許貴祥

（江蘇省海安市教師發(fā)展中心，江蘇海安 226600）

引 言

傳統(tǒng)的閱讀教學(xué)尤其注重對文本主題的把握。教師應(yīng)想方設(shè)法在教學(xué)中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生置身文本，與故事中的人物生活處在同一活動(dòng)空間，切身感受“身邊”人物的喜怒哀樂，勇于表達(dá)自己獨(dú)特的理解和思想。這種設(shè)計(jì)能使學(xué)生自主閱讀、獨(dú)立思維和大膽創(chuàng)造，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新的思想[1]。教師再輔之以巧妙點(diǎn)撥，久而久之，自會(huì)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的閱讀習(xí)慣和創(chuàng)新思維品質(zhì)。

一、角色換位，讓思維多元

學(xué)生通過角色換位，以不同的身份從不同的角度出發(fā)設(shè)身處地地看待作品中的人或事，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)作品中的新意蘊(yùn)。

Many years ago,I had my first chance to travel to Russia.“Russians are a very polite people.”I had been told before my arrival.One of my friends explained that a gentleman will pour the lemonade for the ladies and show other good manners.

Toward the end of my three-week trip,I was invited by my Russian friend Nicolai Vasilevich and his wife Yulya out to dinner.At the end of a wonderful meal,Yulya asked if I would like a banana.I politely declined and thanked her,and explained I was most satisfi ed with the meal.But my mind was racing:“What should I do? Should I offer her a banana though they are as close to her as they are to me?What is the polite thing to do?”

“Would you like a banana?”I asked Yulya.

“Yes,”she smiled,but didn't try to take any of the three bananas in the fruit basket.

“Which one would you like?”I asked again.

“That one,”she pointed at one of the bananas.So thinking about Russian politeness,I picked the banana Yulya had pointed at and peeled it half way and handed it to her.Smiles on Yulya's and Nicolai's faces told me I had done the right thing.Alter this experience,I spent much time letting the world know that in Russia,the polite thing was to peel bananas for ladies.

However,sometime during my third trip I learned I was wrong.

“Oh no,David,”a Russian politely corrected me.“In Russia,when a man peels a banana for a lady,it means he has a romantic interest in her.”How embarrassed I felt.

So to communicate properly with people of different cultures,we should watch carefully how people of the same culture communicate with each other.Besides,don't be afraid of asking questions about their culture.

1.Before his first visit to Russia,the writer learned Russian gentlemen are polite to_________.

A.foreigners

B.strangers

C.friends

D.women

2.The underlined word“peeled”in Paragraph 6 means“_________”.

A.took the skin off something

B.put something hack

C.made something clean

D.cut something in two

3.Which of the following seems to be true according to the passage?

A.The writer's third trip lasted about three weeks.

B.Russian gentlemen never peel bananas for ladies.

C.The writer tried to follow Russians' behavior in Russia.

D.Yulya was pleased with the writer's behavior but Nicolai wasn't.

4.The writer wrote the passage mainly to___________.

A.show us how polite Russian people are

B.tell us his funny experience in Russia

C.ask us to care about cultural differences

D.remind us what we should do in Russia

教學(xué)這一閱讀理解時(shí)，筆者除了安排學(xué)生完成上述題目外，還要求學(xué)生結(jié)合自身的閱讀感悟，嘗試站在不同的角度為本次閱讀篇章擬定一個(gè)題目。每擬一個(gè)新的標(biāo)題，就意味著學(xué)生獲得了一個(gè)新的視角、一種新的解讀，極大地推動(dòng)了學(xué)生創(chuàng)新思維的提升。

二、推斷假設(shè)，讓思維拓深

閱讀中，推斷假設(shè)是人們對文學(xué)作品情節(jié)或人物結(jié)局走向進(jìn)行的一種修改。

Wonder is the story about a ten-year-old boy named Auggie.He has deformities（畸形）of his face and looks very different from other children.In the street,people look at Auggie and his appearance shock them.

Auggie has never been to school because he has spent a lot of time in hospital.When he is ten,his mother thinks he should go to school.At fi rst,Auggie doesn't want to go.He worries that other students will look at him and say horrible things.But when he visits a school with his mum,he likes the head teacher and decides to go.Auggie makes some good friends but other children are horrible to him.At the end of year,Auggie goes on a school trip and a frightening event there changes things completely.

Wonder is an excellent book.Once I started reading it,I didn't want to stop.It is easy to like Auggie.He has a good sense of humor.But the book isn't just about Auggie.We learn what life is like for his sister,and his friend Jack.Wonder is a book about a ten-year-old boy,but it's popular with people of all ages.

教學(xué)這一閱讀理解時(shí)，筆者致力于促使學(xué)生發(fā)掘故事背后的真正內(nèi)涵，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)一步推斷假設(shè)：If Auggie hadn't met a good head teacher,what would have happened to him?對此，學(xué)生紛紛表達(dá)他們的認(rèn)識(shí)與看法。

三、逆向思考，讓思維獨(dú)特

閱讀中，教師要善于制造一種矛盾，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對作品進(jìn)行逆向閱讀分析，觸發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀求知欲和探索欲，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生質(zhì)疑的品質(zhì)和“不唯上、不唯書”的科學(xué)精神[2]。

One day a man found a cocoon of a butterfly in the forest.He sat there for several hours and watched the butterfl y.Suddenly a small hole appeared,and the butterfly tries to make its body through that little hole.Then it seemed to stop making any progress.It appeared as if it could not go on coming out.

So the man decided to help the butterfly.He cut off the rest of the cocoon so that the butterfly could come out easily.But to his surprise,the butterfly got a heavy body and very small wings when it came out of the cocoon.

The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that the body would grow smaller at any moment and the wings would become larger and be able to fl y.But neither happened!In fact,the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a heavy body and small wings.It was never able to fl y.

The man was in his kindness,but he did not understand the nature rules.Before the butterfly came out of the cocoon,fluid from its body must be made into its wings,and then it would be ready for flying.It must have been a hard struggle to get through the small opening to get its freedom from the cocoon.

If life allowed us to go through our life without any difficulties,it would make us fail.We would not be as strong as we could have been;we could never“fl y”in our life.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷正、誤（注意：正確的填“A”，錯(cuò)誤的填“B”）。

（1）A butterfly was struggling to get out of its cocoon at the beginning.( )

（2）The man cut off the rest of the cocoon to kill the butterfly.( )

結(jié) 語

總之，教師要盡可能多地挖掘能激發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新思維的素材，營造自由寬松的氛圍，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在慎思、明辨的前提下破舊立新、推陳出新，這樣學(xué)生的思維才能深刻而獨(dú)特。