黃新春

（江西中醫(yī)藥高等?？茖W(xué)校，江西 撫州 344000）

一、動(dòng)詞不定式（to do/to be）

（一）結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.一般式：to do/to be done (和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生，即將來含義)she wants to go home.

2.進(jìn)行式：to be doing/to be being done (表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）she pretended to be sleeping.

3.完成式：to have done/to have been done (該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前）She is said to have written a new book about Chinese history.she is said to write a new book in future.(將來的動(dòng)作）

4.否定式：not+to do ( tell sb not to do sth)

（二）作用(成份)：

不定式常用作以下成分：

1.主語(yǔ)：亦可用 it作形式主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成 :

It is/was+adj (for/of sb)to do sth的句型。

It is impossible for us to get there on time.

It is very kind of you to help us.

To see is to believe.(眼見為實(shí))

2.賓語(yǔ)：可以接不定式的常見動(dòng)詞有：hope,wish,decide,intend,expect,plan,determine,manage,refuse,fail,pretend,promise等；

(a) 動(dòng)詞+不定式。如：I want to go home.He managed to escape from the fire.

(b)動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to,“特殊疑問句+不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語(yǔ),不是某個(gè)單詞。

如I don’t know what to do next.

I don’t know how to do it next.

3.賓補(bǔ)：主要用于解釋、說明賓語(yǔ)，常與動(dòng)詞ask,tell,teach,get,force,want,need,allow,forbid,permit,advise,persuade等連用。如：ask sb to do sth/want sb to do sth

（1）動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式（to do）

I want you to speak to Tom.

What makes you think so?（不帶to的不定式）

（2） 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。

He warned me to be careful.

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

The book is believed to be useful.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

（3）There +不定式。如：

We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.

沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。

（三）不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

不定式的時(shí)態(tài)

現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.

完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：

He seems to be eating something.

完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)

當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就用被動(dòng)式。如：

He was seen to enter the hall.

He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

二、動(dòng)名詞

（一） 結(jié)構(gòu)：一般式：doing,being done(被動(dòng)式)

完成式：having done,having been done(被動(dòng)式)

否定式：not+doing

（二）作用(成份)：

主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞、介詞賓語(yǔ)）、定語(yǔ)（表功能、類別）、表語(yǔ)

1.作主語(yǔ)

謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：

Seeing is believing.

Playing with fire is dangerous.

It’s no good/use doing···如：

2.作賓語(yǔ)

I enjoy listening to music.

He often practices playing the piano in the evening.

3.作表語(yǔ)

此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語(yǔ)調(diào)換位置。如：

My hobby is collecting stamps.

Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the child.