亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        借助思維導圖,備考概要寫作

        2020-11-26 02:53:46浙江
        教學考試(高考英語) 2020年3期
        關(guān)鍵詞:要點思維信息

        浙江

        概要寫作提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文,要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。雖然詞數(shù)只有60左右,但概要寫作耗時較長,主要難在:一方面,要讀透原文,找全要點;另一方面,要高度概括,獨立而連貫地原創(chuàng)語言。思維導圖具有條理性、貼合性、概括性等特點,能幫助學生快速厘清思路,識記所學,高效備考。教師可以引入思維導圖,引導學生使用思維導圖,在教與學中有效地訓練概要寫作,夯實概要寫作語言基礎。下面,筆者結(jié)合具體實例,談談如何借助思維導圖,在訓練中備考概要寫作。

        一、通讀原文,明了大意

        概要寫作是讀寫結(jié)合的考查形式,主要考查學生對文章主旨大意的理解、對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握,考查學生是否能準確獲取重要信息,并對其進行語言重組,簡要概括原文的主要內(nèi)容。考生只有讀懂原文,才能“去次存主”,抓住要點。因此,在拿到一篇概要寫作后,首先要快速通讀原文,明了大意。

        【概要寫作原文】

        Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments must make every effort to minimize(最小化)discomfort,illness,and pain.And procedures that cause animals great suffering are permitted only when no other procedure is available.Moreover,there are federal regulations stating how animals are to be housed,fed,and preserved.Not only must researchers try very hard to avoid causing physical discomfort,they are also required to promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals,such as monkeys.

        Why should animals be used for research in the first place? Is it really possible to learn about human behavior from the results of research employing rats and pigeons? The answer is that psychological research that does employ animals has a different focus and is designed to answer different questions than research that use humans.For example,the shorter life span of animals (rats live an average of two years) allows researchers to learn about the effects of aging in a much smaller period than they could by using human participants.Moreover,some principles of behavior are similar across species,and so some basic behavioral phenomena can be studied more simply in animals.Finally,some studies require large numbers of participants that share similar backgrounds or have been exposed to particular environments—conditions that could not practically be met with human beings.

        Research using animals has provided psychologists with information that has greatly benefited humans.For example,it provided the keys to noticing eye disorders in children early enough to prevent permanent damage.

        Despite the value of research with animal participants,the use of animals in psychological research is highly controversial.For example,some critics believe that animals have rights no less significant than those of humans,and that because animals are unable to agree to participation in studies,their use is not moral.Others object to the use of animals on methodological(方法論的)grounds,saying it is impossible to generalize from findings on nonhuman species to humans.

        快速通讀上面概要寫作原文可知,其介紹了動物心理實驗,具體包括為什么要用動物進行研究、動物實驗的優(yōu)勢以及其引起的公眾爭議。

        二、識別文體,梳理結(jié)構(gòu)

        說明文、議論文和記敘文是概要寫作原文的通常文體,其篇章結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同。說明文的闡述方式有舉例說明、因果說明、類比(對比)說明,結(jié)構(gòu)通常為:引言(概說主題、問題、現(xiàn)象)→正文(分說說明)→結(jié)尾(總說總結(jié));議論文結(jié)構(gòu)通常為:引論(提出觀點)→本論(論證觀點)→結(jié)論(重申觀點);記敘文一般按照時間順序展開,由核心“六要素”(when,where,who,what,how,why)構(gòu)成,情節(jié)的推進包括開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局,其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為:引言(引出故事)→正文(發(fā)展故事)→結(jié)尾(結(jié)束故事)。對于這三種文體及其結(jié)構(gòu),筆者用思維導圖總結(jié)如下,方便學生識記:

        上述例文為說明文,主題是Psychological experiments on animals,文章結(jié)構(gòu)可以用思維導圖表達為:

        三、預測位置,找主題句

        主題句多位于段首或段尾,也有位于段中的情況。英語思維模式一般是直線演繹的,開門見山亮觀點,再解釋說明,因此段首句常為主題句,其他則為支撐句,對主題句作說明、解釋、補充、支持等;段尾主題句則是對全段內(nèi)容進行總結(jié),予以強調(diào),給讀者留下深刻印象;段中主題句多為轉(zhuǎn)折句,段首通常是引言,呈現(xiàn)話題,然后由however,but,yet,anyhow,nevertheless,although等詞連接,話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),切入主要觀點。也有一種情況,沒有主題句,需要歸納和概括,多是段落中由and,moreover,also等詞連接,為并列關(guān)系。因此,主題句的位置可概括為:

        上述例文中各段的主題句可以呈現(xiàn)為:

        四、分析句際,明確主次

        句子之間通常存在以下邏輯關(guān)系,各邏輯關(guān)系之下的主次信息也有所不同,總結(jié)如下:

        其中,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,要點通常在轉(zhuǎn)折部分,即轉(zhuǎn)折后的句子;因果關(guān)系,分為前因后果或者前果后因,需根據(jù)作者的寫作意圖確定主次信息;解釋關(guān)系,是一個句子提出主題,其他句子進行解釋、說明,被解釋的句子為主要點。

        根據(jù)句子之間的邏輯分析,學生可以對上述例文中各段的主次信息進行梳理,用思維導圖表達如下:

        值得注意的是,次要信息常被學生直接忽略、刪除,這是不可取的。概要寫作,并非簡單地砍掉次要信息,呈現(xiàn)主要信息;而是重在“詞少信息全”,以“概要”表達“要點”,“麻雀雖小,五臟俱全”,使讀者讀了概要短文,了解全部主次信息。概要寫作又好比拍照,照片雖小,可窺全貌。因此,對于次要信息,也要視情況而定,適當寫進去。

        五、找關(guān)鍵詞,獨立表達

        結(jié)合主題句,學生還可以在語篇中找出關(guān)鍵詞,通過關(guān)鍵詞串聯(lián)主要信息,幫助其綜合概括出獨立的主要要點。關(guān)鍵詞主要有以下四類:1.陳述主體(話題實詞),即語篇的陳述對象、主要話題、中心觀點等;2.陳述主體的謂語動詞,即對陳述對象進行陳述的謂語動詞;3.高頻重復詞,即在語篇中頻繁出現(xiàn)的詞,這些詞往往是作者反復強調(diào)或重點體現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容,往往是關(guān)鍵詞;4.概括性實詞,這些詞常是上義詞,由下義詞對此進行解釋、論證或補充,具有概括性,也是關(guān)鍵詞。學生可用思維導圖輔助識記:

        到此,學生可以對例文的主要要點獨立表達為:Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments must follow procedures and regulations to avoid animals’ physical and psychological discomfort.(要點一)Psychological research that employs animals aims to learn about human behaviors in a much smaller period,more simply and more practically.(要點二)Research using animals provides psychologists with information that has greatly benefited humans,like preventing eye disorders.(要點三)Despite the value of research,the use of animals in psychological research is highly controversial for animals’ equal rights,researchers’ being not moral and not good methods.(要點四)

        六、詞匯替換,自主表達

        概要寫作要求“完全使用自己的語言”,即要求學生用自己的話來表達原文的要點。有些學生苦于缺乏“一義多詞”的積累,不能有效地替換詞匯,只能“照搬原文”,降低了表達的自主性,拉低了分數(shù)。因此,在平時學習中,學生要有意識地積累同義詞、反義詞和派生詞,以便在概要寫作中根據(jù)語境靈活替換,擺脫“摘抄原文”的寫作模式,提高自主表達的表征性。學生可以用思維導圖,既留出足夠空間,又結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊地積累詞匯。以名詞為例:

        另外,動詞:get (acquire),improve (promote),reduce(decrease),help (assist),etc.;形容詞:rich (wealthy),happy(delighted),clever (smart),obvious (evident),etc.;副詞:only (merely),greatly (much),often (frequently),gradually(steadily),etc.;詞性互換:prefer (preference),compare(comparison),make a decision (decide),a variety of (various),etc.;反義詞(正話反說):accept (refuse),alive (dead),allow (forbid),empty (full),etc.以上可互換的詞匯,可分別以思維導圖呈現(xiàn),進行積累、識記。

        現(xiàn)在,學生對例文概要寫作中的有些詞匯,適當進行替換:要點一:must →should,regulations →rules,avoid animals’→help animals avoid,discomfort →suffering;要點二:employ →use,in a much smaller period →more effectively;要點三:provide...with...→offer...to...,greatly →much;要點四:despite →although,value →valuable,is highly controversial →has caused sharp arguments,being not moral →immorality,not good →imperfect。形成如下短文:

        Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments should follow procedures and rules to help animals avoid physical and psychological suffering.(要點一)Psychological research that uses animals aims to learn about human behaviors more effectively,more simply and more practically.(要點二)Research using animals offers information to psychologists that has benefited humans much,like preventing eye disorders.(要點三)Although the research is valuable,the use of animals in psychological research has caused sharp arguments for animals’equal rights,researchers’immorality and imperfect methods.(要點四)

        七、巧用銜接,連貫表達

        語篇內(nèi)存在句際和段際的邏輯關(guān)系,在概要寫作中,也要體現(xiàn)出來。理順邏輯關(guān)系,才能連貫表達,也才能更加縝密地通過概要寫作表達出原文的主要內(nèi)容和內(nèi)在邏輯、思想,讓讀者“以點見面”。而在獨立表達要點后,段際邏輯關(guān)系就體現(xiàn)為獨立要點之間的句際關(guān)系。因此,需要分析獨立要點在原文中的邏輯關(guān)系,并適當?shù)剡\用連接詞(副詞、連詞和部分短語)表達邏輯關(guān)系,或運用語法關(guān)系(人稱照應、指示照應等)與語法結(jié)構(gòu)(從句、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)等)的連接功能,使得概要寫作表達連貫。學生可以通過以下思維導圖的方式,積累各類邏輯關(guān)系的銜接詞,隨時補充,清晰識記:

        例文中的概要寫作,學生就可以通過這樣的方法,進行修改:要點三:research using animals與要點二同主語,可用it指代。與要點二為遞進關(guān)系,加副詞also;要點四:與前面為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,將although改為however。形成短文如下:

        Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments should follow procedures and rules to help animals avoid physical and psychological suffering.(要點一)Psychological research that uses animals aims to learn about human behaviors more effectively,more simply and more practically.(要點二)It also offers information to psychologists that has benefited humans much,like preventing eye disorders.(要點三)The research is valuable,however,the use of animals in psychological research has caused sharp arguments for animals’equal rights,researchers’ immorality and imperfect methods.(要點四)

        八、優(yōu)化句式,花樣表達

        概要寫作除考查學生的概括性思維能力外,更注重考查其語言運用能力,檢測其綜合運用語言的基本功。概要寫作,學生想要獲得高分,不僅要寫對句子,更要寫好句子。應在基礎表達之外,提升句式運用的檔次,通過高級、復雜的句式與簡短句的互換等,優(yōu)化句子結(jié)構(gòu),使得句式多樣,花樣表達,提檔提分。可以用思維導圖將常用的高級句式、語法表達等概括如下,并以“圖”的形式“嵌入”腦海,提醒自己在寫作時要適時運用:

        針對例文的概要寫作,學生可以優(yōu)化句式,進行花樣表達:要點一:定語從句改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu);要點二:定語從句刪除,并改為短語表達;要點三:定語從句改為介詞短語。形成終稿如下:

        Researchers using animals in psychological experiments should follow procedures and rules to help animals avoid physical and psychological suffering.(要點一)Research makes psychologists able to learn about human behaviors more effectively,more simply and more practically.(要點二)It also offers information to psychologists for much benefit of humans like preventing eye disorders.(要點三)The research is valuable,however,the use of animals in psychological research has caused sharp arguments for animals’equal rights,researchers’ immorality and imperfect methods.(要點四)

        借助思維導圖,重在借助其便利性、清晰性和助于識記的優(yōu)勢。在使用思維導圖時要注意以下幾個方面的原則:

        1.簡便性原則。在日常教學和學習中,不是一定要使用思維導圖工具作圖,不必復雜、美觀、花哨。可以根據(jù)內(nèi)容和自己的思考,以方便達成目的為宗旨,隨手作圖,幫助自己積累知識,梳理思路,方便記憶等。

        2.靈活性原則。思維導圖沒有固定的模板,也沒有固有的模式,可根據(jù)需求,靈活地創(chuàng)造屬于自己的獨特的思維導圖。甚至在作好的思維導圖中,還可以根據(jù)內(nèi)容需求進行二次創(chuàng)造。

        3.適度性原則。思維導圖是一種簡單、有效和實用的有效思維圖形工具,廣泛用于教與學活動中。但思維導圖并不適用于所有內(nèi)容,也不是什么內(nèi)容都要用思維導圖來展現(xiàn)。要根據(jù)學習的內(nèi)容和個體的需求,適時、適度、適量地運用。

        猜你喜歡
        要點思維信息
        “三根”學習要點
        思維跳跳糖
        思維跳跳糖
        健康烹調(diào)的要點
        思維跳跳糖
        思維跳跳糖
        A Teaching Plan —— How to Write a Summary of an Exposition
        訂閱信息
        中華手工(2017年2期)2017-06-06 23:00:31
        2015年報道要點
        展會信息
        中外會展(2014年4期)2014-11-27 07:46:46
        亚洲国产AⅤ精品一区二区不卡| 成人欧美一区二区三区1314| 国产高清一区二区三区四区色 | 放荡的美妇在线播放| 欧美一区二区三区激情| 国产一区二区精品尤物| 一区两区三区视频在线观看| 国产精品会所一区二区三区| 无码福利写真片视频在线播放| 香蕉久久久久久久av网站| 色yeye在线观看| av免费观看在线网站| 成人女同av在线观看网站| 亚洲v欧美v国产v在线观看| 久久精品无码一区二区三区蜜费| 亚洲免费av第一区第二区| 亚洲天堂一区av在线| 国产成人av性色在线影院色戒 | 久久精品有码中文字幕1| 亚洲天堂av福利在线| 久久婷婷人人澡人人喊人人爽| 日韩在线免费| 国产成人亚洲综合小说区| 男人天堂亚洲一区二区| 欧美丰满熟妇bbbbbb| 国产精品白浆一区二小说| 偷拍自拍一区二区三区| 中文字幕人妻少妇伦伦| 99国产精品无码| 国产一级在线现免费观看| 国产自拍三级黄片视频| 国产成人精品日本亚洲专区61| 少妇内射视频播放舔大片 | 国产精品嫩草影院AV| 久久精品国产亚洲一级二级| 一区二区三区字幕中文| 97伦伦午夜电影理伦片| 亚洲欧美日韩精品香蕉| 日韩人妻精品视频一区二区三区 | 粉嫩小泬无遮挡久久久久久| 蜜桃av人妻精品一区二区三区|