張榜軍,屠振鵬,馮伊伊,劉 洋,2,李效宇*

[C8mim]Cl對HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激通路的影響

張榜軍1,屠振鵬1,馮伊伊1,劉 洋1,2,李效宇1*

(1.河南師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453007；2.河南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報編輯部,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453007)

為研究離子液體氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C8mim]Cl)是否通過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ERS)通路誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,在MTT法檢測細(xì)胞活力的基礎(chǔ)上,用0, 50, 100, 200μmol/L[C8mim]Cl處理HepG2細(xì)胞24h后,采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡,western blot檢測ERS通路相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá).結(jié)果顯示:[C8mim]Cl處理后HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡呈濃度依賴性增高.ERS相關(guān)蛋白葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白78(GRP78)、磷酸化RNA依賴的蛋白激酶樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶(p-PERK)、磷酸化真核起始因子2α(p-eIF2α)、磷酸化肌醇需求酶-1(p-IRE1)、激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4(ATF4)和ATF6顯著上調(diào). [C8mim]Cl還顯著誘導(dǎo)了C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶4(caspase 4)蛋白表達(dá),促進(jìn)了caspase 9和caspase 3活性升高.因此,[C8mim]Cl可通過ERS通路誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡.

[C8mim]Cl；凋亡；內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激；CHOP; caspase 4

離子液體(ILs)是由有機(jī)陽離子和有機(jī)或無機(jī)陰離子組成的一類低熔點(diǎn)有機(jī)鹽類化合物[1-2].近年來,由于其極低的蒸汽壓、高熱穩(wěn)定性和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性以及良好的溶解性而受到廣泛關(guān)注[3],在許多工業(yè)領(lǐng)域具有很大的潛在應(yīng)用[4-7].目前生產(chǎn)的ILs種類超過350種,其產(chǎn)量和需求繼續(xù)增加[8].雖然當(dāng)前環(huán)境中還未檢測到ILs的存在,但其大規(guī)模應(yīng)用后將不可避免地釋放到環(huán)境中.由于ILs具有高水溶性和低生物降解性,當(dāng)其釋放到水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中時會長期存在并沿食物鏈累積,對水生生物甚至人類健康構(gòu)成威脅[3].

本課題組前期試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C8mim]Cl)暴露可引起PC12細(xì)胞DNA損傷,細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子和活性氧升高,三磷酸腺苷含量耗竭,促進(jìn)半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase 3)活性升高,說明線粒體功能障礙參與[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[9-10].此外,線粒體和死亡受體途徑也參與了[C8mim]Br誘導(dǎo)的HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡[11-12].

研究證實(shí),細(xì)胞內(nèi)外各種刺激因子可激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ERS),觸發(fā)未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(UPR)[13].UPR激活RNA 依賴的蛋白激酶樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶(PERK)、肌醇需求酶1(IRE-1)和激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子6(ATF6)3種內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)蛋白來恢復(fù)正常內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)穩(wěn)態(tài).然而,嚴(yán)重或持續(xù)的UPR會通過IRE1、ATF6和PERK途徑啟動c-jun N-末端激酶(JNK)或C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)等凋亡信號分子,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡[14-16].ERS還可以通過caspase依賴途徑觸發(fā)凋亡[16-17].目前,ERS是否也參與ILs誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡尚不清楚.因此,本文采用流式細(xì)胞儀和western blot方法,研究了[C8mim]Cl對HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡和ERS相關(guān)信號通路蛋白的影響,旨在為探討ILs細(xì)胞毒性的分子機(jī)制提供參考.

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)試劑

[C8mim]Cl 購自北京華威銳科化工有限公司;細(xì)胞凋亡檢測試劑盒購自美國BD公司;3-(4,5二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴鹽(MTT)、caspase 3和9試劑盒購自碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司;Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640(RPMI 1640)培養(yǎng)基購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;胎牛血清購自浙江天杭生物科技股份有限公司;細(xì)胞裂解液、蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制劑、雙色蛋白上樣緩沖液和二喹啉甲酸(BCA)蛋白定量試劑盒購自博士德生物工程有限公司.

PERK(多克隆抗體)和GRP78(多克隆抗體)抗體購自武漢賽維爾;CHOP(多克隆抗體)購自武漢三鷹;p-PERK(多克隆抗體),p-IRE1(單克隆抗體)購自武漢華美生物;eIF2α(多克隆抗體)、IRE1(多克隆抗體)、XBP1(多克隆抗體)、ATF4 (多克隆抗體)和ATF6(多克隆抗體)購自沈陽萬類生物科技有限公司;caspase 4(多克隆抗體)和GAPDH(單克隆抗體)購自博士德工程有限公司;p-eIF2α(單克隆抗體)和HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG(H+L)二抗購自碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司.

1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和活力測定

HepG2細(xì)胞由新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院提供,在含10%胎牛血清和青鏈霉素的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)條件為37℃、5% CO2.采用MTT法測定細(xì)胞活力,根據(jù)預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,用不同濃度[C8mim]Cl(0,125,250, 500,750,1000,1500μmol/L)處理HepG2細(xì)胞,每個濃度設(shè)5個重復(fù).24h后,小心去除培養(yǎng)基,每孔加100μL新鮮培養(yǎng)基,同時加10μL MTT(0.5mg/mL), 37°C孵育4h.用150μL二甲基亞砜溶解沉淀物,并在570nm用酶標(biāo)儀讀數(shù).

1.3 [C8mim]Cl處理

細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)接到6孔板中生長12h,用[C8mim]Cl(0, 50, 100, 200μmol/L)處理細(xì)胞24h,收集細(xì)胞進(jìn)行以下生化分析.

1.4 細(xì)胞凋亡測定

細(xì)胞凋亡測定參考Li等[14]操作進(jìn)行.主要步驟如下:收取細(xì)胞,用PBS沖洗,在Binding buffer中重新懸浮,加Annexin V-異硫氰酸熒光素(Annexin V –FITC)和碘化丙啶(Propidium iodide,PI)后室溫避光染色15min,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測.

1.5 Western blot

Western blot試驗(yàn)過程按照卜玲玲等[18]和Feng等[19]操作進(jìn)行.主要步驟如下:用含有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制劑的細(xì)胞裂解液提取總蛋白.BCA蛋白定量試劑盒對提取的總蛋白進(jìn)行定量后加雙色蛋白上樣緩沖液,100℃下煮沸5min.通過SDS-PAGE分離變性蛋白質(zhì)并轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上.加相應(yīng)的一抗(PERK:1:1000稀釋;p-PERK:1:600稀釋;eIF2α:1:500稀釋;p-eIF2α:1:1000稀釋;GRP78:1:500稀釋; CHOP:1:1000稀釋;p-IRE1:1:2000稀釋;IRE1:1:2000稀釋;XBP1:1:1500稀釋;ATF4:1:500稀釋;ATF6:1: 1000稀釋;caspase 4:1:1000稀釋;GAPDH:1:500),置4℃孵育過夜,TBST清洗3次,加二抗(1:2000稀釋)室溫孵育1h.TBST清洗3次后加ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑,經(jīng)ChemiDoc-MP成像系統(tǒng)(Bio-Rad)成像,并使用ImageJ軟件進(jìn)行灰度掃描.

1.6 caspase酶活性測定

caspase 3和9活性測定按照試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行操作.試驗(yàn)過程參考Li等[14]步驟.

1.7 數(shù)據(jù)分析

使用SPSS 23.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行方差分析,然后進(jìn)行Dunnett-t檢驗(yàn),數(shù)值以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SD)表示.*代表處理組和對照組之間差異顯著(*<0.05, **<0.01).

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 [C8mim]Cl對細(xì)胞活力的影響

圖1 [C8mim]Cl對HepG2細(xì)胞活力的影響

如圖1所示,[C8mim]Cl處理后細(xì)胞活力顯著降低,說明[C8mim]Cl影響HepG2細(xì)胞的生長.根據(jù)試驗(yàn)獲得[C8mim]Cl對HepG2細(xì)胞的24h IC50為1051.0(944.1～1202.3)μmol/L.

2.2 [C8mim]Cl對HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡的影響

如圖2所示,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測結(jié)果顯示50, 100, 200μmol/L [C8mim]Cl處理HepG2細(xì)胞后凋亡細(xì)胞從4.35%升高到11.26%、20.76%和52.9%,表明[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴性.

2.3 [C8mim]Cl 對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白的影響

如圖3所示,GRP78、CHOP和caspase 4作為ERS相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物,在[C8mim]Cl處理24h后顯著增加.此外,[C8mim]Cl處理顯著增加p-eIF2α和p-IRE1的表達(dá);200μmol/L [C8mim] Cl處理后,p-PERK、ATF4和ATF6水平也顯著增加(圖4).然而,在[C8mim]Cl處理組中, PERK、eIF2α、IRE1和XBP1的蛋白質(zhì)水平普遍降低(圖4).表明ERS參與了[C8mim]Cl介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡.

圖3 [C8mim]Cl對HepG2細(xì)胞GRP78、CHOP和caspase 4蛋白的影響

2.4 [C8mim]Cl對caspase 3和9酶活性的影響

如圖5所示,[C8mim]Cl處理可顯著促進(jìn)HepG2細(xì)胞caspase 3和caspase 9的活性,提示caspase 3和caspase 9可能在[C8mim]Cl引起的細(xì)胞凋亡中起重要作用.

3 討論

研究表明,ILs能顯著抑制體外細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞活力,包括PC12[9],Hela[20],CCO[21],9[22]和Caco-2細(xì)胞株[23].本文發(fā)現(xiàn)[C8mim]Cl也顯著降低了HepG2細(xì)胞活力,表明離子液體暴露對細(xì)胞有毒害作用.

細(xì)胞凋亡是一種受到嚴(yán)格控制的細(xì)胞死亡形式,在調(diào)節(jié)許多細(xì)胞生物學(xué)過程、維持正常發(fā)育和組織內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定方面起關(guān)鍵作用[24].越來越多的證據(jù)表明,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡是許多環(huán)境毒物細(xì)胞毒性的重要機(jī)制[25-27].Ma等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),離子液體[C8mim]Br可激活線粒體通路,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,表明細(xì)胞凋亡可能是離子液體的細(xì)胞毒性機(jī)制之一.本文中,流式細(xì)胞檢測也證實(shí)[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)了細(xì)胞凋亡.然而,ILs誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的通路還需深入研究.近年來,ERS介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡受到越來越多的關(guān)注[28-29].ILs是否會通過激活ERS來誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡目前還未見報道.

GRP78是ER定位的伴侶蛋白,與PERK、IRE1和ATF6等跨膜蛋白結(jié)合,在正常生理?xiàng)l件下保持非活性狀態(tài).內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激發(fā)生時,其結(jié)合態(tài)解離,GRP78表達(dá)水平升高,3種跨膜蛋白(ATF6、PERK和IRE1)被激活,啟動內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)介導(dǎo)的UPR,防止蛋白質(zhì)聚集的形成和驅(qū)動錯誤折疊的蛋白質(zhì)降解來維持內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)[30].因此,GRP78被用作內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的指標(biāo)[31-32].在本文中,[C8mim]Cl暴露可顯著提高GRP78蛋白水平,提示[C8mim]Cl可能破壞HepG2細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)穩(wěn)態(tài),誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生.

CHOP是C/EBP家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子.研究表明, CHOP過度表達(dá)加劇了人肺癌來源的RERF-LC Ad2細(xì)胞和腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡,而敲除CHOP則抑制了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的凋亡[33-34].因此,CHOP在ERS介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡中起著重要作用,已被廣泛認(rèn)為是內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的生物標(biāo)志物[30,35].本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)[C8mim]Cl暴露后HepG2細(xì)胞中CHOP表達(dá)顯著增加,說明CHOP參與了[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡過程.

PERK-eIF2α-ATF4軸是內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)CHOP表達(dá)的主要途徑[14].在UPR條件下,PERK通過自身磷酸化激活,然后磷酸化eIF2α的α亞單位,從而通過抑制一般蛋白翻譯來降低內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激.然而,磷酸化的eIF2α也可以激活A(yù)TF4[14].同時,ATF6與GRP78分離后轉(zhuǎn)移到高爾基體,被切割為有活性的ATF6[13].ATF4和 ATF6又轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞核并調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)基因的表達(dá),包括GRP78和CHOP,這是內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的凋亡途徑中的一個重要通路[36].本文發(fā)現(xiàn)[C8mim]Cl處理后,HepG2細(xì)胞的PERK和eIF2α顯著降低,而磷酸化PERK和eIF2α升高.此外,在[C8mim]Cl處理的細(xì)胞中,ATF4和ATF6也顯著增加.因此,我們推測PERK和ATF6可能通過激活其下游成分CHOP參與[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)的凋亡.

和GRP78解離后,激活的IRE1α催化XBP-1剪接,以誘導(dǎo)多個參與UPR基因的表達(dá),以恢復(fù)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)穩(wěn)態(tài)[13-14].在本文中,p-IRE1α顯著增加,而剪接的XBP-1在[C8mim]Cl處理24h后顯著下調(diào),表明[C8mim]Cl暴露可能破壞了XBP-1介導(dǎo)的保護(hù)途徑.研究表明IRE1可招募ASK1和TRAF2,形成IRE1- TRAF2-ASK1復(fù)合物后激活JNK途徑誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[37].因此,需要進(jìn)一步研究IRE1α相關(guān)信號通路在[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用.

Caspase家族負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)控許多環(huán)境毒物介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[38].小鼠caspase-12是一個內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)駐留的caspase家族成員,對caspase-12缺陷小鼠的研究結(jié)果表明,它在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡中被特異性激活[39].但是,人類caspase-12蛋白在進(jìn)化過程中由于若干突變而處于失活狀態(tài),在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡中不起作用[40].然而,先前的研究表明,人類caspase-4在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞死亡途徑中與小鼠caspase 12具有相同的功能[17].同時,caspase 12可通過caspase 9/caspase 3途徑誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[41].本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),caspase 4蛋白在[C8mim]Cl處理后顯著上調(diào),caspase 9和caspase 3活性也顯著升高,提示[C8mim]Cl 能夠激活caspase 4,可能通過caspase9/ caspase-3通路在凋亡誘導(dǎo)中發(fā)揮作用.

4 結(jié)論

4.1 [C8mim]Cl處理可誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡.

4.2 [C8mim]Cl處理能激活HepG2細(xì)胞PERK、IRE1和ATF6信號通路, 誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞UPR反應(yīng).

4.3 CHOP和caspase 4信號通路在[C8mim]Cl誘導(dǎo)的HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡中可能起重要作用.

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Effects of [C8mim]Cl on apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in HepG2 cells.

ZHANG Bang-jun1,TU Zhen-peng1, FENG Yi-yi1, LIU Yang1, 2,LIXiao-yu1*

(1.College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China；2.Journal of Henan Normal University, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China)., 2021,41(6)：2932～2938

In order to explore whether ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl) can induce apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS) pathway, HepG2 cells were treated with 0,50,100,200μmol/L [C8mim]Cl for 24h based on the MTT cell viability assay. The apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and western blot was used to assay the expressions of ERS related proteins. The results showed that [C8mim]Cl increased the apoptosis in HepG2 cells with a concentration-dependent manner. [C8mim]Cl significantly increased the expressions of ERS related proteins, including glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and ATF6. [C8mim]Cl also significantly induced the expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase 4 protein, lead to the increase of caspase 9 and caspase 3 activities. Therefore, [C8mim]Cl could induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ERS pathway.

[C8mim]Cl；apoptosis；ERS；CHOP；caspase 4

X171.5

A

1000-6923(2021)06-2932-07

張榜軍(1978-),男,河南林州人,講師,博士,研究方向?yàn)榄h(huán)境毒理學(xué).發(fā)表論文20余篇.

2020-11-20

河南省高等學(xué)校重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目(19zx011);河南師范大學(xué)博士啟動經(jīng)費(fèi)資助項(xiàng)目(qd16147)

* 責(zé)任作者, 教授, lixiaoyu65@263.net