王凌霄 羅榮 蔣海波 宋禹杉 金修才 楊朝愛 楊繼金
[摘要] 目的 運(yùn)用超聲彈性成像技術(shù)定量評價(jià)不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水治療兔VX-2瘤的效果。 方法 新西蘭荷瘤大白兔48只,采用標(biāo)簽法隨機(jī)分為4組。其中G0組12只注射1次低溫生理鹽水,實(shí)驗(yàn)組36只在超聲引導(dǎo)下分別給予腫瘤體積2倍臭氧化生理鹽水,并根據(jù)注射次數(shù)分為G1組(1次)、G2組(2次,1次/d)、G3組(3次,1次/d),每組各12只。分別于術(shù)前,術(shù)后4、8 d測量腫瘤的長徑(a)、短徑(b)和彈性值(B/A),根據(jù)公式V=1/2ab2計(jì)算各組腫瘤體積(V),并比較腫瘤生長率。 結(jié)果 G1、G3組術(shù)后4 d腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);G1、G2、G3組術(shù)后8 d腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后4 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后8 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,且G2、G3組低于G1組,G3組低于G2組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 二維超聲聯(lián)合彈性成像技術(shù),可以更客觀、全面地評價(jià)不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射相同濃度臭氧化鹽水對兔VX-2瘤的治療效果,且以多次治療后腫瘤組織彈性值下降最明顯。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 臭氧;臭氧化水;超聲彈性成像;VX-2瘤
[中圖分類號] R735.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0008-04
Effect of intraocular injection of ozonated saline on rabbit VX-2 tumor by evaluation of ultrasound elastography
WANG Lingxiao1? ?LUO Rong2? ?JIANG Haibo1? ?SONG Yushan1? ?JIN Xiucai1? ?YANG Chao′ai2? ?YANG Jijin2
1.Department of Ultrasound, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai? ?200433, China; 2.Department of Intervention, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai? ?200433, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of different times of intraocular injection of ozonized saline on VX-2 tumor in rabbits by ultrasound elastography. Methods A total of 48 New Zealand tumor-bearing white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups by labeling. Among them, 12 rabbits were in the G0 group (injected with low-temperature normal saline, once), while 36 rabbits of the experimental group were given twice the volume of ozonized normal saline under ultrasound guidance, and according to the number of injections, they were divided into G1 (one time), G2 (two times, once a day), G3 group (three times, once a day), with 12 rabbits in each group. The long diameter (a), short diameter (b) and elasticity value (B/A) of the tumor were measured before operation, four and eight days after surgery. The tumor volume (V) was calculated by the formula V=1/2ab2 and tumor growth rate were compared. Results The tumor growth rate of the G1, G3 group four days after surgery were lower than that of the G0 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); the tumor growth rate of G1, G2 and G3 groups were lower than that of the G0 group eight days after surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Four days after surgery, the elasticity value of the tumor tissues in the four groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); among them, the elasticity value of the VX-2 tumor tissues in the G1, G2 and G3 groups were lower than that in the G0 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Eight days after surgery, the elasticity value of the tumor tissues in the four groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); among them, the elasticity value of the VX-2 tumor tissues in the G1, G2 and G3 groups were lower than that in the G0 group, while the G2 and G3 groups were lower than that in the G1 group, and G3 group was lower than G2 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Two-dimensional ultrasound combined with elastography can more objectively and comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic effect of different times of intraocular injection of the same concentration of ozonated saline on rabbit VX-2 tumors, and the most obvious decrease in tumor tissue elasticity value after multiple treatments.
[Key words] Ozone; Ozonated water; Ultrasound elastography; VX-2 tumors
醫(yī)用臭氧于20世紀(jì)初開始應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué),現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于腰椎間盤突出癥[1]、組織缺血再灌注等疾病的治療[2]。19世紀(jì)80年代,臭氧治療腫瘤的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究及作為臨床惡性腫瘤治療的輔助手段的報(bào)道逐漸出現(xiàn)[3-7]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為[8-9],單獨(dú)使用臭氧治療惡性腫瘤可使腫瘤部分滅活,與化療的效果相同。前期動物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中,多采用CT或高頻超聲測量腫瘤大小,通過計(jì)算腫瘤生長率比較治療效果。然而,瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧對腫瘤治療作用的早期,主要是對腫瘤細(xì)胞和血管的直接破壞,引起組織壞死和變性,在腫瘤體積發(fā)生變化前,組織彈性或許已發(fā)生變化。應(yīng)力超聲彈性成像技術(shù)[10]正是通過測定組織應(yīng)變,并計(jì)算感興趣區(qū)域與周圍組織應(yīng)變比值,從而判斷該區(qū)域的組織硬度,可以較好地定量評價(jià)感興趣區(qū)域的組織硬度。兔VX-2瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧治療后,瘤組織的彈性變化鮮見報(bào)道。本研究旨在運(yùn)用超聲彈性成像技術(shù)定量評價(jià)不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水治療兔VX-2瘤的效果。
1 對象與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物
經(jīng)海軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)動物實(shí)驗(yàn)倫理委員會審批通過。入組新西蘭大白兔48只,實(shí)驗(yàn)動物生產(chǎn)許可證號:SCXK(滬)2015-0005,體重2.0~2.5 kg,由海軍醫(yī)學(xué)研究提供,瘤株由中山醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)動物試驗(yàn)中心饋贈。將VX-2瘤塊自瘤兔左后腿內(nèi)側(cè)肌肉內(nèi)取出,生理鹽水沖洗干凈后,切取周邊的活性組織,將其剪成1 mm×1 mm×1 mm碎塊放置在生理鹽水中備用,隨后將1粒瘤組織植入大白兔后腿內(nèi)側(cè)肌肉,待腫瘤長徑長至1.0~1.5 cm時(shí)開始實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及處理
將符合實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的48只瘤兔采用標(biāo)鑒法隨機(jī)分為4組,每組12只。其中G0組為對照組(注射低溫生理鹽水1次),G1、G2、G3組為實(shí)驗(yàn)組。G1組注射臭氧化生理鹽水1次、G2組注射臭氧化生理鹽水2次(1次/d)、G3組注射臭氧化生理鹽水3次(1次/d)。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
所有瘤兔采用上海化學(xué)試劑供應(yīng)站分裝廠提供的3%的硫酸戊巴比妥鈉(0.8~1.0 mL/kg,湖北鴻運(yùn)隆精細(xì)化有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:57-33-0)耳緣靜脈麻醉后采用高頻超聲測量腫瘤最大切面的長徑(a)、短徑(b),根據(jù)公式V=1/2ab2計(jì)算腫瘤體積。隨后,在高頻超聲引導(dǎo)下瘤內(nèi)注射2倍腫瘤體積的低溫生理鹽水或臭氧化生理鹽水(臭氧用德國赫爾曼公司生產(chǎn)的Medozone型臭氧發(fā)生器制備),臭氧化生理鹽水為20 μg/mL臭氧氣體通入低溫生理鹽水中制作而成,時(shí)間為20 min,在制作及實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中均采用冰袋維持低溫環(huán)境。
采用日立公司HI VISION Preirus彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,L15-4線陣探頭,頻率4~15 MHz,充分暴露兔荷瘤部位,所有操作均由同1名檢查者完成,分別獲取術(shù)前,術(shù)后4、8 d腫瘤組織最大切面,凍結(jié)圖像后分別測量長徑(a)和短徑(b)3次,取平均值。切換至彈性成像模式,將腫瘤組織和兔正常肌肉組織放置感興趣區(qū)域內(nèi),并輕微加壓探頭至提示壓力適中,分別勾畫腫瘤治療區(qū)組織和兔正常肌肉組織,獲取組織B/A值,測量3次,取平均值。計(jì)算腫瘤體積(V)及計(jì)算腫瘤生長率(GR=術(shù)后腫瘤體積/術(shù)前腫瘤體積),其中V4/V0為術(shù)后4 d腫瘤生長率,V8/V0為術(shù)后8 d腫瘤生長率,V8/V4為術(shù)后8 d相對術(shù)后4 d腫瘤生長率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 四組兔VX-2瘤生長率比較
G1、G3組V4/V0腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。G1、G2、G3組V8/V0腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。各組V8/V4腫瘤生長率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 四組兔VX-2瘤彈性值比較
術(shù)前四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。術(shù)后4 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2、圖2。術(shù)后8 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,且G2、G3組低于G1組,G3組低于G2組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
醫(yī)用臭氧通過游離出1個原子氧,與腫瘤組織內(nèi)有機(jī)分子反應(yīng),生成自由基,從而破壞細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞器微分子結(jié)構(gòu),對腫瘤組織起到直接和間接的殺滅作用[11-13]。魏強(qiáng)等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),不同濃度的臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤均可不同程度抑制腫瘤生長,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。超聲彈性成像技術(shù)雖在臨床上應(yīng)用廣泛,而瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水后瘤組織的彈性變化相關(guān)研究尚無報(bào)道。
本研究顯示,不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧均可抑制腫瘤生長。短時(shí)間觀察,單次注射治療抑制腫瘤生長率的效果最明顯。但不同次數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。究其原因,可能與低劑量(單次)臭氧作為一種強(qiáng)氧化劑,既能直接破壞腫瘤組織和微血管,還參與激活體內(nèi)免疫機(jī)制,誘導(dǎo)合成與釋放干擾素、腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死因子、白細(xì)胞介素等細(xì)胞因子共同抗腫瘤有關(guān)[15-17]。然而,連續(xù)多次瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧可以導(dǎo)致腫瘤膨脹,短時(shí)間內(nèi)藥物吸收較慢,外觀上出現(xiàn)腫瘤抑制抵消現(xiàn)象,甚至繼續(xù)增大。因此,單純利用腫瘤生長率評價(jià)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤的效果缺乏嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。另外,臭氧對腫瘤組織直接和間接的破壞作用都會改變組織結(jié)構(gòu)排列和活性,組織彈性變化可能較生長率能更客觀、準(zhǔn)確評價(jià)治療效果[18]。
超聲彈性成像[19-21]是在二維聲像圖基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)不同組織彈性系數(shù)及壓力后組織應(yīng)變的不同,收集片段信號,進(jìn)行彩色編碼成像,計(jì)算病變組織與正常組織硬度上的差別。臨床上,關(guān)于超聲彈性成像技術(shù)對甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)、乳腺結(jié)節(jié)等疾病的良惡性鑒別診斷作用已得到廣泛研究證實(shí)。韓世龍等[22]利用臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤后病理分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤消融區(qū)周邊為乳糜樣壞死組織,中間伴有組織液化、壞死,病理標(biāo)本顯示腫瘤細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)溶解、破裂等壞死表現(xiàn)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后4 d實(shí)驗(yàn)組兔VX-2瘤彈性值較對照組明顯下降,正是因?yàn)槌粞鯓O不穩(wěn)定,進(jìn)入組織后能迅速與水分子結(jié)合生成反應(yīng)性極高的過氧化氫、過氧化自由基;后者既能直接破壞細(xì)胞膜、線粒體膜,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞核破裂、溶解,又能與生物膜上的不飽和脂肪酸發(fā)生過氧化作用,代謝產(chǎn)物引起連鎖反應(yīng),進(jìn)一步加重?fù)p傷致腫瘤組織液化壞死,從而腫瘤組織變軟。然而,術(shù)后4 d實(shí)驗(yàn)組彈性值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),可能與觀察時(shí)間較短,連續(xù)多次注射臭氧,藥物未完全發(fā)揮作用有關(guān),具體有待后續(xù)研究。術(shù)后8 d,G3組兔VX-2瘤彈性值繼續(xù)降低,提示瘤內(nèi)多次注射臭氧的治療作用維持時(shí)間更長,效果更持久。
本研究尚存在一定局限性:①樣本量較小,有待擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步研究;②觀察時(shí)間較短,仍需延長觀察時(shí)間繼續(xù)研究臭氧的治療效果。
綜上所述,不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水對兔VX-2瘤生長率的抑制作用差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),但對腫瘤組織彈性值的影響明顯,且以多次治療腫瘤組織彈性值下降最明顯。因此,二維超聲聯(lián)合彈性成像技術(shù)可以更好地評價(jià)瘤內(nèi)多次注射臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤的效果。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-30)