徐海 宋波 顧宗福 畢研飛 魏斌
摘要:氣候因素導(dǎo)致的熱脅迫嚴(yán)重影響農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量,引起了廣泛關(guān)注。植物通過(guò)積累不同的代謝產(chǎn)物,并激活一系列信號(hào)途徑來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)熱脅迫,這些變化凸顯了植物熱脅迫響應(yīng)生理和分子機(jī)制的復(fù)雜性。本文詳細(xì)綜述了生物膜、活性氧解毒機(jī)制、熱激蛋白和各類保護(hù)劑在植物耐熱性形成中的作用,并對(duì)未來(lái)如何深入研究植物熱脅迫響應(yīng)及耐熱性機(jī)制機(jī)理提出展望,以期為植物耐熱性育種提供指導(dǎo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:植物;耐熱性;活性氧;熱激蛋白
中圖分類號(hào):S184;Q945文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1000-4440(2020)01-0243-08
Abstract:Heat stress caused by climate factors seriously affects crop yield and quality, which has attracted wide attention. In response to heat stress, different metabolites were accumulated in plants and a series of signaling pathways were activated. These changes highlighted the complexity of physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant response to heat stress. In this paper, the role of biomembrane, active oxygen detoxification mechanism, heat shock protein and various protectants in the formation of plant heat tolerance was reviewed in detail, and the further study for the response of plant heat stress and the mechanism of heat tolerance was prospected in order to provide guidance for plant heat tolerance breeding.
Key words:plant;heat tolerance;reactive oxygen species;heat shock proteins
受人為因素和自然因素的共同影響,預(yù)計(jì)到21世紀(jì)末,地表氣溫將提高 2~4 ℃[1]。高溫引起的熱脅迫影響植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的各個(gè)生理過(guò)程,導(dǎo)致植株形態(tài)和生理變化,阻礙植物的發(fā)育過(guò)程,最終導(dǎo)致巨大的產(chǎn)量損失。在高溫條件下,植物細(xì)胞膜脂雙層結(jié)構(gòu)的流動(dòng)性明顯增強(qiáng),可引起電解質(zhì)泄漏、活性氧生成和氧化損傷。植物則通過(guò)不同途徑積累抗氧化劑、滲透保護(hù)劑和熱激蛋白(Hsps)等代謝產(chǎn)物應(yīng)對(duì)熱脅迫損傷[2],葉綠體和線粒體中的保護(hù)酶及抗氧化劑對(duì)減少氧化損傷也非常重要[3]。熱激蛋白在脅迫信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),保護(hù)并修復(fù)受損蛋白質(zhì),以及在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞氧化還原狀態(tài)中均發(fā)揮作用。其他一些主要的脅迫響應(yīng)因子,包括離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體、滲透保護(hù)劑、自由基清除劑、各種脅迫響應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì)以及參與信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)和轉(zhuǎn)錄控制的因子等,對(duì)抵消熱脅迫的影響也至關(guān)重要[4]。
植物的耐熱機(jī)制與光合系統(tǒng)的耐受性有關(guān)[5]。熱脅迫引起光系統(tǒng)II(PSII)失效,降低了電子傳輸效率,增加了活性氧的產(chǎn)生。在熱脅迫下,植物的葉綠體和線粒體都會(huì)積累更多的活性氧(ROS),從而嚴(yán)重破壞DNA,引起細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化。有研究結(jié)果表明,活性氧解毒機(jī)制在保護(hù)植物免受高溫脅迫方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[6-7]。因此,植物的耐熱性與其自身對(duì)活性氧的清除和解毒能力密切相關(guān)。耐熱性的誘導(dǎo)可歸因于通過(guò)提高抗氧化能力來(lái)維持更好的膜熱穩(wěn)定性和較低的活性氧積累量[8-10]。但是,現(xiàn)階段關(guān)于不同細(xì)胞器中活性氧如何生成和消耗的了解有限。植物耐熱性的遺傳差異與不同脅迫響應(yīng)基因表達(dá)、Hsps合成以及抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)等因素有關(guān)[11-12]。本文擬通過(guò)總結(jié)生物膜、活性氧解毒機(jī)制、熱激蛋白和各類保護(hù)劑在植物耐熱性形成中的作用,以期為植物耐熱性育種的深入研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1生物膜在植物耐熱性中的作用
脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化(LPO)對(duì)生物具有非常大的破壞性。熱脅迫會(huì)導(dǎo)致植物細(xì)胞膜自由基損傷,從而導(dǎo)致LPO增強(qiáng)。人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到,LPO產(chǎn)物是由多元不飽和前體形成的,這些前體包括小的碳?xì)浠衔锼槠?,如酮、丙二醛(MDA)以及與之相關(guān)的化合物[13]。MDA含量被廣泛用作LPO的指標(biāo)[14]。細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞器膜中的LPO都是在活性氧水平高于閾值時(shí)發(fā)生,從而影響正常的細(xì)胞功能[15]。產(chǎn)生的烷氧基和過(guò)氧基能夠通過(guò)與其他脂質(zhì)分子相互作用來(lái)誘導(dǎo)新的自由基鏈。由此產(chǎn)生的脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化氫很容易分解成多種活性物質(zhì),包括脂質(zhì)烷氧基、醛類、烷烴、脂質(zhì)環(huán)氧化物和醇類。因此,單個(gè)引發(fā)事件有可能通過(guò)鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)生成多個(gè)過(guò)氧化物分子。LPO的總體作用是降低膜的流動(dòng)性,這使得在雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu)的兩部分之間交換磷脂更容易,并增加了膜對(duì)正常情況下不穿過(guò)它的物質(zhì)的泄漏,從而損害膜蛋白、受體、酶和離子通道。
熱脅迫會(huì)改變膜蛋白的三級(jí)和四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),所以生物膜的完整性和功能對(duì)高溫非常敏感。細(xì)胞膜是由蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)組成的移動(dòng)鑲嵌結(jié)構(gòu),內(nèi)、外兩層由蛋白質(zhì)分子組成,中間一層由雙層脂類分子組成[5]。許多熱脅迫響應(yīng)都是通過(guò)蛋白質(zhì)折疊的展開(kāi)變性來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)象隨溫度變化,溫度的降低和升高都會(huì)導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)變性[16]。膜脂中一些不飽和脂肪酸的不飽和鍵對(duì)溫度比較敏感,容易斷裂,膜脂中飽和脂肪酸含量越高,植物的耐熱性越強(qiáng)。有研究結(jié)果表明,缺乏不飽和脂肪酸的大豆突變體對(duì)高溫表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的耐受性[16]。在高溫處理下,2個(gè)缺乏不飽和脂肪酸的擬南芥突變體(fad5和fad6)類囊體膜的穩(wěn)定性更強(qiáng)[17]。通過(guò)抑制ω-3脫氫酶基因,增加脂類飽和度,也能使煙草表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的耐熱性[18]。
膜熱穩(wěn)定性(MTS)是耐熱性的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),它是通過(guò)測(cè)量電導(dǎo)率來(lái)確定的。在植物生長(zhǎng)后期,膜穩(wěn)定性參數(shù)通常會(huì)降低?;蛐烷g的MTS遺傳變異可用于小麥耐熱性育種。如果灌漿時(shí)遇到高溫,MTS高的小麥品種產(chǎn)量往往高于MTS低的品種[19]。植物細(xì)胞暴露于高溫下會(huì)引起細(xì)胞膜破裂,這與膜脂雙層結(jié)構(gòu)的溫度特異性相變(凝膠到液體或反之)有關(guān)。熱脅迫可導(dǎo)致線粒體膜功能受損并產(chǎn)生氧化損傷[6-7,20]。植物細(xì)胞的光合系統(tǒng)不耐熱,在植株出現(xiàn)明顯的熱害癥狀之前就會(huì)受到破壞,熱脅迫通過(guò)改變吸收光能的數(shù)量和利用率來(lái)影響類囊體膜反應(yīng),進(jìn)而改變?nèi)~綠素?zé)晒饽J健?/p>
2活性氧解毒機(jī)制在植物耐熱性中的作用
活性氧包括超氧陰離子(O2·-)、羥基(·OH)和過(guò)氧化氫(H2O2)等,是細(xì)胞代謝的天然產(chǎn)物(圖1)。光合過(guò)程中能量耗散不足可導(dǎo)致葉綠素形成三重態(tài)。三重態(tài)的葉綠素可以與三重態(tài)的氧發(fā)生反應(yīng),釋放出一種非?;顫姷膯螒B(tài)氧,對(duì)光系統(tǒng)I(PSI)、PSII以及整個(gè)光合機(jī)制都有破壞作用。熱脅迫可促進(jìn)活性氧的快速生成和積累[21-23]?;钚匝醯倪^(guò)度生產(chǎn)可能對(duì)所有細(xì)胞組分都有害,并對(duì)細(xì)胞代謝產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[24-25]。因此,這些活性氧的解毒機(jī)制對(duì)于植物的耐熱性至關(guān)重要。
植物應(yīng)對(duì)活性氧的防御系統(tǒng)包括酶抗氧化劑和非酶抗氧化劑(圖1)[26]。主要的酶抗氧化劑是過(guò)氧化氫酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶(GPX)、抗壞血酸過(guò)氧化物酶(APX)、脫氫抗壞血酸還原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽還原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GST)[27]。SOD將O2·-轉(zhuǎn)化為H2O2,而CAT則將H2O2解離為H2O和O2。GPX需要一種酚類化合物鄰甲氧基苯酚作為電子供體來(lái)分解H2O2,而APX則使用一種還原形式的抗壞血酸(AsA)來(lái)保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受H2O2的破壞[28]。APX反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的氧化形式AsA通過(guò)抗壞血酸-谷胱甘肽循環(huán)或單脫氫抗壞血酸還原酶(MDHAR)和DHAR的Halliwell-Asada通路再生,最終利用還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)的還原能力,通過(guò)GR將氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫€原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)(圖1)。
GST是一種多功能蛋白質(zhì)的集合,基本上存在于所有生物體中。除了參與天然次生化合物的代謝[29]和有害外源物質(zhì)的解毒[30],植物GST還可以將H2O2催化還原為危害較小的乙醇[30]。通過(guò)將轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草的GST/GPX活性加倍,幼苗和成株的生長(zhǎng)速度明顯快于野生型,從而提供了更好的抗氧化保護(hù)作用[31]。
抗氧化酶的活性對(duì)溫度敏感,在不同的溫度范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生活化。在兵豆中觀察到,隨著溫度的升高,CAT、APX和SOD活性逐漸增加,超過(guò)50 ℃后活性開(kāi)始降低,而過(guò)氧化物酶(POX)和GR在20~50 ℃條件下隨溫度升高活性都會(huì)降低[8]。鷹嘴豆耐熱品種的最高抗氧化活性溫度為35~40 ℃,熱敏品種為30 ℃[32]??寡趸傅幕钚砸惨虿煌魑?、不同品種的耐熱性、生長(zhǎng)階段和生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)的差異而有所不同[23]。Goyal等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GST、APX和CAT活性強(qiáng)的小麥品種表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的耐熱性,由此推測(cè)小麥品種的耐熱性與其細(xì)胞抗氧化能力有關(guān)。
AsA、GSH和α-生育酚是在活性氧解毒中起關(guān)鍵作用的主要非酶抗氧化劑[10]。AsA幾乎分布在植物的所有部位,在線粒體中合成,然后運(yùn)輸?shù)街参锏钠渌课弧PX以AsA為底物,在抗壞血酸-谷胱甘肽循環(huán)中將H2O2還原為H2O,生成單脫氫抗壞血酸(MDHA),MDHA進(jìn)一步與AsA和脫氫抗壞血酸(DHA)解離(圖1)。
α-生育酚主要存在于葉綠體中,尤其是在類囊體膜和質(zhì)體小球中,可以使光合作用衍生的活性氧(主要是單線態(tài)氧和羥基)失活,并與其他抗氧化劑一起清除脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧自由基。它作為親脂性抗氧化劑,與多元不飽和脂酰基相互作用,從而穩(wěn)定膜脂結(jié)構(gòu)[28],還可作為調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的物質(zhì)。α-生育酚的數(shù)量隨著環(huán)境限制、脅迫強(qiáng)度和物種敏感性的變化而變化。α-生育酚的變化源于與其生物合成途徑相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)的改變[34]。Kanwischer等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),在缺少α-生育酚的情況下,存在一個(gè)為細(xì)胞光合系統(tǒng)提供充分保護(hù)的補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,這也進(jìn)一步證明α-生育酚不是一種單一的抗氧化劑[36]。
GSH是一種非蛋白硫醇,在H2O2解毒中起著關(guān)鍵作用。據(jù)報(bào)道,在H2O2解毒過(guò)程中,GSH轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠溲趸问紾SSG的轉(zhuǎn)化率是細(xì)胞氧化還原平衡的指標(biāo)[33]。GSH和AsA被認(rèn)為是植物氧化還原信號(hào)的重要組成部分[37]。
3熱激蛋白在植物耐熱性中的作用
熱脅迫能夠觸發(fā)防御基因的表達(dá),而這些基因在正常條件下是不表達(dá)的[38]。所有的逆境脅迫都會(huì)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞中相關(guān)脅迫響應(yīng)基因的表達(dá)和蛋白質(zhì)的合成[38-39]。然而,在脅迫發(fā)生后到細(xì)胞開(kāi)始恢復(fù)之前,脅迫響應(yīng)因子會(huì)立即阻斷重要的代謝過(guò)程,包括DNA復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)錄、mRNA輸出和翻譯[40]。
熱激蛋白根據(jù)分子量分為5個(gè)家族:Hsp100、Hsp90、Hsp70、Hsp60和小分子量Hsps(sHsps)。Hsps能夠在一定程度上解決蛋白質(zhì)錯(cuò)誤折疊和聚集等問(wèn)題,同時(shí)也起到伴侶蛋白的作用。Hsps的多樣性和豐富性反映了植物對(duì)熱脅迫的適應(yīng)性。一般來(lái)說(shuō),植物的sHsps多樣性最高。這些sHsps基因的表達(dá)受限于植物的某些發(fā)育階段,如種子萌發(fā)、胚胎發(fā)生、胚胎發(fā)育或果實(shí)成熟等[41]。
Hsps基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄主要由胞質(zhì)內(nèi)處于非活性狀態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)——熱激轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Hsfs)控制。每個(gè)Hsfs具有1個(gè)羧基末端(C末端)和3個(gè)氨基末端(N末端),并含有亮氨酸[42]。每個(gè)Hsfs都有調(diào)節(jié)作用,并且在觸發(fā)、維持和恢復(fù)等熱脅迫響應(yīng)的所有階段都相互合作。因此,這些因子被認(rèn)為是熱脅迫響應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子[43-44]。在番茄中,HsfA1a是主要的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子,負(fù)責(zé)誘導(dǎo)基因表達(dá),包括合成HsfA2(圖2)[45]。這些調(diào)節(jié)因子根據(jù)其聚集成三聯(lián)體的結(jié)構(gòu)差異被分為3類:HsfA、HsfB和HsfC,所有這些Hsfs對(duì)植物耐熱性的獲得都很重要[44]。對(duì)擬南芥的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HsfAs是熱誘導(dǎo)熱激基因活化的主要因素[46]。HsfBs雖然具有正常的DNA結(jié)合功能,但缺乏熱誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活功能,與HsfAs共同轉(zhuǎn)錄激活。盡管對(duì)Hsfs進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究,但尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)Hsfs在熱信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中的直接上游因子。無(wú)論是對(duì)Hsfs本身還是其他新的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子都有待進(jìn)一步研究。
任何蛋白質(zhì)的功能都是由其構(gòu)型和折疊成的三維結(jié)構(gòu)決定的[47]。Hsps的一般作用是作為分子伴侶,調(diào)控蛋白質(zhì)的折疊、積累、定位和降解[39,44,48-50]。Timperio等[51]明確指出,在熱脅迫條件下,Hsps作為分子伴侶可以維持正確的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),以保護(hù)蛋白質(zhì)免受損害。這些蛋白質(zhì)作為伴侶蛋白,在熱脅迫過(guò)程中阻止其他蛋白質(zhì)的不可逆聚集,并參與蛋白質(zhì)的再折疊[47,52]。來(lái)源于擬南芥的Hsp101,在水稻植株中過(guò)表達(dá)可顯著改善熱脅迫恢復(fù)過(guò)程中的生長(zhǎng)性能[53]。有研究結(jié)果表明,發(fā)育中的小麥籽粒含有Hsp100,熱脅迫下耐熱品種的Hsp100含量更高[54]。Hsp70在熱脅迫下的積累量與開(kāi)放的PSⅡ反應(yīng)中心捕獲激發(fā)能的效率呈線性正相關(guān),并通過(guò)提高電子傳遞鏈的速率增加對(duì)高溫的耐受性[55]。
sHsps是一組15 000~30 000的同源蛋白質(zhì)[5,56]。在脅迫條件下,sHsps占細(xì)胞中蛋白質(zhì)的1%。植物sHsps分為6類,3類定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)或細(xì)胞核,另外3類定位于質(zhì)粒、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和線粒體[57]。Hsps在耐熱性中的意義主要表現(xiàn)在其與細(xì)胞代謝活性的相關(guān)性上[58-59]。已有的研究結(jié)果表明,位于線粒體和葉綠體中的sHsps可以保護(hù)線粒體中的呼吸電子傳遞和葉綠體中的PSII電子傳遞[60]。在藜的研究結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn),大小為22 000的葉綠體sHsp定位于類囊體腔內(nèi),與PSII中不耐熱的放氧復(fù)合體特異性互作,保護(hù)其免受熱脅迫損傷[41,61]。sHsps在體外和體內(nèi)均可作為分子伴侶。一個(gè)大小為18 000的sHsp被證明可以阻止蛋白質(zhì)聚集,并通過(guò)其他伴侶保持其活躍的再折疊形式[41]。谷物中的淀粉合成是在淀粉體中進(jìn)行的,根據(jù)已報(bào)道的sHsps在質(zhì)粒中的定位,Hsp18在為小麥籽粒生長(zhǎng)提供耐熱性方面的作用可能是通過(guò)保護(hù)可溶性淀粉合成酶來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,這種酶對(duì)高溫極為敏感[62]。
4各類保護(hù)劑在植物耐熱性中的作用
近幾十年來(lái),滲透保護(hù)劑、植物激素、信號(hào)分子、微量元素等的外源應(yīng)用對(duì)高溫脅迫下植物生長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生有益的影響,這些保護(hù)劑通常具有促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)和抗氧化能力[63]。脯氨酸、甘氨酸、甜菜堿和海藻糖等滲透物質(zhì)的積累是植物抵抗包括熱在內(nèi)的非生物脅迫的一種眾所周知的適應(yīng)性機(jī)制。由于熱敏性植物明顯缺乏積累這些物質(zhì)的能力,外源應(yīng)用滲透保護(hù)劑可以提高其耐熱性[64-65]。應(yīng)用脯氨酸或甘氨酸甜菜堿可顯著減少H2O2的產(chǎn)生,改善可溶性糖的積累,并保護(hù)發(fā)育中的組織免受熱應(yīng)激的影響,而脯氨酸通常比甜菜堿更有效。外源性脯氨酸和甘氨酸甜菜堿還能提高K+和Ca2+含量,增加內(nèi)源性脯氨酸或甘氨酸甜菜堿和可溶性糖的含量,提高植物對(duì)熱脅迫的耐受性[65]。細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的Ca2+與植物對(duì)溫度脅迫的耐受性有關(guān),溫和的熱脅迫處理可使熱脅迫后細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度升高,促進(jìn)擬南芥耐熱性的獲得[6],10 mmol/L CaCl2處理能提高濱梅幼苗對(duì)高溫的耐受性[66]。
植物激素在減輕植物熱脅迫方面也是有效的。經(jīng)脫落酸預(yù)處理,玉米、擬南芥的耐熱性都有所提高[67-68]。在致死熱處理前,經(jīng)水楊酸、氨基環(huán)烷羧酸(植物激素乙烯的前體)和脫落酸預(yù)處理的擬南芥幼苗存活率分別比對(duì)照提高了約5倍、3倍和2倍,并且減少了熱脅迫誘導(dǎo)的氧化損傷[68]。
另外,一些主要的脅迫響應(yīng)機(jī)制包括離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體、胚胎晚期豐富蛋白、抗氧化防御以及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)級(jí)聯(lián)和轉(zhuǎn)錄控制相關(guān)的因子,有助于保護(hù)和修復(fù)受損的蛋白質(zhì)和生物膜,重新建立穩(wěn)態(tài),在抵消脅迫效應(yīng)方面具有重要意義[4,69-70]。
5展望
植物在熱脅迫下的耐熱性反應(yīng)是通過(guò)一系列信號(hào)途徑完成的,復(fù)雜而有序,這些信號(hào)機(jī)制中包括離子運(yùn)輸者、滲透保護(hù)劑、自由基清除劑、信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)和轉(zhuǎn)錄控制中的一系列蛋白質(zhì)和元素,這些物質(zhì)的協(xié)同運(yùn)作對(duì)抵制脅迫效應(yīng)都是必需的。在植物耐熱信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)過(guò)程中,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素,在脅迫反應(yīng)中它們不斷合成并將信號(hào)傳遞和放大,調(diào)控下游基因的表達(dá),從而引起植物的一系列抗逆反應(yīng)。在植物中有20多種Hsfs,番茄HsfA1a和擬南芥HsfA2是誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生耐熱性的主要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[71]。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MBF1c在擬南芥耐熱過(guò)程中是必需的,它可以通過(guò)控制熱激反應(yīng)中36種不同轉(zhuǎn)錄本的表達(dá)來(lái)介導(dǎo)植物對(duì)高溫的耐性。細(xì)胞質(zhì)抗壞血酸過(guò)氧化物酶1(APX1)和鋅指蛋白(Zats)在植物耐熱反應(yīng)ROS信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)中發(fā)揮著必不可少的作用[72-73]。DREB2A/DREB2C通過(guò)激活HsfA3來(lái)正調(diào)控植物的耐熱性[74-75]。此外,MYB類、bZIP類、NAC類和AP2/EREBP類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物防衛(wèi)反應(yīng)和逆境脅迫應(yīng)答過(guò)程中具有重要功能[76]。在后續(xù)的研究中,還可能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的信號(hào)機(jī)制參與植物的耐熱性反應(yīng),有助于對(duì)植物耐熱機(jī)理的進(jìn)一步理解。
熱脅迫對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響很大,是世界范圍內(nèi)影響作物生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題。對(duì)于各類重要作物,需要更好地了解其熱脅迫響應(yīng)及耐熱性機(jī)制機(jī)理。植物對(duì)熱脅迫的響應(yīng)在不同物種、不同發(fā)育階段之間也有所不同。在熱脅迫條件下,植物積累不同的代謝產(chǎn)物(如抗氧化劑、滲透保護(hù)劑、熱激蛋白等),并激活不同的代謝途徑和過(guò)程,這些復(fù)雜的變化體現(xiàn)了研究熱脅迫響應(yīng)的生理和分子機(jī)制對(duì)于了解植物耐熱機(jī)理的重要性。全面了解熱激信號(hào)和熱脅迫響應(yīng)表達(dá)相關(guān)基因,對(duì)培育耐熱植物具有重要意義。
總體看來(lái),植物耐熱性的具體機(jī)理仍不完全清楚,需要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究,并且應(yīng)該在不干擾植物其他重要代謝過(guò)程的前提下,通過(guò)改變傳感、信號(hào)或調(diào)控等途徑提高其耐熱性。今后,植物代謝工程可能是開(kāi)展作物耐熱性研究的另一種途徑。
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