建筑設(shè)計(jì)：諾迪克建筑事務(wù)所

Architects: Nordic-Office of Architecture

1

1 夜景/Night view

奧斯陸機(jī)場(chǎng)擴(kuò)建項(xiàng)目已成為斯堪的納維亞設(shè)計(jì)的精湛典范。該項(xiàng)目是世界上第一個(gè)達(dá)到英國(guó)建筑研究院環(huán)境評(píng)估方法（BREEAM）優(yōu)秀等級(jí)的機(jī)場(chǎng)，距離獲得最高的卓越等級(jí)認(rèn)證僅一步之遙。媒體稱贊其為未來(lái)機(jī)場(chǎng)的藍(lán)圖和世界上最環(huán)保的機(jī)場(chǎng)。

擴(kuò)建包括了面積為52,000m2的出發(fā)大廳和抵達(dá)大廳的延伸、63,000m2的新建北側(cè)指廊及擴(kuò)建的火車(chē)站——其總和幾乎使得原航站樓面積翻倍。擴(kuò)建還包括了新的能源中心、新的陸側(cè)基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和空側(cè)的延伸和新增設(shè)施。項(xiàng)目使得機(jī)場(chǎng)吞吐量從每年1900 萬(wàn)增加至3200 萬(wàn)人次，并有望增加至3600 萬(wàn)人次。

作為整體可持續(xù)策略的一部分，機(jī)場(chǎng)與奧斯陸市中心的連通率可達(dá)70%。旅客最集中的抵達(dá)方式是乘坐每小時(shí)10 班次的火車(chē)。和歐洲各大機(jī)場(chǎng)相比是最高水平。建設(shè)過(guò)程中，機(jī)場(chǎng)和火車(chē)站均保持全面運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。

現(xiàn)存結(jié)構(gòu)啟發(fā)而非限制了我們的想象。我們的目標(biāo)是完善既有設(shè)計(jì)的表達(dá)，尤其考慮到材料運(yùn)用、層級(jí)和尺度。通過(guò)在原有建筑上擴(kuò)建，同時(shí)為未來(lái)引入新元素，項(xiàng)目在通用建筑語(yǔ)言的范圍內(nèi)，達(dá)成了這個(gè)目標(biāo)。

新建的北指廊長(zhǎng)300m，引入了全新的建筑表達(dá)——單曲面和雙曲面外表皮。北指廊航站樓和中央航站樓一樣，由膠合木結(jié)構(gòu)和混凝土柱支撐。這些都塑造了機(jī)場(chǎng)的個(gè)性，同時(shí)具有前瞻性。

新建指廊在提供最大空間價(jià)值的同時(shí)擁有最小的外部圍合表皮。通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際區(qū)域交錯(cuò)排布，達(dá)成最佳效率，確保旅客可使用所有登機(jī)門(mén)，使得建筑的占地面積顯著減少。建筑的外形可充分利用被動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能及日照，應(yīng)用區(qū)域供暖和自然熱能等特色低碳技術(shù)。

貫穿設(shè)計(jì)階段的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵要求是通過(guò)測(cè)試和記錄的方式進(jìn)行建筑材料的審批。新建指廊采用了兼具功能、美學(xué)和環(huán)境需求的橡木飾面。外立面玻璃的大面積使用，為觀賞周?chē)匀画h(huán)境和變化的自然光線提供了視野，創(chuàng)造出時(shí)間感和場(chǎng)所感，利用被動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能的同時(shí)，減少日間人工照明的需求。

地面熱源技術(shù)的使用，可為機(jī)場(chǎng)提供熱能；機(jī)場(chǎng)雪庫(kù)存放的積雪可用作夏季冷卻劑，項(xiàng)目對(duì)能源的需求將顯著降低。提升的保溫性能和低空氣滲透率，使該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到被動(dòng)房屋能源性能的典范性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

天然熱能的利用是擴(kuò)建項(xiàng)目的可持續(xù)性策略的關(guān)鍵部分。大型雪庫(kù)保存了冬季從機(jī)場(chǎng)周邊活動(dòng)區(qū)收集的積雪，用于航站樓的夏季制冷。該措施替代了約5MW 的冷卻設(shè)備能源，每年可節(jié)能2GW·h。其他低碳技術(shù)，如相鄰市政廢水凈化蓄熱、能量井、地下水蓄能和熱泵技術(shù)利用，均為節(jié)約與再利用能源所采取措施的范例。（王欣欣 譯）

The Oslo Airport Expansion has become an example of Scandinavian design at its best. It is the first airport in the world to achieve a BREEAM Excellent rating, only narrowly missing the highest possible rating: Outstanding. It has been hailed by media as the blueprint for future airports and the greenest airport in the world.

The expansion comprises of a 52,000m2 extension of the departures and arrivals hall, a 63,000m2 new northern pier and an expanded rail station - in total nearly doubling the size of the original terminal building. The expansion also included a new energy central, new landside infrastructure and airside extensions and facilities. It has increased the airport's capacity from 19 to 32 million passengers per year, with a further potential increase to 36 million.

As part of a holistic sustainability approach, the airport has 70% public transport connectivity to Oslo city centre; the vast majority arriving by one of the 10 trains per hour serving the airport. This is the highest percentage for any major airport in Europe. During construction, both the airport and rail station remained fully operational.

The existing structure has inspired, not inhibited our thinking, or restricted our ideas. The goal was to complement the existing design expression, especially considering material use, hierarchy and scale. The expansion achieves this by building on the original architecture, while introducing new elements for the future, all within a common architectural language.

The 300-metre long new northern pier features a brand-new architectural expression with both curved and double curved surfaces. The pier is, like the central building, held up by a glulam structure and concrete columns. It all contributes to the identity of the airport, while at the same time pointing to the future.

The curved form of the new pier provides maximum spatial value whilst having a minimal external envelope. Optimal efficiency is achieved by stacking the domestic and international zones in the pier - enabling all travellers to use all gates and giving the building a signif icantly smaller footprint. The shape of the building takes advantage of passive solar energy and sunlight, and features low-carbon technologies like district heating and natural thermal energy.

A key requirement throughout the design phase was the approval of building materials by testing and documentation. The new pier is clad in oak timber to combine functional, aesthetical and environmental demands. The extensive use of glass in the fa?ades provides views to the surrounding nature and changing natural light, creating a sense of time and place, while simultaneously taking advantage of passive solar energy and reducing the need for artif icial light in daytime.

Energy requirements will be extremely low due to the use of ground source heat technology to provide heating and the use of snow from the airport's snow storage depot as a coolant during summer. The enhanced levels of insulation and low air infiltration enable exemplary Passive House energy performance standards.

Utilising natural thermal energy was one of the key elements in the sustainability strategy for the new extension. A large snow depot preserves snow collected from airside areas during winter to provide cooling in the terminal during summer. This replaces approximately 5MW of energy from the cooling plants and represents an annual energy reduction of about 2GWh. Other low-carbon technologies such as heat retention through purified wastewater from the adjacent municipality, energy wells, ground water energy conservation and utilisation of heat pump technology, are all examples of measures implemented to save and reuse energy.

2

3

2 出發(fā)前廳/Departure forecourt

3 出發(fā)大廳/Departure hall

4

5

4 F層平面/Plan F

5 出發(fā)旅客候機(jī)區(qū)/Departure passenger waiting area

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Oslo Lufthavn

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Gudmund Stokke

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Christian Henriksen, Bj?rn Olav Sus?g, Eskild Andersen, Roald Sand, Astrid BuggeFr?vig, Christian von der Leyen, Christine Obmascher, Liv Aimee Halvorsen, Cornelia Fischer, Daniela Cardoso Tunheim, Erik Fonne, Erik Urheim, Tom Holtmann, Mari Dokken Bj?rge, Francois Chevalier, Morten M. R?der, GergelyJaszay, H?kon Folles?, Ingrid Motzfeldt, Imola Kinga, Ivar Ivars?y, John Philip Clark, J?rund Johansen, Michael Jankowski, Michael Olofsson, Soren Shen-Lung Lin, Julie Gedde-Dahl, Tormod Slevikmoen, Anders Doser, Peter Dang, Christina Walstad, Knut Ramstad, Ole T?rklep

合作單位/Partners: Nordic-Office of Architecture (leading office), COWI, Norconsult, Aas-Jakobsen, Per Rasmussen

項(xiàng)目顧問(wèn)/Sub-Consultants: HSW, Hjellnes Consult, Bj?rbekk & Lindheim Bj?rbekk Landskapsarkitekter, Speirs + Major, BuroHappold Engineering, AKT II

建設(shè)公司/Construction Company: Avinor Oslo Lufthavn

服務(wù)范圍/Scope: 機(jī)場(chǎng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，總體規(guī)劃，可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)，視覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)，BIM設(shè)計(jì)，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，家具設(shè)計(jì)，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)管理/Airport planning and design, master planning, sustainability, visual group, BIM, interior design, furniture design, product design, design management

建筑面積/Architectural Area: 航站樓建筑面積/Terminal architectural area: 140,000m2; 總平面/Master plan: 13.5km2; 35,000,000旅客年吞吐量/35 MPA

成本/Cost: 14B NOK

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2009-2017

竣工時(shí)間/Completion Time: 2017.04.27

攝影/Photos: Ivan Brodey (fig.1,3,5,11,12), Dag Spant (fig.2), Knut Ramstad (fig.9,10)

6

9

7

10

6 分區(qū)/Division

7 旅客到達(dá)流線/Passanger journey - Arrivals

8 旅客出發(fā)流線/Passanger journey - Departure

9 商業(yè)內(nèi)景/Interior commercial pods

10 內(nèi)景/Interior view

11

11 出發(fā)大廳/Departure hall

評(píng)論

易田：奧斯陸機(jī)場(chǎng)擴(kuò)建項(xiàng)目充分體現(xiàn)了建筑可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要義，很難想象在北歐極寒地帶可以實(shí)現(xiàn)擁有如此規(guī)模玻璃幕墻的航站樓建筑，其對(duì)天然能源的存儲(chǔ)與利用值得長(zhǎng)足借鑒。航站樓占地非常集約，作為交通建筑的使用效率非常高，展現(xiàn)了建筑師對(duì)建筑功能性的深刻理解。航站樓的外形并不復(fù)雜，空間上通過(guò)V 柱形成的廣廳空間與波浪漫射吊頂形成的低矮空間做對(duì)比，創(chuàng)造了空間的節(jié)奏感。建筑材料上也盡力還原展示材料的天然性，體現(xiàn)混凝土、木材、石材等材料的本貌。

陽(yáng)旭：奧斯陸航站樓主體呈三指廊構(gòu)型，構(gòu)型使得主要旅客的步行距離呈現(xiàn)均好性，得到了控制； B指廊與航站樓主體通過(guò)通道步行可達(dá)而不是設(shè)置近端衛(wèi)星廳，可以減少擺渡車(chē)的使用；樓內(nèi)廣泛使用木材或木質(zhì)飾面，回收鋼材和與火山灰混合的特殊環(huán)?；炷烈驳玫搅舜罅渴褂茫c北歐當(dāng)?shù)氐赜蛱卣飨嗥鹾?。整座航站樓廣泛采用生態(tài)節(jié)能技術(shù)，將其塑造成為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的典范。

Comments

YI Tian: Oslo Airport Expansion fully expressed the essence of sustainable architecture. It is hard to imagine the realisation of a terminal building with such large extent of glass curtain walls in Scandinavia's extremely cold climate region. The storage and utilisation of natural energy in this project is especially worth learning. The terminal building has a compact footprint. As a transportation building, its utilisation efficiency is significantly high. Apparently the architects have very deep understanding towards the functionality of architecture. The form of the terminal building is not complicated. A spatial rhythm is formed by the contrast between the grand space supported by V-shaped columns and the light-diffusing low wavy ceilings. In terms of materiality, the architects tried their best to reveal the natural appearance of the materials used, including concrete, wood and stone. (Translated by WANG Xinxin)

YANG Xu: The main body of Oslo Airport Terminal is in a three-finger pier configuration which makes the walking distance of most of passengers equal and controlled. B airside concourse is connected to the terminal through the passengers' available channel instead of setting up the proximal satellite hall, which can reduce the use of ferries. The extensive use of wood or wood finishes, and special environment-friendly concrete mixed by recycled steel and volcanic ash, are in keeping with the geographical characteristics of Scandinavia. The whole terminal adopts ecological energy-saving technology broadly, shaping it the exemplar of terminals of sustainable development. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

12

12 商業(yè)內(nèi)景/Interior commercial pods