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞空泡化、細(xì)胞間邊緣消失及細(xì)胞核水解等現(xiàn)象,隨著水溫升高加劇或脅迫時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)最終引發(fā)其肝臟變性壞死(張思敏等,2018)。消化酶能直觀表征魚類的消化生理機(jī)能狀況,反映魚體對(duì)食物的吸收消化能力,且水溫變化會(huì)極大影響新陳代謝等生理活動(dòng)。至今,有關(guān)水溫對(duì)魚體消化酶活性影響的研究已有較多報(bào)道,如大黃魚(Larimichthys crocea)(朱愛意和褚學(xué)林,2006)、駝背鱸(Cromileptes altivelis)(劉江華等,2014)及美洲鰣(Alosa sapidissima)(楊明等,2020),但鮮見針對(duì)翹嘴鱖(Siniperca chua-tsi)的相關(guān)報(bào)道。熱休克蛋白家族生物學(xué)功能廣泛,其中HSP70和HSP90基因能維持熱休克蛋白的空間結(jié)構(gòu),修正并降解因外界刺激引發(fā)的蛋白錯(cuò)誤折疊,在多肽鏈折疊及蛋白組裝、加工、運(yùn)輸和降解等方面也發(fā)揮著重要作用(Encomio and Chu,2007;金新萍等,2018)。在團(tuán)頭魴(Megalobrama amblycephala)(明建華等,2009)、虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mykiss)(周彥靜等,2017)和西伯利亞鱘(Acipenser baeri)(王曉雯等,2019)的相關(guān)研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)在高溫脅迫下HSP70和HSP90基因均顯著上調(diào)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】翹嘴鱖統(tǒng)稱為白鱖,隸屬于鱸形目(Perciformes)真鱸科(Percichthyidae)鱖屬(Siniperca),肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩鮮美,為高檔的名特淡水魚(盧薛等,2013;王鵬飛,2014;劉雨等,2019;徐暢等,2020)。由于國(guó)內(nèi)養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境限制及自身特點(diǎn)等因素,翹嘴鱖幼魚從投放到生長(zhǎng)至商品魚階段一般在室外土塘進(jìn)行。我國(guó)南方地區(qū)夏季高溫,水溫可升至37.0 ℃甚至更高,即高溫脅迫已成為長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)翹嘴鱖養(yǎng)殖業(yè)健康發(fā)展的主要限制因素,但至今鮮見有關(guān)水溫對(duì)其影響的研究報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】探究高溫脅迫下翹嘴鱖抗氧化酶和消化酶活性及熱休克蛋白基因(HSP70α和HSP90α)的變化規(guī)律,從酶活性及基因表達(dá)層面明確高溫脅迫對(duì)其生長(zhǎng)及存活率的影響,為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中翹嘴鱖幼魚培育提供可靠的參考依據(jù)。

        1 材料與方法

        1. 1 試驗(yàn)用魚及控溫方式

        2月齡翹嘴鱖幼魚購(gòu)自湖州市某翹嘴鱖良種場(chǎng),在中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院無錫淡水研究中心養(yǎng)殖區(qū)暫養(yǎng),置于水泥廠房中的循環(huán)水槽中喂養(yǎng)(400 L/桶)。挑選鱗片齊整、規(guī)格一致、平均體重9.23±0.34 g、平均體長(zhǎng)5.21±0.25 cm的翹嘴鱖幼魚共300尾,在室內(nèi)循環(huán)水槽中暫養(yǎng)1周后開始試驗(yàn),期間投喂小規(guī)格的鯪魚幼魚。翹嘴鱖幼魚飼養(yǎng)在80 cm×45 cm×50 cm的復(fù)合材料桶中,試驗(yàn)期間保持水體溶解氧≥6 mg/L、氨氮≤0.05 mg/L、水溫(26.0±0.5)℃、pH 7.3±0.4。養(yǎng)殖水溫以制冷加熱循環(huán)器(NH03801型,賽默飛世爾科技公司)進(jìn)行調(diào)控,可控溫度范圍在4.0~35.0 ℃,輔以鈦加熱棒(500 W)。

        1. 2 高起始致死溫度(96 h-UILT50)測(cè)試

        設(shè)26.0、30.0、34.0和38.0 ℃等4個(gè)溫度梯度,每個(gè)溫度梯度放入同規(guī)格翹嘴鱖幼魚20尾,初始水溫為(26.0±0.5)℃,按1.0 ℃/h的速度進(jìn)行加溫,以水溫升高至預(yù)設(shè)值為時(shí)間零點(diǎn)(0 h),進(jìn)行96 h的高溫脅迫,脅迫結(jié)束后統(tǒng)計(jì)各溫度處理組翹嘴鱖幼魚的累計(jì)死亡率。利用Probit回歸分析獲得96 h死亡率達(dá)50%的溫度,作為翹嘴鱖幼魚高起始致死溫度(Upper incipient lethal temperature 50,96 h-UILT50)(竇碩增等,2017)。觀測(cè)翹嘴鱖幼魚的行為反應(yīng),每3 h測(cè)量1次水溫、溶解氧和pH,每24 h記錄各平行的死亡魚體數(shù),并及時(shí)剔除死去的幼魚(魚體平躺或翻轉(zhuǎn)且沒有連續(xù)呼吸現(xiàn)象則認(rèn)定為死亡)。

        1. 3 高溫脅迫試驗(yàn)

        完成預(yù)試驗(yàn)后,根據(jù)96 h-UILT50設(shè)定對(duì)照組(26.0 ℃)和試驗(yàn)組(36.0 ℃),挑選鱗片齊整、體長(zhǎng)相近的翹嘴鱖幼魚180尾,分開置于6個(gè)塑料桶中飼養(yǎng),對(duì)照組與試驗(yàn)組均設(shè)3個(gè)平行,每個(gè)塑料桶投放30尾幼魚。其中,試驗(yàn)組須在水溫升至36.0 ℃后再投放幼魚,以達(dá)到急性高溫脅迫的條件。試驗(yàn)期間停止投喂,持續(xù)充氧,利用HACH-LDO溶氧儀監(jiān)測(cè)水體溶解氧含量變化,pH維持在7.3±0.4。在高溫脅迫0、6、12、24、48和96 h時(shí),每桶隨機(jī)抽取3尾翹嘴鱖幼魚,使用50 mg/L MS-222進(jìn)行麻醉,剖解后采集翹嘴鱖的胃、腸道及肝臟組織,使用現(xiàn)配的生理鹽水進(jìn)行沖洗,經(jīng)液氮處理后放入-80 ℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

        1. 4 樣品處理

        將各處理組采集的組織樣品擦干水分,隨即稱重并記錄,加入生理鹽水后研磨,研磨液在4.0 ℃下4000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液,-80.0 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。采用南京建成生物工程研究所生產(chǎn)的生化試劑盒測(cè)定不同指標(biāo),總蛋白試劑盒(考馬斯亮藍(lán)法)測(cè)定翹嘴鱖幼魚胃、腸道和肝臟總蛋白(TP)濃度,總超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)試劑盒測(cè)定SOD活性,過氧化氫酶(CAT)試劑盒測(cè)定CAT活性,谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(GPT)試劑盒測(cè)定GPT活性,丙二醛(MDA)試劑盒測(cè)定MDA含量,胃蛋白酶試劑盒測(cè)定胃蛋白酶活性,淀粉酶(AMS)試劑盒測(cè)定AMS活性,脂肪酶(LPS)試劑盒測(cè)定LPS活性,酶活性單位采用U/mg或U/g表示。

        1. 5 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)

        稱取0.1 g翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟置于RNAiso Plus中勻漿,并按說明進(jìn)行總RNA提取。以RNA為模板,采用HiFiScript cDNA Synthesis Kit試劑盒反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,-20.0 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩8鶕?jù)NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的Heat shock protein 70 alpha(HSP70α)和Heat shock protein 90 alpha(HSP90α)基因序列,以β-actin為內(nèi)參基因,使用Primer Premier 6.0設(shè)計(jì)引物(表1),委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR反應(yīng)體系20.0 μL:2×UltraSYBR Mixture 10.0 μL,正、反向引物各0.4 μL,cDNA模板0.8 μL,ddH2O 8.4 μL。擴(kuò)增程序:95 ℃預(yù)變性10 min;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 32 s,進(jìn)行39個(gè)循環(huán);60 ℃ 30 s,95 ℃ 15 s。根據(jù)實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果,采用2-ΔΔCt法計(jì)算目的基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。

        1. 6 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

        采用SPSS 20.0以概率單位加權(quán)回歸(Probit)法求出翹嘴鱖幼魚的96 h-UILT50及95%置信區(qū)間,并進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和Duncans多重比較。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2. 1 急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚行為的影響

        翹嘴鱖幼魚對(duì)急性高溫脅迫產(chǎn)生明顯的行為反應(yīng),高溫(34.0~38.0 ℃)組魚體應(yīng)激響應(yīng)時(shí)間提前,魚體反應(yīng)程度劇烈。26.0 ℃組翹嘴鱖幼魚在整個(gè)試驗(yàn)周期均相對(duì)安靜,多數(shù)時(shí)間潛伏在桶底不動(dòng),偶爾上游捕食,泳速及泳態(tài)正常,體色呈較深的暗綠色;30.0 ℃組翹嘴鱖幼魚在試驗(yàn)初期(0~24 h)相對(duì)安靜,中期(48 h)后游動(dòng)頻率高于對(duì)照組,喜愛在水體中層游動(dòng),泳速、泳態(tài)及體色均正常;34.0 ℃組翹嘴鱖幼魚試驗(yàn)初期(0~12 h)即表現(xiàn)活躍,游動(dòng)頻繁,喜歡向水面游動(dòng)、滯留,后期活力變差,體色變淺,體表特有的色素斑點(diǎn)更明顯;38.0 ℃組翹嘴鱖幼魚試驗(yàn)初期(0~6 h)即表現(xiàn)煩躁,聚集在水體表面,呼吸急促且極易受驚,中期(48 h)魚體運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率明顯下降,身體逐漸失去平衡,且有不同比例的個(gè)體反應(yīng)遲鈍,后期逐漸死亡,死亡個(gè)體癥狀:口張大,背脊鰭條豎起,體表有黏液滲出,斑紋消失。

        2. 2 高起始致死溫度(96 h-UILT50)的確定

        26.0 ℃組翹嘴鱖幼魚在96 h的試驗(yàn)過程中僅有1條死亡,30.0 ℃組累計(jì)有2條幼魚在96 h內(nèi)死亡,34.0 ℃組累計(jì)有5條幼魚在96 h內(nèi)死亡,38.0 ℃組累計(jì)有13條幼魚在96 h內(nèi)死亡(表2)。可見,翹嘴鱖幼魚死亡率隨水溫的升高不斷上升,其96 h-UILT50為36.22 ℃。

        2. 3 急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚抗氧化酶活性的影響

        2. 3. 1 SOD活性 由圖1可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD活性無顯著變化(P>0.05,下同),試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD活性則呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì)。在急性高溫脅迫初始,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD活性即迅速降低,至脅迫6 h時(shí)其SOD活性顯著低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚(P<0.05,下同),至脅迫12 h時(shí)降至最低值(23.33 U/mg);隨后試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD活性呈明顯上升趨勢(shì),于脅迫48 h時(shí)升至最大值(42.60 U/mg),與對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚無顯著差異;此后翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD活性又表現(xiàn)出下降趨勢(shì),至脅迫96 h時(shí)顯著低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚。

        2. 3. 2 CAT活性 由圖2可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟CAT活性無顯著變化,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟CAT活性變化趨勢(shì)與SOD活性相似,也呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì)。在急性高溫脅迫初始,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟CAT活性即迅速降低,于脅迫6 h時(shí)降至最低值(30.86 U/mg),與對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚差異顯著;至脅迫12 h時(shí)CAT活性仍顯著低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,但隨后明顯上升,至脅迫48 h時(shí)升至最高值(66.27 U/mg),且顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;此后再次下降,至脅迫96 h時(shí)試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟CAT活性低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,但差異不顯著。

        2. 3. 3 GPT活性 由圖3可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟GPT活性無顯著變化,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟GPT活性變化趨勢(shì)則與SOD和CAT活性恰好相反,表現(xiàn)為升高—降低—升高的變化趨勢(shì)。在急性高溫脅迫初始,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟GPT活性即迅速上升,于脅迫6 h時(shí)升至最高值(142.83 U/g),顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;從脅迫12 h時(shí)開始持續(xù)下降,至脅迫48 h時(shí)降至最低值(23.03 U/g),且與對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚差異顯著;隨后再次上升,至脅迫96 h時(shí)試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚GPT活性高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,但二者間無顯著差異。

        2. 3. 4 MDA含量 由圖4可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟MDA含量無顯著變化,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟MDA含量則表現(xiàn)為升高—降低—升高。試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟MDA含量在急性高溫脅迫開始即持續(xù)上升,至脅迫6 h時(shí)顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,隨后繼續(xù)升高,于脅迫12 h時(shí)升至最高值(140.67 nmol/mg),且顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;隨后試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟MDA含量呈明顯下降趨勢(shì),至脅迫48 h時(shí)降至最低值(74.23 nmol/mg),但與對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚差異不顯著;此后再次上升,至脅迫96 h時(shí)試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟MDA含量高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,但差異不顯著。

        2. 4 急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚消化酶活性的影響

        2. 4. 1 胃蛋白酶活性 從圖5可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚胃蛋白酶活性無顯著變化,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚胃蛋白酶活性則呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì)。在急性高溫脅迫初始,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚胃蛋白酶活性即迅速降低,于脅迫6 h時(shí)達(dá)最低值(27.80 U/mg),顯著低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;隨后表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)升高趨勢(shì),至脅迫24 h時(shí)其胃蛋白酶活性顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,并于脅迫48 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值(105.69 U/mg);此后試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚胃蛋白酶活性又呈明顯下降趨勢(shì),但仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚。

        2. 4. 2 AMS活性 從圖6可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道AMS活性無顯著變化,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道AMS活性變化趨勢(shì)與胃蛋白酶相似,呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì)。試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道AMS活性在急性高溫脅迫初始呈略微下降趨勢(shì),隨后持續(xù)上升,至脅迫48 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值(0.97 U/mg),顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;此后出現(xiàn)明顯下降趨勢(shì),但至脅迫96 h時(shí)試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道AMS活性仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚。

        2. 4. 3 LPS活性 從圖7可看出,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道LPS活性無顯著變化,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道LPS活性變化趨勢(shì)則與胃蛋白酶和AMS活性恰好相反,呈升高—降低—升高的變化趨勢(shì)。在急性高溫脅迫初始,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道LPS活性即顯著升高,至脅迫6 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值(23.33 U/g);隨后呈持續(xù)降低趨勢(shì),于脅迫24 h時(shí)降至最低值(6.08 U/g),顯著低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;此后再呈上升趨勢(shì),至脅迫96 h時(shí)試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚LPS活性仍低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,但差異不顯著。

        2. 5 急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚熱休克蛋白基因表達(dá)的影響

        2. 5. 1 HSP70α基因 由圖8可知,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量無顯著變化,而試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量呈升高—下降的波動(dòng)式變化趨勢(shì)。隨著急性高溫脅迫時(shí)間的推移,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因表達(dá)先持續(xù)上調(diào),于脅迫12 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值;隨后其表達(dá)快速下調(diào),但在脅迫48 h時(shí)出現(xiàn)第2個(gè)峰值,其相對(duì)表達(dá)量顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;至脅迫96 h時(shí)翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚。

        2. 5. 2 HSP90α基因 由圖9可知,在96 h的急性高溫脅迫過程中,對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP90α基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量也無顯著變化,而試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP90α基因的表達(dá)呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢(shì)。隨著急性高溫脅迫時(shí)間的推移,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP90α基因表達(dá)先持續(xù)上調(diào),至脅迫12 h時(shí)其相對(duì)表達(dá)量顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚;于脅迫24 h時(shí)上調(diào)至最高值,隨后開始逐漸下調(diào),但至脅迫96 h時(shí)仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚。

        3 討論

        3. 1 高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚存活及行為的影響

        水溫變化會(huì)直接影響魚類的攝食、生長(zhǎng)、代謝及免疫等生理活動(dòng),尤其是夏季和冬季水溫變化較大,一旦突破魚體的耐受極限即引起代謝紊亂,最終導(dǎo)致死亡(Bly and Clem,1992)。本研究結(jié)果表明,在急性升溫方式下,高溫脅迫(34.0和38.0 ℃)組翹嘴鱖幼魚早期均表現(xiàn)出游動(dòng)頻繁、浮于水面和呼吸急促等特征,后期則逐漸減慢游動(dòng)頻率,失去平衡直至喪失運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,其96 h-UILT50為36.22 ℃。翹嘴鱖幼魚對(duì)高溫脅迫表現(xiàn)出的行為反應(yīng)與大黃魚(李慶昌等,2016)、虹鱒(夏斌鵬等,2017)及大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)(孟振等,2020)等魚類相同,而96 h-UILT50高于許氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)(竇碩增等,2017)和西伯利亞鱘(王曉雯等,2019)等冷水系魚類。王鵬飛(2014)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),翹嘴鱖成魚的半致死溫度(LT50)為39.9 ℃,可能與魚類個(gè)體大小有關(guān),幼魚的各器官組織尚未發(fā)育完全,因此抵御高溫脅迫的能力較成魚弱;也可能是升溫方式不同所引起,本研究是采用突變高溫脅迫方法,而王鵬飛(2014)采用1.2 ℃/h的梯度升溫方式,魚體已逐漸產(chǎn)生耐受性。Yanar等(2019)研究表明,魚類的UILT50還受多種條件協(xié)同作用,包括分布地域、個(gè)體大小、馴化溫度、升溫速率及水質(zhì)條件等。

        3. 2 高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖抗氧化酶活性的影響

        魚類機(jī)體細(xì)胞生存需保持適度的氧化與抗氧化平衡,在適宜水體條件下,機(jī)體中的抗氧化系統(tǒng)能及時(shí)處理因生理代謝等活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的活性氧自由基(ROS)。當(dāng)水溫快速上升時(shí),魚類機(jī)體遭受嚴(yán)重應(yīng)激而生成過多的ROS,一旦冗余ROS突破機(jī)體抗氧化系統(tǒng)的承受限度,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致組織器官應(yīng)激損傷且易引發(fā)致死現(xiàn)象(胡靜等,2016)。CAT和SOD是動(dòng)物機(jī)體抗氧化及清理自由基作用較強(qiáng)的酶類,SOD可使ROS分解成H2O2,而CAT能將H2O2還原為氧分子和水分子,二者協(xié)同配合以確保細(xì)胞和機(jī)體的常規(guī)生理生化活動(dòng)(Martínez-?lvarez et al.,2005)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD和CAT活性在急性高溫脅迫過程中均呈降低—升高—降低的變化趨勢(shì)。脅迫6 h時(shí)翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟中的SOD和CAT活性顯著降低,可能是急性高溫脅迫初期水溫急劇上升,翹嘴鱖幼魚短時(shí)間內(nèi)無法適應(yīng)高溫環(huán)境,其體內(nèi)抗氧化系統(tǒng)被抑制,因此SOD和CAT活性呈顯著下降趨勢(shì);脅迫24 h后,SOD和CAT活性顯著升高,可能是翹嘴鱖幼魚通過調(diào)節(jié)代謝等生理活動(dòng),逐漸適應(yīng)高溫環(huán)境,其體內(nèi)抗氧化系統(tǒng)功能開始恢復(fù);也可能是低氧所致,高溫會(huì)降低水體的溶解氧含量,引起抗氧化酶SOD和CAT活性增加,以強(qiáng)化機(jī)體的抗氧化防御作用,迅速除去冗余的ROS而維持機(jī)體生理代謝平衡(Patterson et al.,2013;Varghese et al.,2017)。該階段的抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性變化趨勢(shì)與在吉富羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)(王海貞等,2012)和大口黑鱸(Micropterus salmoides)(孫永旭等,2019)等魚類中的研究結(jié)果一致。急性高溫脅迫48 h后,翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD和CAT活性再次下降,至脅迫96 h時(shí)SOD活性已顯著低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,究其原因可能是脅迫后期伴隨高溫脅迫時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加,翹嘴鱖幼魚機(jī)體已產(chǎn)生免疫疲勞,體內(nèi)ROS濃度遠(yuǎn)高于抗氧化系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)閾值,肝臟遭受高溫應(yīng)激損傷,導(dǎo)致抗氧化能力下降,與劉峰等(2016)的研究結(jié)果一致。在整個(gè)急性高溫脅迫過程中,翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟SOD和CAT活性隨時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)相似,故推測(cè)二者在功能上具有協(xié)同性(Livingstone,2001)。

        王偉等(2012)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)機(jī)體遭受逆境脅迫生成冗余的ROS且未能及時(shí)清除時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致ROS與多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)反應(yīng),大量的脂質(zhì)過氧化物(LPO)生成并最終分解為MDA。MDA的累積會(huì)導(dǎo)致生物膜流通性降低和細(xì)胞損傷,因此器官組織MDA含量通常是其脂質(zhì)過氧化程度的體現(xiàn),從側(cè)面反映細(xì)胞遭受損傷的程度(史鯤鵬等,2018)。孫學(xué)亮等(2010)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在急性高溫脅迫下,半滑舌鰨(Cynoglossus semilaevis)體內(nèi)的MDA含量隨脅迫時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢(shì),于脅迫6 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值;王艷妮等(2015)發(fā)現(xiàn)虹鱒體內(nèi)的MDA含量在熱應(yīng)激開始后持續(xù)上升,應(yīng)激4 h后顯著高于試驗(yàn)初期。在本研究中,高溫脅迫6 h后翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟MDA含量顯著上升,至脅迫12 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值(140.67 nmol/mg),說明急性高溫脅迫下翹嘴鱖幼魚新陳代謝加快引起ROS濃度上升,機(jī)體無法及時(shí)清除,導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)過氧化水平加深,與抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性在脅迫初期(0~12 h)顯著下降相吻合;脅迫12 h后MDA含量逐漸回落,至脅迫48 h時(shí)降至最低值(74.23 nmol/mg),且明顯低于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,說明翹嘴鱖體內(nèi)的抗氧化系統(tǒng)已被誘導(dǎo)激活,脂質(zhì)過氧化程度開始降低。在逆境脅迫狀態(tài)下,熱休克蛋白作為分子伴侶表達(dá)量明顯上調(diào),具有保護(hù)生物體免受損傷的重要作用(周鑫等,2013)。但由于熱休克蛋白的作用能力不足以應(yīng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的高溫脅迫,脅迫48 h后抗氧化鏈條被打破,抗氧化系統(tǒng)酶消除ROS的能力減退,而刺激脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng),故導(dǎo)致魚體內(nèi)MDA含量再次上升,在鯔魚(Mugil cephalus)(吳慶元等,2014)和大瀧六線魚(Hexagrammos otakii)(樊英等,2020)的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)類似結(jié)果。

        GPT是一種與氨基酸代謝相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)氨酶,主要分布在細(xì)胞線粒體中,少量存在于血液中,可催化氨基轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲於狨ズ捅?,其活性能間接體現(xiàn)蛋白合成與分解的情況(李開放和徐奇友,2019),是衡量肝細(xì)胞損傷的重要指標(biāo)之一(Casillas et al.,2006)。當(dāng)魚類遭受氧化應(yīng)激時(shí),其體內(nèi)肝細(xì)胞膜通透性迅速增加,合成胞漿酶輸送至血液和組織中,表現(xiàn)為GPT活性迅速上升。在本研究中,急性高溫脅迫下翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟GPT活性表現(xiàn)出升高—降低—升高的變化趨勢(shì),至高溫脅迫12 h時(shí)試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚肝臟GPT活性顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,表明急性高溫脅迫已對(duì)魚體肝臟細(xì)胞造成損傷。急性高溫脅迫前期,翹嘴鱖幼魚未能適應(yīng)高溫環(huán)境,其抗氧化系統(tǒng)被抑制,無法迅速清理冗余的ROS,但機(jī)體通過提高GPT活性,加速新陳代謝以提高對(duì)高溫的適應(yīng)能力,與劉超等(2016)的研究結(jié)果一致;脅迫12 h后GPT活性開始下降,至脅迫48 h時(shí)降至最低值(23.03 U/g),表明機(jī)體進(jìn)行自我調(diào)節(jié)后得到恢復(fù),抗氧化系統(tǒng)可繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用,及時(shí)清除體內(nèi)冗余的ROS。可見,CAT、SOD和GPT可協(xié)同作用,但三者對(duì)高溫的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)速率不一致,GPT最先響應(yīng),而SOD和CAT的反應(yīng)存在滯后性,故推測(cè)這3種抗氧化酶在氧化應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)中承擔(dān)不同職能。

        3. 3 高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚消化酶活性的影響

        消化酶能直接反映魚體的消化生理機(jī)能,表征魚類對(duì)體內(nèi)食物的吸收消化能力。已有研究表明,消化酶活性受諸多因素影響,可因所屬種類、生理狀況、水體環(huán)境及養(yǎng)殖方式等不同而存在差異(Zhou et al.,2016;Hoseinifar et al.,2017)。翹嘴鱖為肉食性魚類,胃蛋白酶活性最能體現(xiàn)機(jī)體消化和吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的狀況。本研究結(jié)果表明,翹嘴鱖幼魚胃蛋白酶活性在急性高溫脅迫6 h內(nèi)顯著降低,隨后持續(xù)上升,于脅迫48 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值(105.69 U/mg),說明經(jīng)過短暫的適應(yīng)后,高溫脅迫并不會(huì)破壞胃蛋白酶活性,反而在某種程度上促進(jìn)胃蛋白酶分泌,以分解更多蛋白為免疫相關(guān)酶的表達(dá)與翻譯提供原料,與施兆鴻等(2016)發(fā)現(xiàn)銀鯧幼魚受高溫脅迫后,其體內(nèi)胃蛋白酶活性持續(xù)升高的結(jié)論一致。LPS是脂質(zhì)代謝過程中極其重要的酶類,催化分解脂肪,產(chǎn)生甘油一酯、甘油二酯及游離脂肪酸,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為脂肪酸和甘油而為魚體供能。劉玲等(2018)在駝背鱸和鞍帶石斑魚(Epinephelus lanceolatus)雜交子代鼠龍斑的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),在35.0 ℃高溫環(huán)境下鼠龍斑腸道LPS活性呈先升后降的變化趨勢(shì)。翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道LPS活性在短時(shí)間內(nèi)顯著升高,隨后持續(xù)降低,說明在急性高溫脅迫下機(jī)體清除氧化自由基需消耗比正常代謝更多的能量,前期翹嘴鱖幼魚主要依靠消耗脂肪來提供能量,因此高溫脅迫前期(6 h)LPS活性上升而為抗氧化系統(tǒng)供能;后期由于高溫脅迫時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),機(jī)體自身已無法清除冗余的ROS,抗氧化系統(tǒng)及免疫系統(tǒng)受損,同時(shí)消化系統(tǒng)因組織結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變性壞死而導(dǎo)致LPS活性降低。在AMS方面,試驗(yàn)組翹嘴鱖幼魚腸道AMS活性在脅迫初期(6 h)略有下降,隨后持續(xù)上升,并于脅迫48 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值(0.97 U/mg)。在半滑舌鰨(田相利等,2008)、藍(lán)點(diǎn)馬鮫魚(Scomberomorus niphoius)(陳健等,2015)和小黃魚(Larimichthys polyactis)(劉峰等,2016)等相關(guān)研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)高溫脅迫會(huì)誘導(dǎo)腸道AMS活性上升,說明魚體需通過水解淀粉來彌補(bǔ)因應(yīng)對(duì)高溫失去的能量。

        本研究結(jié)果顯示,急性高溫脅迫下翹嘴鱖幼魚消化酶(胃蛋白酶、LPS和AMS)活性均有降低現(xiàn)象,但對(duì)高溫的敏感性存在差異。至高溫脅迫結(jié)束時(shí),LPS活性恢復(fù)到與對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚相當(dāng)?shù)乃剑憩F(xiàn)出對(duì)高溫環(huán)境的適應(yīng);AMS和胃蛋白酶活性至脅迫96 h時(shí)仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,說明翹嘴鱖幼魚可通過增加這2種消化酶活性,分解淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)以應(yīng)對(duì)高溫環(huán)境。

        3. 4 高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚熱休克蛋白基因表達(dá)的影響

        熱休克蛋白也稱應(yīng)激蛋白,在多種生物體中均有發(fā)現(xiàn),能有效提升機(jī)體應(yīng)對(duì)溫度脅迫、低氧脅迫、重金屬脅迫及饑餓脅迫等惡劣環(huán)境的能力(Basu et al.,2002)。本研究結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)急性高溫脅迫后翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因表達(dá)量顯著增加,于脅迫12 h時(shí)升達(dá)最高值,隨后整體上呈降低趨勢(shì),與已報(bào)道的部分水生生物試驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。蘇嶺等(2010)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在28.0 ℃高溫脅迫下,鯽魚(Carassius auratus)HSP70基因開始逐漸上調(diào),至脅迫4 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值,隨后逐漸下調(diào)并于脅迫48 h時(shí)降至最初值;Ming等(2010)研究證實(shí),在34.0 ℃高溫下脅迫24 h,團(tuán)頭魴肝臟HSP70基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量呈先上升后降低的變化趨勢(shì);強(qiáng)俊等(2012)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),尼羅羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)經(jīng)35.0 ℃高溫脅迫6 h,其肝臟中的HSP70基因上調(diào)表達(dá)至最高值,隨后24 h內(nèi)逐漸降低??梢姡淖僅SP70基因表達(dá)量是魚類應(yīng)對(duì)高溫脅迫的主要途徑,脅迫初期高溫脅迫引起組織中變性蛋白和異常蛋白數(shù)目增多,正常狀態(tài)的蛋白平衡被打破,從而導(dǎo)致部分維持正常生理功能的酶活性下降甚至喪失,HSP70基因通過多種途徑調(diào)節(jié),誘導(dǎo)肝臟細(xì)胞中HSP70含量升高。脅迫后期HSP70基因表達(dá)量回落,或許是由于HSP70基因?qū)?xì)胞的保護(hù)作用存在局限性,脅迫程度超過其調(diào)節(jié)范圍時(shí),肝臟細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)和蛋白質(zhì)組成改變,而干擾HSP70基因在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的分布,因此對(duì)機(jī)體的保護(hù)能力下降。本研究結(jié)果表明,翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP70α基因表達(dá)受溫度調(diào)節(jié),以此確保組織器官不被損害及維持機(jī)體內(nèi)部功能的穩(wěn)定,因此HSP70被視為評(píng)估應(yīng)激水平的生物標(biāo)志之一(Jonsson et al.,2006)。

        HSP90基因存在于真核細(xì)胞中,能與400多種蛋白相結(jié)合,在不同脅迫條件下,如高溫脅迫或低溫脅迫均能誘導(dǎo)其上調(diào)表達(dá)。Wu等(2012)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idella)在高溫或低溫脅迫下均會(huì)顯著上調(diào)多種組織中的HSP90基因表達(dá)量;生安志等(2016)研究表明,牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)經(jīng)28.0 ℃高溫脅迫1 h,其肝臟中的HSP90基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量顯著升高;Yan等(2017)研究表明,在高溫脅迫下泥鰍(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)HSP90基因表達(dá)迅速上調(diào);張德康等(2020)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美洲鰣經(jīng)7.0 ℃低溫脅迫12 h,其HSP90基因表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)。在本研究中,翹嘴鱖幼魚HSP90α基因在急性高溫脅迫后顯著上調(diào),并于脅迫24 h時(shí)達(dá)最高值,為對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚的14.06倍,說明高溫脅迫會(huì)誘導(dǎo)HSP90α大量合成,且在初期發(fā)揮細(xì)胞防御功能。隨后HSP90α基因表達(dá)逐漸下調(diào),但至脅迫結(jié)束時(shí)仍顯著高于對(duì)照組翹嘴鱖幼魚,或許是由于氧化損傷較嚴(yán)重已超過魚體調(diào)節(jié)范圍,且長(zhǎng)時(shí)間會(huì)引發(fā)免疫水平降低及代謝紊亂現(xiàn)象,從而引起HSP90α基因表達(dá)下調(diào)。HSP90α基因可通過參與熱休克轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的聚合作用以激活目標(biāo)基因,在高溫環(huán)境下保護(hù)細(xì)胞不受損傷,也可能是通過抑制高溫誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡來實(shí)現(xiàn)(Yavelsky et al.,2004)。

        4 結(jié)論

        急性高溫脅迫對(duì)翹嘴鱖幼魚抗氧化酶和消化酶活性及熱休克蛋白基因表達(dá)產(chǎn)生顯著影響。在高溫脅迫過程中,CAT、SOD和GPT等3種抗氧化酶在氧化應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)中承擔(dān)不同職能,AMS和胃蛋白酶2種消化酶通過分解淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)以應(yīng)對(duì)高溫環(huán)境;熱休克蛋白基因HSP70α和HSP90α參與高溫脅迫應(yīng)答過程的生理調(diào)節(jié),以應(yīng)對(duì)高溫脅迫對(duì)肝臟細(xì)胞的損傷,故可作為高溫脅迫應(yīng)答的標(biāo)志物。

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        (責(zé)任編輯 蘭宗寶)

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