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        小粒徑顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性的GEM公式參數(shù)確定

        2020-10-23 01:07:10鐘汝能鄭勤紅
        關(guān)鍵詞:顆粒狀稻谷顆粒物

        鐘汝能,鄭勤紅,姚 斌,向 泰

        小粒徑顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性的GEM公式參數(shù)確定

        鐘汝能1,鄭勤紅2※,姚 斌2,向 泰1

        (1. 云南師范大學(xué)能源與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,昆明 650500;2. 云南省光電信息技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,昆明 650500)

        介電特性是研究農(nóng)產(chǎn)品微波輔助應(yīng)用的重要參數(shù)。為了拓展有效介質(zhì)公式(General Effective Medium,GEM)在農(nóng)業(yè)工程領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,探究農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性計(jì)算新方法,該研究針對(duì)顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,采用離散元法、有限元法和平均能量法建立了堆積型農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料等效介電特性分析的數(shù)值模型,在模擬仿真數(shù)據(jù)和試驗(yàn)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比分析的基礎(chǔ)上,提出適用于微波波段下顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性計(jì)算的GEM公式較佳無(wú)量綱參數(shù)(=5、=0.5;稱(chēng)為Modified General Effective Medium of Agriculture,MGEMA),并采用多種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證了MGEMA的可行性、有效性和準(zhǔn)確性。結(jié)果表明,真實(shí)谷粒和模擬谷粒的堆積角誤差為0.45%,在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的相對(duì)介電常數(shù)(2.0~10.0)、相對(duì)介電損耗因子(0.1~0.9)、微波頻率(2.0~12.2 GHz)、濕基含水率(2.0%~19.7%)和體積分?jǐn)?shù)(18.2%~88.0%)計(jì)算條件下,MGEMA公式針對(duì)介電常數(shù)和介電損耗因子計(jì)算結(jié)果的最大偏差分別為0.40%和1.20%。研究可為三維情形下顆粒落料堆積型混合物的等效介電特性模擬分析提供一種參考方法,為室溫下(24 ℃)小粒徑農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的介電特性研究提供一個(gè)理論公式。

        農(nóng)產(chǎn)品;介電特性;有效介質(zhì)公式;模擬模型;參數(shù)確定

        0 引 言

        介電特性是指物質(zhì)分子中的束縛電荷對(duì)外加電場(chǎng)的響應(yīng)特性(=′?″)[1],其中,相對(duì)介電常數(shù)(′)表征電磁波能量的儲(chǔ)存,相對(duì)介電損耗因子(″)表征電磁波能量的轉(zhuǎn)化。開(kāi)展農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性的基礎(chǔ)研究具有較好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[2-4]。

        前人的研究成果有效地推進(jìn)了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品微波(射頻)加工、貯藏、輸運(yùn)、育種和非破壞性評(píng)價(jià)的發(fā)展,但與工業(yè)領(lǐng)域復(fù)合材料介電特性的應(yīng)用研究相比,當(dāng)前針對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)物料電磁效應(yīng)的應(yīng)用研究與市場(chǎng)的需求規(guī)模仍存在差距,具有普適性的介電特性預(yù)測(cè)模型或理論公式相對(duì)較少,相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)研究有待進(jìn)一步深入開(kāi)展[27]。截止目前,覆蓋農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的生成、堆放和介電特性計(jì)算全過(guò)程的模擬模型鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道,GEM公式應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)物料等效介電特性分析的相關(guān)研究成果較少。本文以顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品為對(duì)象,采用離散元法、有限元法和平均能量法建立了堆積型農(nóng)業(yè)物料等效介電特性模擬模型,提出了適用于顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性分析的GEM公式較佳無(wú)量綱參數(shù)(Modified General Effective Medium of Agriculture,MGEMA),通過(guò)數(shù)值計(jì)算、實(shí)例分析和試驗(yàn)測(cè)量對(duì)比分析驗(yàn)證了MGEMA 公式的正確性、準(zhǔn)確性和有效性。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物料

        廣義的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是指來(lái)源于農(nóng)業(yè)的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品,按照生產(chǎn)方式不同,可分為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、畜禽產(chǎn)品和水產(chǎn)品,其中農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的種類(lèi)包含谷類(lèi)、豆類(lèi)、薯類(lèi)、蔬菜類(lèi)和水果類(lèi)[28]。在自然界中,這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的原料或者種子普遍以顆粒的形式存在,且不同種類(lèi)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和顆粒大小不相同,如小麥、玉米、稻谷、大豆、花生果、菜籽等。

        本文選取小粒徑顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物料為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象,其中,小米產(chǎn)自新疆伊梨,稻谷、玉米碴粒、紫米、黑芝麻、野芥菜籽和油菜籽產(chǎn)自云南德宏。上述顆粒物料購(gòu)于云南省呈貢縣農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng),初始含水率分別為10.0%、14.6%、12.05%、14.17%、8.99%、10.64%、16.4%,除稻谷及玉米渣粒(經(jīng)粉碎過(guò)篩處理)外,其余物料均為去除外殼后的自然狀態(tài)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒。

        1.2 混合物等效介電特性的仿真原理

        在有限元方法中,每個(gè)網(wǎng)格單元所擁有的靜電能為

        式中為網(wǎng)格單元編號(hào):為電勢(shì),V;、、為坐標(biāo)軸方向;εv分別表示第個(gè)單元的介電特性和體積,m3?;旌象w儲(chǔ)存的靜電能(W,J)為

        由電磁理論可知,電容器中所存儲(chǔ)的靜電能W(J)可等效地表示為

        式中1?2為兩個(gè)極板之間的電勢(shì)差,V;為兩極板之間的距離,m;為極板面積,m2;0為真空中的介電常數(shù)(8.85×10-12F/m),ε為混合物的等效介電特性。令W=W,求解式(2)~(3)即可獲得混合物的等效介電特性(ε)。

        為準(zhǔn)確模擬計(jì)算各向同性混合物的介電特性,可生成同一條件下的多個(gè)模擬模型,取其所有模型計(jì)算結(jié)果的平均值作為數(shù)值結(jié)果,即:

        1.3 農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料等效介電特性的數(shù)值模型

        對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料而言,由于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒在填料裝載器中以落料堆積的狀態(tài)存在,因此,采用不同的技術(shù)方法聯(lián)合實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的堆積狀態(tài)仿真和模擬模型的數(shù)值計(jì)算,具體步驟為:一是采用基于離散元法的EDEM軟件完成不同結(jié)構(gòu)形狀(如橢球狀、圓柱狀等)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的建模和顆粒在裝載器中的堆積過(guò)程仿真,得到每一個(gè)顆粒在裝載器中的位置坐標(biāo)和方向向量矩陣數(shù)據(jù)。依據(jù)方向余弦矩陣?yán)碚?,編制MATLAB程序?qū)⒎较蛳蛄烤仃嚁?shù)據(jù)換算為笛卡爾坐標(biāo)系中、、軸對(duì)應(yīng)的方向向量。二是應(yīng)用COMSOL多物理場(chǎng)耦合有限元軟件的“App開(kāi)發(fā)器”功能,使用“錄制”方法生成不同結(jié)構(gòu)形狀顆粒的建模代碼,并依次讀取每一個(gè)顆粒的位置坐標(biāo)和方向向量,重現(xiàn)顆粒堆積狀態(tài)。三是使用COMSOL網(wǎng)格剖分功能中的“物理場(chǎng)控制網(wǎng)格”對(duì)模型進(jìn)行自由四面體網(wǎng)格剖分,網(wǎng)格剖分級(jí)別和單元質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)化級(jí)別分別設(shè)置為“細(xì)化”、“中等”,對(duì)基體物質(zhì)、基質(zhì)顆粒物質(zhì)進(jìn)行物理屬性賦值。四是按前述步驟依次生成不同體積分?jǐn)?shù)的物料模型,按1.2節(jié)原理對(duì)電容器模型進(jìn)行數(shù)值求解,得到所分析農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料的等效介電特性數(shù)據(jù)。

        1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

        采用離散元顆粒分析軟件EDEM 2018(EDEM Solutions inc.英國(guó)愛(ài)丁堡)完成顆粒構(gòu)建及堆積仿真,采用多物理場(chǎng)耦合有限元軟件COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3(COMSOL INC. 瑞典斯德哥爾摩)、數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件Matlab R2012a(Math Works,美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州)和Origin 8.5(Atos Origin,荷蘭阿姆斯特丹)完成堆積重現(xiàn)、模型構(gòu)建、數(shù)值計(jì)算和數(shù)據(jù)處理分析。使用矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀(ZNB20, Rohde & Schwarz Ltd,德國(guó)慕尼黑),85051B 7 mm/APC-7同軸空氣線(Agilent Technology,馬來(lái)西亞檳城)和鹵素水分測(cè)定儀(DHS-16,常州衡正電子儀器有限公司,精度為5 mg,測(cè)量范圍:0~100%,溫度范圍:室溫~160 ℃)進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)物料的等效介電特性測(cè)量。使用游標(biāo)卡尺(MITUTOYO 500-173,日本香川,精度為0.02 mm)測(cè)量顆粒的規(guī)格參數(shù)。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 顆粒堆積模型的有效性驗(yàn)證

        采用真實(shí)稻谷籽粒堆和模擬稻谷籽粒堆的堆積角偏差來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)堆積模型的準(zhǔn)確性。1)經(jīng)除雜、去芒和篩分挑選后得到相對(duì)均勻的1 500粒長(zhǎng)粒稻谷籽粒,將其以自然落料的形式堆積在不繡鋼金屬板上,得到真實(shí)稻谷堆的堆積形態(tài)[12]。從不同方位分多次測(cè)量了稻谷堆底的直徑和高度,并使用MATLAB函數(shù)(tan′=2/,為稻谷堆底直徑,m;為稻谷堆積高度,m)計(jì)算得到稻谷堆的平均堆積角(′)為20.20°。2)采用1.3節(jié)方法模擬生成橢球形稻谷籽粒在不銹鋼金屬板上自然堆積,設(shè)定顆粒的尺寸、數(shù)量與試驗(yàn)樣品的平均值相一致,得到模擬稻谷堆的堆積形態(tài)。鑒于稻谷堆為左右對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu),采用Origin軟件的圖像識(shí)別技術(shù)得到單側(cè)稻谷堆的邊緣輪廓曲線如圖1實(shí)線所示,提取輪廓曲線數(shù)據(jù)并得到擬合直線如圖1虛線所示,其中,擬合直線決定系數(shù)(2)為0.991,直線斜率()為0.366 2。由堆積角確定公式(=arctan||/π)計(jì)算得到模擬稻谷的堆積角()為20.11°。3)對(duì)比分析表明:從堆體的邊緣擴(kuò)散、結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)上看,真實(shí)谷粒堆和模擬谷粒堆的正面堆積形態(tài)、側(cè)面堆面形態(tài)基本吻合,二者的堆積角誤差為0.45%,說(shuō)明基于離散元法的谷物籽粒堆積模擬模型是準(zhǔn)確性的。

        為了驗(yàn)證有限元法重現(xiàn)顆粒堆積狀態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確性,運(yùn)用離散元法在不繡鋼材質(zhì)的立方體填料器中生成橢球形谷物顆粒堆,并在有限元軟件中編程重現(xiàn)了堆積現(xiàn)象,對(duì)比分析表明,上述2個(gè)方法所生成的顆粒大小、位置和方向一致,說(shuō)明基于有限元法的顆粒堆積狀態(tài)重現(xiàn)計(jì)算程序是正確的。

        圖1 模擬谷料的單側(cè)輪廓線及線性擬合直線

        2.2 農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料等效介電特性的數(shù)值計(jì)算

        2.3 農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料的GEM公式參數(shù)確定

        2.3.1 基于模擬模型數(shù)值結(jié)果的GEM公式參數(shù)

        A=5、(5)

        2.3.2 基于試驗(yàn)實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)的GEM公式參數(shù)

        為便于表達(dá),將式(6)簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為MGEMA公式。從圖3也可以看出,與模擬模型(Model:A=5、β=1?f1)數(shù)值結(jié)果相比,MGEMA公式(A=5、β=0.5)的計(jì)算結(jié)果更接近~ρ和LLL公式的計(jì)算值。說(shuō)明在針對(duì)小麥顆?!癝cout 66”的計(jì)算中,式(6)比式(5)具有更好的準(zhǔn)確性。

        2.4 MGEMA公式的實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證

        表1 通過(guò)線性外推函數(shù)和多個(gè)介電混合方程計(jì)算得到的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒介電特性(24 ℃)

        2.5 MGEMA公式的試驗(yàn)測(cè)量驗(yàn)證

        2.5.1 不同含水率農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的MGEMA公式驗(yàn)證

        表2 通過(guò)不同介電混合方程計(jì)算得到的不同含水率小米籽粒的介電特性對(duì)比情況(24 ℃)

        2.5.2 不同種類(lèi)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的MGEMA公式驗(yàn)證

        表3 通過(guò)多個(gè)介電混合方程計(jì)算得到的不同種類(lèi)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的介電特性對(duì)比情況(24 ℃)

        3 討 論

        3.1 顆粒屬性對(duì)模擬模型數(shù)值結(jié)果的影響

        3.2 農(nóng)業(yè)顆粒物料等效介電特性的預(yù)測(cè)方程

        4 結(jié) 論

        1)采用離散元法、有限元法和平均能量法建立了堆積型顆粒填充混合物等效介電特性分析的模擬模型,對(duì)比分析表明,模擬模型可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同結(jié)構(gòu)形狀籽粒的生成和落料堆放,模擬稻谷籽粒堆和真實(shí)稻谷籽粒堆的堆積角誤差為0.45%。與傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)典方程(LLL)計(jì)算結(jié)果相比較,模擬模型的數(shù)值結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)出以基質(zhì)物質(zhì)的體積分?jǐn)?shù)50%為分界點(diǎn)的先高后低趨勢(shì),當(dāng)基質(zhì)物質(zhì)的體積分?jǐn)?shù)為50%時(shí),二者相吻合。

        2)采用數(shù)值計(jì)算和實(shí)例試驗(yàn)對(duì)比研究的方法,分析GEM公式的理想?yún)?shù),獲得適合于堆積型顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性分析的GEM公式較佳無(wú)量綱參數(shù)為=5、=0.5。對(duì)比分析表明,在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的介電常數(shù)(2~10)、介電損耗因子(0.1~0.9)、含水率(2.0%~19.7%)、頻率(2.0 ~12.2 GHz)和體積分?jǐn)?shù)(18.2%~88.0%)計(jì)算條件下,MGEMA公式針對(duì)介電常數(shù)和介電損耗因子的最大誤差分別為0.40%和1.20%,MGEMA公式具有一定的計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確性。

        3)本研究主要針對(duì)收獲后的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒進(jìn)行探討,技術(shù)方法可為三維情形下其他落料堆放農(nóng)業(yè)散粒體的介電特性模擬分析提供參考,為常溫下小粒徑農(nóng)產(chǎn)品顆粒的介電特性應(yīng)用研究提供一個(gè)可借鑒公式,但是,MGEMA公式在更廣泛條件下(如針對(duì)不同農(nóng)業(yè)散粒體物料在收獲、脫粒、加工、儲(chǔ)藏不同實(shí)況應(yīng)用環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)時(shí)的含水率,以及農(nóng)業(yè)散體物料中較大粒徑、不規(guī)則顆粒類(lèi)等)的適用性研究有待進(jìn)一步深入開(kāi)展。

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        Determination of parameters of GEM formula for dielectric properties of small size granular agricultural products

        Zhong Runeng1, Zheng Qinhong2※, Yao Bin2, Xiang Tai1

        (1.,,650500,; 2.,650500,)

        The dielectric properties are the response characteristics of bound charge in molecules of matter to external electric field, and the fundamental researches on the dielectric properties of agricultural products can provide a basis for microwave processing, nondestructive sensing, etc. In order to extend the application of general effective medium (GEM) in agricultural engineering and explore the novel calculation method for dielectric properties of agricultural products, granular agricultural products were taken as the study objects in this paper. The simulation model and numerical method for analyzing the effective dielectric properties of the accumulative granular agricultural products were established by using discrete element method,finite element method and average energy method. In addition, a great deal of simulation and experimental measurement was carried out. Based on the comparative analysis of numerical calculation data and experimental measurements data,the best dimensionless parameter of GEM formula for calculating dielectric properties of granular agricultural products at microwave band was proposed as=5 and=0.5 ( called Modified General Effective Medium of Agriculture, MGEMA). The feasibility, validity and accuracy of the numerical model and MGEMA formula were verified through experimentally measured data of some kinds of granular agricultural products, including grain, wheat, millet, maize pulp,and rapeseed, etc. The results showed that the repose angle error between the real and simulated of grain particle materials was 0.45%. Under the conditions of dielectric constant (2.0-10.0), dielectric loss factor (0.1-0.9), microwave frequency (2.0-12.2 GHz), moisture content (2.0%-19.7%, wet basis) and volume fraction (18.2 %-88.0 %) of agricultural product particles,the maximum error of dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor that calculated by MGEMA formula were 0.40% and 1.20%,respectively. The accuracy was better than some traditional theoretical formulas. The method can be used for simulation analysis of effective dielectric properties of other kinds accumulation granular agricultural products in three dimension, and the MGEMA provides a theoretical formula with high accuracy for the dielectric properties study of granular agricultural products at room temperature (24 ℃).

        agricultural products; dielectric property; MGEMA (Modified General Effective Medium of Agriculture, MGEMA); simulation model; parameter determination

        鐘汝能,鄭勤紅,姚斌,等. 小粒徑顆粒狀農(nóng)產(chǎn)品介電特性的GEM公式參數(shù)確定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(17):281-290.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.17.033 http://www.tcsae.org

        Zhong Runeng, Zheng Qinhong, Yao Bin, et al. Determination of parameters of GEM formula for dielectric properties of small size granular agricultural products[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(17): 281-290. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.17.033 http://www.tcsae.org

        2020-05-11

        2020-08-12

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(61961044;31560305)

        鐘汝能,博士,副教授,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)生物環(huán)境與新型能源工程研究。Email:zhong_rn@126.com。

        鄭勤紅,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,從事有效介質(zhì)和散射理論、計(jì)算電磁學(xué)研究。Email:zheng_qh62@aliyun.com

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.17.033

        S5; O441.6

        A

        1002-6819(2020)-17-0281-10

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