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        目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療對于老年患者脊柱外科手術(shù)預(yù)后的影響

        2020-06-08 15:49:48冀國力陳乃葆安燕

        冀國力 陳乃葆 安燕

        【摘要】目的 探討以每搏量變異度(SVV)為目標(biāo)的的液體導(dǎo)向治療(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)對老年患者脊柱外科手術(shù)預(yù)后的影響。方法 收集本院全身麻醉下行脊柱手術(shù)的老年患者60例。男29例,女31例。年齡65~75歲,BMI18.5~32 kg/m2,,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ級。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為兩組,一組為目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療組(G組,n=30),另一組為經(jīng)典補(bǔ)液組(R組,n=30)。G組根據(jù)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分析儀監(jiān)測的SVV為指導(dǎo)目標(biāo),以GDFT方案對患者進(jìn)行容量管理。R組以麻醉醫(yī)生補(bǔ)液經(jīng)驗(yàn)采用經(jīng)典補(bǔ)液辦法進(jìn)行容量管理。記錄患者入手術(shù)室(T0),麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T1),手術(shù)開始前(T2),手術(shù)開始1.5 h(T3),手術(shù)結(jié)束(T4)的MAP,HR,每搏變異度(SVV)。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間,出血量,尿量,晶體輸入量,膠體輸入量,液體總輸入量,血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用。記錄術(shù)后病人的預(yù)后情況,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,發(fā)熱,頭暈,惡心嘔吐,傷口感染,肺部感染等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的情況。結(jié)果 經(jīng)比較G組輸注的晶體量明顯少于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),G組輸注的膠體量明顯多于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),T3時(shí)G組SVV明顯低于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的MAP與HR差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。G組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯低于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。G組的出院時(shí)間明顯短于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? ?以SVV為目標(biāo)的液體導(dǎo)向治療可以減少老年患者脊柱外科手術(shù)中晶體的輸注量,并且可以減少患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,縮短患者的術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。

        【關(guān)鍵詞】目標(biāo)液體導(dǎo)向治療;老年患者;預(yù)后;脊柱外科手術(shù);每搏變異度

        【中圖分類號】R681.5 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A 【文章編號】ISSN.2095.6681.2020.5..03

        【Abstract】Objective? ?To investigate the effect of SVV directed fluid therapy (GDFT) on the prognosis of elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery.Methods? ?60 cases of elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery under general anesthesia were collected.There were 33 male cases and 27 female cases.Age 60~75 years old,BMI18.5 ~32 kg/m2, and ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ level.Random number method was used to divide the patients into two groups:one group was goal-oriented liquid therapy group (G group, n=30), and the other group was classic fluid therapy group (R group, n=30).According to the SVV monitored by hemodynamics analyzer,the volume management of patients in group G was conducted by GDFT scheme.According to the experience of anesthesiologists in group R,volume management was carried out by classic fluid replenishment method.MAP,HR and SVV of patients entering the operating room (T0),before anesthesia induction (T1), before surgery (T2), 1.5h after surgery (T3),and at the end of surgery (T4) were recorded.Surgical time, blood loss, urine volume,crystal input,gel input, total fluid input, and application of vasoactive drugs were recorded.The prognosis, length of stay,fever,dizziness,nausea and vomiting, wound infection,pulmonary infection and other postoperative complications were recorded.Results? ?After comparison, the amount of crystal infusion in group G was significantly lower than that in group R (P < 0.05),the amount of colloid infusion in group G was significantly higher than that in group R (P < 0.05), and the SVV in group G at T3 was significantly lower than that in group R (P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between MAP and HR at each time point.The incidence of postoperative complications in group G was significantly lower than that in group C (P< 0.05).The discharge time of group G was shorter than that of group C (P<0.05).Conclusion? ?SVV targeted liquid-guided therapy can reduce the amount of crystal infusion in spine surgery in elderly patients, reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, and shorten the postoperative hospital stay.

        【Key words】Objective liquid-guided therapy;Elderly patients; prognosis;Spinal surgery;Variation rate of stroke

        隨著老齡化社會(huì)的來臨,老年患者的數(shù)量也逐步增長[1]。老年人的自身調(diào)節(jié)能力以及心功能較差,合并癥較多,對圍術(shù)期血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)耐受性較差,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,術(shù)中的液體控制對于老年人十分重要。目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)是根據(jù)圍術(shù)期不斷變化的液體需求進(jìn)行個(gè)體化補(bǔ)液,優(yōu)化患者圍術(shù)期血流動(dòng)力學(xué),預(yù)防圍術(shù)期潛在的循環(huán)容量不足或過量,降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用LiDco公司所研發(fā)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分析儀作為實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器,以每搏量變異度(SVV)為指導(dǎo)目標(biāo),使用GDFT方案對患者進(jìn)行容量管理,分析此種液體管理方案是否可以改善老年脊柱外科手術(shù)患者的預(yù)后。

        1 資料與方法

        1.1? 一般資料

        擬納入符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的本院全身麻醉下行脊柱手術(shù)的老年患者。本研究經(jīng)本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并與患者簽署知情同意書。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡60~90歲,BMI18.5~32,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ級。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡小于60或大于80歲,有嚴(yán)重心律失常、心力衰竭、心腦血管疾病史,嚴(yán)重肺部疾病,肝腎功能衰竭,急診手術(shù)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為兩組,一組為目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療組(G組,n=30),另一組為常規(guī)補(bǔ)液組(R組,n=30)。

        1.2? 麻醉方法

        術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:患者8 h禁飲食,肌肉注射阿托品0.5 mg。患者入室以后,開放靜脈通路,監(jiān)測心電圖(ECG),脈搏血氧飽和度(SPO2),連續(xù)無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓(BP)。行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管,連接LIDCO血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測儀,監(jiān)測平均動(dòng)脈壓(MBP)和每搏量變異度(SVV)。進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo),舒芬太尼0.4~0.5 ug/kg,依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,羅庫溴銨0.7 mg/kg靜脈推注。面罩加壓給氧輔助呼吸,氣管插管后連接麻醉機(jī),麻醉劑呼吸參數(shù)設(shè)定為:潮氣量8 ml/kg,呼吸頻率12次/分,吸呼比1:2。術(shù)中麻醉維持采用靜吸復(fù)合麻醉,丙泊酚3~6 mg/(kg·h),瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2 ug/(kg·min),苯磺順阿曲庫銨0.1 mg/(kg·h)。術(shù)中體溫維持在36℃~37℃。

        1.3? 液體管理策略

        兩組均在入室后,麻醉誘導(dǎo)前給與背景輸液,輸注乳酸鈉林格5 ml/kg。R組采取常規(guī)補(bǔ)液辦法,采用晶膠比2:1的方案,根據(jù)麻醉醫(yī)生的補(bǔ)液經(jīng)驗(yàn),并且根據(jù)患者的HR,MAP和尿量及時(shí)調(diào)整輸液速度。使患者術(shù)中維持MAP≥65 mmHg,尿量維持在0.5 mL/(kg·h)以上。若MAP≤65 mmHg,加快輸入250 mL/15 min液體,觀察MAP變化,若仍低于65 mmHg,考慮使用血管活性藥物。G組根據(jù)LIDCO血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測儀,監(jiān)測SVV指標(biāo),當(dāng)SVV<12%,MAP≥65 mmHg時(shí),不予處理。當(dāng)SVV>12%,則快速輸入250 mL/15 min羥乙基淀粉。若SVV<12%,MAP≤65 mmHg,則考慮使用血管活性藥物。

        1.4? 監(jiān)測指標(biāo)

        記錄患者入手術(shù)室(T0),麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T1),手術(shù)開始前(T2),手術(shù)開始1.5 h(T3),手術(shù)結(jié)束(T4)的MAP,HR,每搏變異度SVV。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間,出血量,尿量,晶體輸入量,膠體輸入量,液體總輸入量,血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用。記錄術(shù)后病人的預(yù)后情況,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,發(fā)熱,頭暈,惡心嘔吐,傷口感染,肺部感染等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的情況。

        1.5? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

        采用 SPSS 23.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示。組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測量數(shù)據(jù)方差分析。兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        2 結(jié) 果

        兩組患者的年齡,性別,身高,體重,BMI,ASA分級,手術(shù)時(shí)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(表1)。

        G組術(shù)中晶體輸入量明顯小于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。G組術(shù)中膠體輸入量明顯多于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組相比較,尿量,出血量和血管活性藥物的使用差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表2)。

        T3時(shí)間點(diǎn)G組SVV明顯小于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組的的MAP和HR差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(表3)。

        G組患者的發(fā)熱的例數(shù)明顯小于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。G組患者頭暈的例數(shù)明顯小于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。G組的出院時(shí)間明顯短于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組相比較,惡心嘔吐,傷口感染,肺部感染差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(表4)。

        3 討 論

        隨著臨床麻醉學(xué)的飛速發(fā)展,液體治療是當(dāng)今麻醉學(xué)中熱門話題之一?,F(xiàn)如今隨著加速康復(fù)外科的興起,在患者的預(yù)后方面給麻醉科醫(yī)生提出了很高的要求。加速康復(fù)外科這一概念最早由丹麥的Kehlet[2]提出,其研究文章中提到術(shù)中應(yīng)適量的而不是過多的補(bǔ)液。術(shù)中液體管理對于患者預(yù)后有著很大的影響,液體過多或過少都會(huì)對患者造成不利的影響[3]。術(shù)中補(bǔ)液過少,會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者灌注不足,當(dāng)機(jī)體遇到灌注不足和缺氧時(shí),往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致代謝紊亂和血乳酸含量升高[4]。術(shù)中補(bǔ)液過多,會(huì)導(dǎo)致組織水腫,嚴(yán)重甚至可能導(dǎo)致心衰。老年患者自身調(diào)節(jié)能力較差,器官功能衰退,血容量的多少對其影響很大,影響老年患者的預(yù)后。

        老年患者血管彈性減弱,心功能變差,需要精確的控制老年患者的容量。我們根據(jù)SVV(stroke volume variation),即每搏量變異度來控制液體的輸入。SVV是指:機(jī)械通氣期間,最高的每搏輸出量(SVmax)與最低的每搏輸出量(SVmin)的差距與每搏輸出量平均值(SVmeno)之比值。SV的變異程度越大表明有效血容量不足越明顯,具有預(yù)測心臟容量負(fù)荷反應(yīng)性的能力[5-6]。但是SVV有它的局限性,目前文獻(xiàn)僅支持將SVV用于100%機(jī)械通氣病人并采用8ml/kg以上的潮氣量和固定的呼吸頻率,不支持將SVV用于自主呼吸的患者。SVV做為液體治療的指標(biāo)時(shí),應(yīng)避免用于心律失常的患者。SVV的對容量的特異度和敏感度較高,可以比較準(zhǔn)確的監(jiān)測患者的容量變化[7]。

        有研究建議CVP不適合作為監(jiān)測患者術(shù)中液體治療的精準(zhǔn)指標(biāo),容易增加心臟前負(fù)荷[8]。LiDco監(jiān)測的SVV是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)指標(biāo),可以及時(shí)反應(yīng)出患者的容量變化,及時(shí)作出反應(yīng)。采用目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療(GDFT)這個(gè)概念,以SVV為指導(dǎo),進(jìn)行有效的液體治療,更為準(zhǔn)確的對老年患者進(jìn)行容量控制,使老年患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加穩(wěn)定。如果監(jiān)測到患者需要補(bǔ)充液體,則更傾向于使用膠體液[9]。

        實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者的晶體輸入量相比較,G組明顯小于R組,而膠體輸入量G組明顯高于R組。這樣能避免因組織灌注不足導(dǎo)致的患者體內(nèi)乳酸水平增高,從而降低了患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能性。G組患者術(shù)后發(fā)熱、頭暈的病例數(shù)明顯小于R組,但惡心嘔吐,傷口感染,肺部感染兩組相比較并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。G組與R組相比,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間明顯縮短。GDFT這種術(shù)中液體管理方法能給老年患者提供合適的組織灌注壓和組織供氧,明顯降低圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥,縮短住院時(shí)間[10-11]。

        綜上所述,以SVV為指導(dǎo)的目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療,相比常規(guī)經(jīng)驗(yàn)液體治療,可以使老年患者術(shù)中的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加穩(wěn)定,降低老年患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,縮短老年患者的住院時(shí)間。

        參考文獻(xiàn)

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        [6] Singer,M.and E.D.Bennett.'Noninvasive optimization of left ventricular filling using esophageal Doppler[J].Crit Care Med,1991,19(9):1132-7.

        [7] Dunki-Jacobs,E.M.P.Philips, et al.Stroke volume variation in hepatic resection:a replacement for standard central venous pressure monitoring[J]Ann Surg Oncol,2014,21(2):473-8.

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        [9] Feldheiser,A.V.Pavlova,T.Bonomo,et al.Balanced crystalloid compared with balanced colloid solution using a goal-directed haemodynamic algorithm[J].Br J Anaesth,2013,110(2):231-40.

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