張憨

Ghazal 295 is written by Hafez （ 1315/1317—1389/1390） ， who was born in Shiraz， Persia （Iran）.Themes of his ghazals are the beloved， faith， and exposing so-called kindness. Hafez once saw a woman of great beauty， to whom some of his poems are addressed. Fascinated by her beauty， but knowing that his love for her would be in vain， he strongly held his first mystic desire in poetry to realize this union，just like that of Dante and Beatrice.

No fourteenth century Persian poet could write a lyrical poem without having a flavor of mysticism. Hafez sang such a rare and balanced combination of human and mystic love that it is impossible to separate one from the other. Hafez often took advantage of the lack，which was mentioned earlier，of distinction between lyrical， mystical and panegyric（頌詞） writing by using highly smart， elaborate metaphors（隱喻） and images so as to suggest multiple possible meanings. Nightingales and roses are two of his best symbols frequently appearing in many of his poems. Ghazal 295 is a good illustration to all the aforementioned. Sufi poetry often pairs the rose with the nightingale. The nightingale prowls（悄然潛行） the garden at night singing its mournful song， lost in its love for the rose. The nightingale is the lover， the seeker and the Sufi. The rose is the beloved and God. Roses' beauty comes from the nightingales' blood. Sorrow and sacrifice are equally worthy of praising. In addition， the nightingale evokes the traditional setting of human love. “The nightingale knows the full worth of the rose，” sings Hafez. In this poem， he composed well-balanced lines to create the simplicity in form， and leave its idea for people's imagination.

參考譯文

這是哈菲茲（1315/1317—1389/1390）的第295首格扎爾（一種詩(shī)歌）。哈菲茲出生于波斯設(shè)拉子（今天的伊朗地區(qū)）。他的格扎爾主題廣泛，涉及摯愛、信仰，揭露偽善。哈菲茲曾遇到一個(gè)美若天仙的女子，而他的很多詩(shī)都是寫給她的。癡迷于她的美麗，卻又深知這樣的愛不會(huì)有結(jié)果，因此他總是寄希望于在詩(shī)中實(shí)現(xiàn)兩人的結(jié)合。這就好比西方的詩(shī)人但丁和他的比阿特麗斯。

所有14世紀(jì)的波斯詩(shī)人在創(chuàng)作抒情詩(shī)時(shí)，都一定會(huì)帶有神秘主義的特征。哈菲茲難能可貴地把人與神秘之愛如此完美工整地融合在一起，以致渾然天成。他常常會(huì)善用這種融抒情、神秘和頌詞文風(fēng)為一體的創(chuàng)作模式，通過(guò)使用高度智慧和精美構(gòu)思的暗喻及意象，來(lái)表現(xiàn)多重意義。夜鶯和玫瑰是他眾多意象中的最佳代表，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在他的詩(shī)作中。第295首格扎爾就是對(duì)此最好的例證。蘇菲派詩(shī)歌常常會(huì)讓夜鶯和玫瑰成對(duì)出現(xiàn)。夜鶯夜游花園，高唱著憂傷的歌曲，消融在對(duì)玫瑰的摯愛之中。夜鶯就是愛人者、追尋者、蘇非派信徒，而玫瑰就是被愛者和神。玫瑰之美源自夜鶯的鮮血。悲傷和犧牲同樣都值得歌頌。此外，夜鶯常令人想起人類之愛的慣有處境。哈菲茲自己就說(shuō)：“沒有誰(shuí)比夜鶯更加了解玫瑰的意義?！痹谶@首詩(shī)中，詩(shī)人用對(duì)仗工整的對(duì)句，營(yíng)造了形式上的極簡(jiǎn)之風(fēng)，也讓讀者的想象力更多地放在詩(shī)歌的表達(dá)上。