1921年，竺可楨先生在《科學(xué)》雜志發(fā)表了《杭州西湖生成之原因》一文，距今已一百年，這可能是我國現(xiàn)代湖泊科學(xué)的最早文獻(xiàn). 1940年中國地理研究所在重慶北碚成立，抗戰(zhàn)勝利后搬遷至南京. 1953年，中國科學(xué)院地理研究所在南京正式成立. 1958年研究所設(shè)立了湖泊組(組長施成熙)，揭開了中國現(xiàn)代湖泊科學(xué)研究的序幕. 1987年，研究所更名為中國科學(xué)院南京地理與湖泊研究所(以下簡稱地湖所). 時光荏苒，地湖所湖泊科學(xué)研究從早期的認(rèn)知湖泊(科學(xué)考察、野外臺站監(jiān)測)到圍繞我國不同時期湖泊資源、環(huán)境、生態(tài)需求而開展了湖泊沉積學(xué)、物理湖泊學(xué)、湖泊生物資源利用、富營養(yǎng)化控制、淡水生態(tài)學(xué)、水環(huán)境修復(fù)等基礎(chǔ)和應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究；與此同時，以農(nóng)業(yè)地理和區(qū)域地理為特色的國情地理研究逐步與湖泊流域研究相融合，近年來發(fā)展了流域地理學(xué)這一新的學(xué)科方向.

30多年來，地湖所圍繞湖泊科學(xué)和流域地理學(xué)兩大特色學(xué)科方向，緊扣國家需求，取得了一大批具有開拓性和獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的成果. 開創(chuàng)中國國情分析研究，率先提出建立節(jié)約型國民經(jīng)濟(jì)體系；編著《中國人民共和國國家農(nóng)業(yè)地圖集》等重要專題地圖，推動了我國區(qū)域地理學(xué)的發(fā)展；系統(tǒng)開展長江中下游資源、生態(tài)、環(huán)境、城市化與區(qū)域發(fā)展研究，建立了流域集成研究方法體系；開展我國湖泊綜合調(diào)查與科學(xué)考察，建成了全國性的湖泊數(shù)據(jù)庫，創(chuàng)建我國湖泊流域科學(xué)的理論體系；通過湖泊沉積重建了區(qū)域氣候和環(huán)境，發(fā)展了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)長期演變研究方法；開拓了我國湖泊濕地資源高效利用的模式，提出了大水面以“三網(wǎng)”養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)為核心的湖泊水體農(nóng)業(yè)模式. 地湖所已成為國內(nèi)外有重要影響的地理與湖泊科學(xué)研究基地.

為慶祝地湖所成立80周年，《湖泊科學(xué)》邀請國內(nèi)長期從事湖泊和流域科學(xué)研究的多名學(xué)者，就不同分支領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)回顧，內(nèi)容涉及淺水湖泊湖沼學(xué)與太湖富營養(yǎng)化控制(秦伯強(qiáng))、湖沼學(xué)的內(nèi)涵及我國湖沼學(xué)發(fā)展的挑戰(zhàn)與思考(劉正文等)、湖泊環(huán)境與工程學(xué)(江和龍等)、湖泊水文水資源學(xué)(張奇等)、湖泊古生態(tài)學(xué)(羊向東等)、湖泊水情遙感(宋春橋等)等多個方向. 此外，我們還組織了有關(guān)知名專家就當(dāng)前湖泊科學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)話題和焦點(diǎn)問題發(fā)表他們的學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)，如太湖40年來的物理水環(huán)境變化(張運(yùn)林等)、沉積物環(huán)保疏浚決策(范成新等)、1960s以來白洋淀水文/環(huán)境/生態(tài)演變(易雨君等)、中華鱘保護(hù)的困境與反思(危起偉、黃真理等)、藍(lán)藻水華的認(rèn)知與預(yù)測(朱廣偉、朱偉、史小麗等)、富營養(yǎng)化湖/庫天-空-地立體監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)(段洪濤等)等.

我們希望本期?？某霭?，能為我國湖泊科學(xué)相關(guān)方向的發(fā)展作階段性的梳理，同時為未來相關(guān)研究趨勢提供一些深入的思考. 隨著地表系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展，以及“山水林田湖草”系統(tǒng)保護(hù)和修復(fù)戰(zhàn)略的全面推進(jìn)，地湖所作為我國唯一以湖泊科學(xué)研究為特色的國家研究機(jī)構(gòu)，將竭力為我國飲用水安全保障、淡水生物多樣性保護(hù)、水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)提升和可持續(xù)流域管理等未來生態(tài)文明建設(shè)核心任務(wù)提供技術(shù)支撐，努力成為全球湖泊變化、淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、流域水環(huán)境保護(hù)研究的主力軍. 2020年的長江流域特大洪水，也給我國湖泊和流域科學(xué)研究提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)，如三峽水庫等的優(yōu)化調(diào)度與長江中下游洪水，特大洪水后江-湖關(guān)系及兩湖調(diào)蓄功能的新變化，流域?qū)用娲笾行退畮斓木C合效應(yīng)，未來洪-旱交替的機(jī)制、預(yù)警及減災(zāi)思考，水資源保護(hù)利用與水體富營養(yǎng)化的關(guān)系等等，將是未來我國湖泊和流域科學(xué)必須要深入思考和研究的科學(xué)問題.

PrefacefortheSpecialIssueonCelebratingthe80thAnniversaryofNanjingInstituteofGeographyandLimnology,ChineseAcademyofSciences

One hundred years ago,Prof. Chu Kochen published “On the origins of the West Lake (Hangzhou)” in the journalKexue(Science) in 1921. In 1940, the Chinese Institute of Geography was founded in Beibei (Chongqing), then moved to Nanjing after the victory of Anti-Japanese War. In 1953, the Institute of Geography (Academia Sinica) was officially established in Nanjing, and soon after the Lake Group was set up (directed by Shi Chengxi) in 1958, which announced modern lake research in China. In 1987, the institute changed its name to Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGLAS). Since then, NIGLAS have witnessed lake research progresses in China, from early activities such as lake survey to the comprehensive studies of lake sedimentology, physics, biological resource, eutrophication control, freshwater ecology, aquatic environment restoration and so on to meet the needs of national resource utilization, environment protection and ecological restoration in different times. Meanwhile, NIGLAS have developed novel watershed geography after integrating rural geography, regional studies and lake research.

In recent 30 years, NIGLAS have achieved a number of pioneering outputs in distinctive fields of limnology and watershed geography, and turned out to be an influential base on the geographical and limnological research both at home and abroad. It pioneered analytical study of national conditions and proposed a saving-style national economy strategy; edited important thematic maps such as “Agricultural Atlas of China” which essentially promoted the progress of regional geography; systematically studied natural resources, ecology, environment and urbanization in the lower Yangtze River area, thus developed integrated watershed study methodology; conducted comprehensive lake survey and established national lake information system and based on that created the systematic lake sciences in China; built a high efficiency utilization model for lake and wetland resources and proposed new aquaculture models for large surface waters. The institute has become an important research base for watershed geography and lake science with both domestic and international reputation.

To celebrate the 80th anniversary of NIGLAS,JournalofLakeSciencesinvited some distinguished scholars who have long been engaged in relevant fields to conduct a systematic review of the progress in different sub-fields, such as shallow lake limnology and Lake Taihu eutrophication, the connotation of limnology and the challenge/reflection on the limnology development in China, lake environment and engineering, lake hydrology and water resources, lake paleo-ecology, remote sensing of water regimes. In addition, we also organized well-known experts to publish their scientific and academic views on current hot topics and focal lakes, i.e. 40-year physical changes in Lake Taihu, environmental protection for dredging decisions, evolution of Lake Baiyangdian since 1960s, Chinese sturgeon protection reflection, cyanobacteria blooms mitigation and Satellite-Aerial-Ground 3-D monitoring system for eutrophic lake/reservoirs.

We hope that the publication of this special issue will provide a systematic review of lake science development in China, andbring certain in-depth thinking for the future. With the continuous developing of earth surface system science and advancing of national integrative “Mountain-water-forest-field-lake-grass” system protection and restoration strategy in China, NIGLAS, as the only national research institute featuring lake science, aims to provide scientific and technological support for the key ecological civilization construction tasks, such as national drinking water safety, freshwater biodiversity protection, aquatic ecosystem services improving, and sustainable watershed management. NIGLAS will strive to become the main force in research on global lake change, freshwater ecosystem, and watershed environmental protection. The catastrophic floods in the Yangtze River Basin in 2020 brings new challenges to the lake science and catchment studies in China, such as the optimized regulation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reflection on floods mitigation and river-lake relationship, regulative function change of watershed-scale lakes and reservoirs, future flood-drought alternates mechanism and disaster mitigation, interrelations of water resources protection, utilization and eutrophication.

Prof. Zhang Ganlin, Director of NIGLASSeptember, 2020