姜濛 云紅
摘 要 對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的辯證思維是貫穿中醫(yī)典籍的重要概念,不僅體現(xiàn)在陰陽(yáng)、寒熱、虛實(shí)、表里等中醫(yī)理念,也體現(xiàn)在其語(yǔ)言所運(yùn)用的對(duì)偶修辭特色。本文通過(guò)對(duì)比《傷寒論》兩種不同譯本中對(duì)偶修辭格的英譯,分析探討了適用對(duì)偶修辭的英譯方法。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),為了保留對(duì)偶修辭格句式勻稱、工整的表達(dá)效果,英譯時(shí)可以選擇同樣整體、流暢的句型,適用的英譯方法包括:(1)保留對(duì)偶辭格;(2)用連詞銜接;(3)并列串對(duì)。
關(guān)鍵詞 對(duì)偶 句式整體 并列串對(duì)
中圖分類號(hào):H315.9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? DOI:10.16400/j.cnki.kjdks.2020.01.012
Abstract Dialectical thinking, as an important concept deeply rooted in traditional Chinese medical classics, is not only manifested on such TCM concepts as Yin-Yang, Xu-Shi, but also reflected by its language feature of various figures of speech. This paper based on the comparison of two wildly-accepted English versions of On Cold Damage analyzed appropriate translation methods for antithesis, proposing three suggestions to maintain rhetorical effect of antithesis in Chinese-English translation. It is found that in order to keep the symmetrical and neat expression effect of dual figures of speech, the same overall and smooth sentence pattern can be selected in English translation. The applicable English translation methods include: (1) retaining dual figures of speech; (2) linking with conjunctions; (3) juxtaposing and stringing.
Keywords antithesis; use of conjunctions; parallel sentences
0 引言
《傷寒論》成書(shū)于眾多古醫(yī)籍的基礎(chǔ)之上,總結(jié)了臨床外感熱病的治療規(guī)律,同時(shí)也繼承了古醫(yī)籍善用、巧用豐富的修辭藝術(shù)來(lái)“活”化語(yǔ)言,明澈醫(yī)理的特點(diǎn)。其中,對(duì)偶修辭格作為中醫(yī)典籍語(yǔ)言的一大特色,運(yùn)用非常廣泛。古醫(yī)籍中的對(duì)偶句式結(jié)構(gòu)靈活,并未對(duì)聲韻、格律等作嚴(yán)格的要求,具有 “不勞經(jīng)營(yíng),率然對(duì)爾”的特點(diǎn),[1]這一點(diǎn)在《傷寒論》中也多有體現(xiàn)。對(duì)偶本是古漢語(yǔ)修辭手法之一,多用于詩(shī)詞創(chuàng)作中,究其來(lái)源,與漢民族傳統(tǒng)辨證思維密切相關(guān)。[2]對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的辯證思維孕育了中醫(yī)“八綱辨證”的診斷方法與思維,也深深地影響了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的形成與發(fā)展。因此對(duì)偶觀的體現(xiàn)在古醫(yī)籍中比比皆是。
另一方面,一帶一路倡議下的中國(guó)中醫(yī)藥文化近年來(lái)重新成為代表中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的符號(hào),而作為助推中醫(yī)藥文化交流與傳播的載體,中醫(yī)典籍外譯日漸受到重視,相關(guān)研究論文也呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。然而,就對(duì)偶修辭格的英譯而言,目前現(xiàn)有的研究論文多集中于《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》,鮮少選擇以《傷寒論》為分析文本。因而本文旨在通過(guò)對(duì)比《傷寒論》的兩種比較具有代表性的譯本,分析探討適用對(duì)偶修辭格的實(shí)用譯法。
1 《傷寒論》對(duì)比譯本簡(jiǎn)介
本文選取羅希文教授與李照國(guó)教授的英譯本為研究文本。其中羅希文教授的《傷寒論》譯本發(fā)表于1986年,一經(jīng)出版便受到國(guó)外讀者的廣泛好評(píng),并于多次再版中添加了中文對(duì)照版醫(yī)案實(shí)例,增添了著作內(nèi)容的豐富性,方便國(guó)外讀者了解中醫(yī)精髓。[3]羅希文教授的譯本為目前接受度最高,影響最深遠(yuǎn)的版本,非常具有代表性。
李照國(guó)教授的《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》譯本于2005年出版后在國(guó)內(nèi)廣受好評(píng),其《傷寒論》譯本于2017年相繼出版,英譯系統(tǒng)完整,注重概念術(shù)語(yǔ)和藥方的準(zhǔn)確解讀和釋義。另外,古醫(yī)籍的早期外譯活動(dòng)偏重內(nèi)容與信息的交流與傳播,傾向于歸化的翻譯策略。而李教授在多年學(xué)習(xí)、研究并翻譯中醫(yī)典籍的過(guò)程中,提出了“尊重國(guó)情,保持特色” [4]的翻譯原則,更加注重保留語(yǔ)言文化的“原汁原味”,值得學(xué)習(xí)與借鑒。
2 《傷寒論》對(duì)偶修辭格之英譯對(duì)比
2.1 《傷寒論》與對(duì)偶修辭格
著名修辭學(xué)家陳望道曾定義對(duì)偶辭格:“說(shuō)話中凡是用字?jǐn)?shù)相等,句法相似的兩句,成雙成對(duì)排列成功的,都叫做對(duì)偶辭”。[5]對(duì)偶修辭格按形式可分為語(yǔ)對(duì)、單句對(duì)及復(fù)句對(duì);按語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容可分為正對(duì)、反對(duì)及串對(duì)。就修辭效果而言,對(duì)偶辭格在形式上整齊勻稱,對(duì)稱優(yōu)美,富有節(jié)奏感;在內(nèi)容上語(yǔ)言凝練,信息量大,能突出事物間的聯(lián)系與矛盾,揭示事物之間關(guān)系的本質(zhì)。
英語(yǔ)中也有對(duì)偶修辭——antithesis,然而,嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō),antithesis 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事物之間的opposition or strong contrast,只等同于中文對(duì)偶辭格的“反對(duì)”,兩者的含義與功能不完全相同,無(wú)法通過(guò)英譯來(lái)進(jìn)行完全等同的轉(zhuǎn)化,這也為對(duì)偶辭格的英譯增加了難度。然而另一方面,古醫(yī)籍中對(duì)偶要求較寬,一般只著重在意義相對(duì),在結(jié)構(gòu)和詞性等方面要求都不太嚴(yán)格。[6]因此,英譯《傷寒論》對(duì)偶辭格時(shí),在保證準(zhǔn)確性的基礎(chǔ)上,為了保留對(duì)偶修辭格句式勻稱、工整的表達(dá)效果,可以靈活選擇同樣整齊、流暢的句型。
2.2 對(duì)偶辭格英譯之對(duì)比
《傷寒論》中運(yùn)用最多的對(duì)偶辭格為反對(duì),從對(duì)立的辯證思維對(duì)外感熱病進(jìn)行描述與總結(jié)。英譯反對(duì)辭格時(shí),若上下句對(duì)短小凝練,對(duì)比顯而易見(jiàn),則可以保留對(duì)偶。示例如下:
①陽(yáng)明病,若能食,名中風(fēng);不能食,名中寒。[7]
釋義:陽(yáng)明病,如果能食,則稱為中風(fēng);如果不能食,則稱為中寒。
李:In yangming disease, if [the patient is] unable to eat, it is called wind stroke; [if the patient is] able to eat, [it is] called cold attack. [7]
羅:Greater Yang syndrome: If the patient has good intake of food, it is called “the Greater Yang syndrome caused by Wind.” If there is anorexia, it is called “the Greater Yang syndrome caused by Cold.” [8]
分析:本例中,李本保留了對(duì)偶辭格,上下句皆用“if條件句+it is called”的整齊句型,結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱,信息流暢,譯文也比較通俗易懂。羅譯與李本相似,只是在術(shù)語(yǔ)及短語(yǔ)的英譯上有所不同。類似的示例有:
②脈實(shí)者,宜下之;脈浮虛者,宜發(fā)汗。[7]
釋義:脈象實(shí)的,可以下法治之;脈象浮虛的,可以汗法下之。
李:If the pulse is in excess, purgation is appropriate; if the pulse is floating and weak, diaphoresis is appropriate. [7]
羅:A drastic, Decoction of Greater Chenqi, can be adopted in a case with excessive pulse. A diaphoretic, Decoction of Ramulus Cinnamomi, can be given in a case with a floating and deficient pulse. [8]
分析:本例中,李本與羅本同樣采用了整齊勻稱的句型,脈象實(shí)虛之不同對(duì)比清晰。句型上的不同之處在于羅本采用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),將“下法”與“汗法”提在句首,比起脈象,更加強(qiáng)調(diào)兩種不同的治療方法。
然而,由于《傷寒論》對(duì)偶辭格的格律并不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),句式靈活,因此在上下句對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的情況下可以選擇整合信息,后用“while”一詞將兩個(gè)完整的句子進(jìn)行銜接,以此來(lái)提示上下句對(duì)之間的對(duì)立關(guān)系。示例如下:
③病有發(fā)熱惡寒者,發(fā)于陽(yáng)也,無(wú)發(fā)熱惡寒者,發(fā)于陰也。發(fā)于陽(yáng)七日愈,發(fā)于陰六日愈,以陽(yáng)數(shù)七,陰數(shù)六故也。[7]
釋義:患外感病的,如果有發(fā)熱畏寒癥狀的,屬病在陽(yáng)經(jīng);如果有無(wú)熱畏寒癥狀的,屬病在陰經(jīng)。病在陽(yáng)經(jīng)的,一般七天可以痊愈;病在陰經(jīng)的,一般六天可以痊愈……
李:The disease with [the symptoms of] fever and aversion to cold originates from yang [aspect] while the disease without [the symptoms of] fever and aversion to cold originates from yin [aspect]. [The disease] originating from yang [aspect will be] healed in seven days while the disease originating from yin [aspect will be] healed in six days because the number of seven [pertains to] yang [while] the number of six [pertains to] yin. [7]
羅:The syndrome with fever and chill comes from Yang and takes seven days to heal; that with chill but no fever comes from Yin and takes six days to heal. Seven is a Yang (odd) number and six is a Yin (even) number. [8]
分析:本例上下句在字?jǐn)?shù)與結(jié)構(gòu)上并非完全一致。這里 “惡寒”意為自覺(jué)怕冷,李本將其理解為aversion to cold,比chill更加準(zhǔn)確。chill多意為“由發(fā)熱引起的寒冷或寒戰(zhàn)”。就對(duì)偶句式來(lái)說(shuō),李本句型整齊,英譯用“while”一詞將兩種對(duì)比情況進(jìn)行連接,并增譯了原文暗含之意,如the symptoms of。羅本則選擇用分號(hào)連接,后句用that代替syndrome語(yǔ)言更加簡(jiǎn)潔。
④病人身大熱,反欲得衣者,熱在皮膚,寒在骨髓也;身大寒,反不欲近衣者,寒在皮膚,熱在骨髓也。[7]
釋義:患者全身有大熱,但卻想多穿衣服,因?yàn)闊嵩谄つw,寒在骨髓。身體有大寒的患者,反而不想多穿衣服,原因是寒在皮膚,熱在骨髓。
李:The patient with high fever but still in need of [putting on] more clothes indicates that heat is in the skin [while] cold is in the marrow. [If there is] cold in the body but [the patient] does not want to put on more clothes, [it indicates that] cold is in the skin [while] heat is in the marrow. [7]
羅:If the patient has a high fever but wishes to have more clothes on, it indicates “ Cold in the marrow, but Heat in the skin;” if the patient feels a chill but wishes to remove clothing, it is “ Heat in the marrow, but Cold on the skin.” [8]
分析:本例中,羅本將“不欲近衣”理解為反譯為肯定形式remove clothing并不完全準(zhǔn)確。就對(duì)偶形式而言,羅本用“if + it indicates”的句式分別銜接“ 熱在皮膚,寒在骨髓Cold in the marrow, but Heat in the skin”與“寒在皮膚,熱在骨髓Heat in the marrow, but Cold on the skin”邏輯清晰,簡(jiǎn)潔明了。李本上句以patient為主語(yǔ),下句選擇if +there be句型,用“while”來(lái)銜接分句中“熱在皮膚,寒在骨髓”語(yǔ)對(duì),對(duì)比而言句式不夠整齊、簡(jiǎn)潔。
⑤陽(yáng)浮者,熱自發(fā);陰弱者,汗自出。[7]
釋義:陽(yáng)脈浮的,自有發(fā)熱。陰脈弱的,自會(huì)汗出。
李:Floating of yang [indicates] spontaneous fever [while] weakness of yin [indicates] spontaneous sweating. [7]
羅:Floating at the surface signifies Heat, weak in depth signifies spontaneous perspiration. [8]
分析:《難經(jīng)》曰:“從關(guān)至尺,是尺內(nèi),陰之所治也;從關(guān)至魚(yú)際,是寸口內(nèi),陽(yáng)之所治也。故分寸為尺,分尺為寸。故陰得尺內(nèi)一寸,陽(yáng)得寸內(nèi)九分。[9]《傷寒論》第3條言及“脈陰陽(yáng)俱緊者,名為傷寒”,第6條提到了風(fēng)溫, “風(fēng)溫為病,脈陰陽(yáng)俱浮”,[10]因而“”陽(yáng)浮而陰弱”意指寸脈浮而尺脈弱。這里原文省略了脈,譯文并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充。從對(duì)偶句式來(lái)看,此處上下句在內(nèi)容上并非嚴(yán)格反對(duì),無(wú)明顯轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,連接詞可選“or””或“while”一詞表示對(duì)比。
另外,《傷寒論》中也不乏有串對(duì)的情況,英譯時(shí),可以直接處理為并列的短句,保證結(jié)構(gòu)相似,句型勻稱即可。示例如下:
⑥太陽(yáng)病,脈浮而動(dòng)數(shù),浮則為風(fēng),數(shù)則為熱,動(dòng)則為痛,數(shù)則為虛……[7]
釋義:太陽(yáng)病,脈象浮而動(dòng)數(shù),脈象浮為風(fēng)邪在表,脈象數(shù)為體中有熱,脈象動(dòng)則為痛,脈象數(shù)則為虛。
李:In taiyang disease, the pulse is floating, moving and rapid. Floating pulse indicates invasion of pathogenic wind into superficies, rapid pulse indicates heat, moving pulse indicates pain and rapid pulse also indicates deficiency. [7]
羅:Initial Yang syndrome: Pulse floating, moving and speedy. Floating indicates the Wind syndrome. Speediness is the sign of Heat. Moving reflects pain. Speediness also indicates Deficiency. [8]
分析:本例為典型的串對(duì),分別表述了脈“浮”、“數(shù)”、“動(dòng)”的不同情況。兩種譯本在句型的處理上也頗為相似,采用了并列的譯法。這里“浮”、“數(shù)”、“動(dòng)”意指浮脈、數(shù)脈及動(dòng)脈,李本將這一點(diǎn)在譯文中體現(xiàn)了出來(lái),讀者更加容易理解。
⑦脈浮者,必結(jié)胸;脈緊者,必咽痛;脈弦者,必兩脅拘急;脈細(xì)數(shù)者,頭痛未止;脈沉緊者,必欲嘔;脈沉滑者,協(xié)熱利;脈浮滑者,必下血。[7]
釋義:太陽(yáng)病,用攻下法治療,患者的脈象就會(huì)急促,但未有結(jié)胸癥狀,這是邪欲外解的征象。脈象浮的,結(jié)胸必然發(fā)作。脈象緊的,咽痛必然發(fā)生。脈象弦的,兩脅必然拘急。脈細(xì)數(shù)的,頭痛還未停止。脈沉緊的,必有欲嘔之狀。脈沉滑的,將會(huì)出現(xiàn)協(xié)熱下利之癥。脈浮滑的,必有大便下血。
李:[If] the pulse is floating, there must be chest bind; [if] the pulse is tight, there must be sore-throat; [if] the pulse is taut, there must be intercostals spasm; [if] the pulse is thin and rapid, headache will not stop; [if] the pulse is sunken and tight, there must be nausea; [if] the pulse is sunken and slippery, there must be diarrhea mixed with heat; [if] the pulse is floating and slippery, there must be bloody stool. [7]
羅:When a floating pulse is observed, there must be a Blocked-up Chest. In case the pulse is tense, there will be a sore throat; whereas a tight pulse always indicates an acute intercostal pain due to tightness of the chest. A slender and speedy pulse is a manifestation of headache. Nausea is reflected by a deep-tense pulse. Diarrhea with intermingled Heat makes the pulse deep-slippery. A floating and slippery pulse foretells stercorrhagia. [8]