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        不同麻醉方法對(duì)超高齡髖部骨折手術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期血壓的影響

        2019-12-17 08:09:11張虎汪海鋼李艷玲何艷娟李躍兵黃余亮
        中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2019年29期
        關(guān)鍵詞:低血壓

        張虎 汪海鋼 李艷玲 何艷娟 李躍兵 黃余亮

        [摘要] 目的 探討不同麻醉方法對(duì)超高齡髖部骨折患者圍術(shù)期血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響。 方法 選擇2017年5月~2019年2月在我院行髖部骨折手術(shù)的患者92例,年齡≥90歲,隨機(jī)分為全身麻醉(general anesthesia,GA)組和硬膜外麻醉(epidural anesthesia,EA)組,每組46例。GA組患者行全身麻醉,EA組患者行硬膜外麻醉。記錄術(shù)前靜息血壓(T0)、麻醉誘導(dǎo)或硬膜外起效后血壓(T1)、切皮時(shí)血壓(T2)和術(shù)后當(dāng)天(Day 0)、術(shù)后第1天(Day 1)、術(shù)后第2天(Day 2)的血壓及術(shù)中低血壓次數(shù)。用查爾森合并癥指數(shù)(Charlson Comorbidity Index,CCI)比較有和無(wú)分層情況下兩組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的平均動(dòng)脈血壓(MAP)及術(shù)中低血壓次數(shù)。 結(jié)果 T1、T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)GA組MAP低于EA組(P<0.05),其余時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。EA組患者低血壓次數(shù)少于GA組(P<0.05)。亞組分析中,CCI≥3時(shí),Day 0時(shí)間點(diǎn)EA組MAP低于GA組(P<0.05),其余時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。CCI≥3時(shí),兩組低血壓次數(shù)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 超高齡髖部骨折手術(shù)患者硬膜外麻醉較全身麻醉在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)上更穩(wěn)定。但在有多個(gè)合并癥的患者中,兩者差異并不明顯,且硬膜外麻醉術(shù)后當(dāng)天容易發(fā)生低血壓。

        [關(guān)鍵詞] 髖部骨折手術(shù);超高齡患者;麻醉方法;平均動(dòng)脈壓;低血壓

        [中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R614 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)29-0108-05

        Effects of different anesthesia methods on perioperative blood pressure of super-aged patients with hip fractures

        ZHANG Hu ? WANG Haigang ? LI Yanling ? HE Yanjuan ? LI Yuebing ? HUANG Yuliang

        Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou ? 310005, China

        [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of different anesthesia methods on the perioperative hemodynamics of super-aged patients with hip fractures. Methods Ninety-two patients ≥90 years old who received hip fracture surgery in our hospital from May 2017 to February 2019 were selected and randomly divided into the general anesthesia(GA) group and the epidural anesthesia(EA) group, with 46 patients in each group. The GA group was given general anesthesia and the EA group was given epidural anesthesia. Preoperative resting blood pressure(T0), blood pressure after anesthesia induction or epidural onset(T1), blood pressure at the time of skin incision(T2) and blood pressure on the day of surgery(Day 0), first day after surgery(Day 1), second day after surgery(Day 2) and the number of times of intraoperative hypotension were recorded. The mean arterial blood pressure(MAP) and the number of times of intraoperative hypotension at different time points of the two groups with and without stratification were compared by Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI). Results The GA group was lower than the EA group in the MAP at T1 and T2(P<0.05), and the MAPs were not statistically different at the other time points(P>0.05). The EA group was less than the GA group in the number of times of hypotension(P<0.05). In the subgroup analysis, when CCI≥3, the EA group was lower than the GA group in the MAP on Day 0(P<0.05), and the MAPs were not statistically different at the other time points(P>0.05). When CCI≥3, the two groups were not statistically different in the number of times of hypotension(P>0.05). Conclusion Epidural anesthesia is more stable than general anesthesia in terms of hemodynamics for the super-aged patients receiving hip fracture surgery. However, in patients with multiple comorbidities, the difference was not significant between the two anesthesia methods, and hypotension is prone to occur on the day of epidural anesthesia.

        注:GA:全身麻醉;EA:硬膜外麻醉;CCI:查爾森并發(fā)癥指數(shù);ASA:美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)

        2.2兩組患者圍術(shù)期平均動(dòng)脈壓比較

        兩組患者圍術(shù)期T0、T1、T2、Day 0、Day 1、Day 2各時(shí)間點(diǎn)平均動(dòng)脈壓比較,T1、T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)GA組平均動(dòng)脈壓低于EA組(P<0.05),其余時(shí)間點(diǎn)平均動(dòng)脈壓無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,見(jiàn)表2、圖1。各亞組分析中,CCI≥3時(shí),Day 0時(shí)間點(diǎn)EA組平均動(dòng)脈壓低于GA組(P<0.05),其余時(shí)間點(diǎn)平均動(dòng)脈壓無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。見(jiàn)表3、圖2。

        2.3 兩組患者術(shù)中低血壓次數(shù)比較

        EA組(1.1次)次數(shù)少于GA組(2.0次)(P<0.05)。亞組分析中,CCI≥3時(shí),兩組低血壓次數(shù)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(1.2次 vs 1.5次)。見(jiàn)圖3、4。

        3討論

        髖部骨折是常見(jiàn)的外傷性疾病,多見(jiàn)于老年患者,中位年齡約為83歲[11-12]。由于該類(lèi)患者常伴發(fā)多種并存疾病和合并癥,麻醉及圍術(shù)期管理不當(dāng),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和死亡率顯著增加。在英國(guó)髖部骨折患者30 d的死亡率約為8%,且這一數(shù)值長(zhǎng)期保持相對(duì)不變[13]。盡管現(xiàn)代麻醉技術(shù)取得長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展,但對(duì)于老年人髖關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)的最佳麻醉方法尚未達(dá)成一致。Neuman等[9,14]回顧18 158例接受髖部骨折手術(shù)的老年患者,全麻后炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征、肺炎、咽喉痛、聲嘶等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯高。老年患者對(duì)麻醉的反應(yīng)與其他人群不同,心臟儲(chǔ)備減少,使老年人在麻醉誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程中更容易受到血壓變化的影響[15-16]。有研究表明,與年齡有關(guān)的血管張力變化,應(yīng)對(duì)自穩(wěn)態(tài)的能力下降,交感系統(tǒng)緊張活動(dòng)增加,這些因素使全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)患者的血壓顯著降低[17]。根據(jù)麻醉學(xué)神經(jīng)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)聲明,圍術(shù)期低血壓是導(dǎo)致圍術(shù)期腦卒中發(fā)生的重要相關(guān)因素[18]。因此,為避免氣管插管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥及全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)低血壓,高齡患者常采用硬膜外麻醉,其潛在好處包括減少阿片類(lèi)藥物的用量、減少手術(shù)后患者的精神混亂、減少血栓栓塞,可作為嚴(yán)重呼吸道疾病患者更安全的選擇[13]。

        查爾森合并癥指數(shù)(Charlson comorbidity index,CCI)是一種基于患者所患疾病數(shù)目及嚴(yán)重程度且涉及權(quán)重因素的評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。評(píng)估與一系列條件相關(guān)的合并癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以便為醫(yī)務(wù)工作者提供具體篩查或?yàn)獒t(yī)療診治過(guò)程中提供知情決策建議。原始CCI評(píng)分源自685例肺癌患者的隊(duì)列研究,并測(cè)試合并疾病在住院病死率和十年病死率的預(yù)測(cè)能力[19]。2011年Quan H等[20]納入55 929例患者臨床數(shù)據(jù)的研究結(jié)果表明,CCI疾病的權(quán)重分配應(yīng)當(dāng)更新,細(xì)化納入疾病的種類(lèi)。CCI量化既往基礎(chǔ)疾病,以此評(píng)價(jià)患者的預(yù)后,多個(gè)研究中證實(shí)CCI評(píng)分系統(tǒng)有效,如急性心肌梗死、冠脈綜合征、缺血性休克、腹膜透析和急診老年患者的研究,目前廣泛應(yīng)用于急診科、腫瘤科、重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科等[21-24]。將CCI應(yīng)用于麻醉科,利用CCI評(píng)分將病情復(fù)雜的超高齡髖部骨折患者進(jìn)行分層研究,使術(shù)前存在不同合并癥的患者潛在獲益。2014年Herrera等[17]報(bào)道老年髖部手術(shù)患者全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)血壓顯著降低,而硬膜外組血壓下降更大。本次研究表明,CCI≥3時(shí),硬膜外麻醉較全身麻醉失去了血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)勢(shì),且術(shù)后當(dāng)天更容易發(fā)生低血壓,與此前的臨床研究一致。

        需要特別報(bào)道的是本次研究中硬膜外組排除的2例自動(dòng)出院患者,在術(shù)后當(dāng)天均發(fā)生持續(xù)性、難治性低血壓。雖然其低血壓是否與實(shí)施硬膜外麻醉相關(guān)無(wú)法得到證實(shí),但提示在對(duì)病情復(fù)雜的超高齡患者實(shí)施硬膜外麻醉時(shí),應(yīng)避免施加易導(dǎo)致圍術(shù)期低血壓發(fā)生的醫(yī)療措施,并且積極使用血管活性藥物維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。

        綜上所述,超高齡髖部骨折手術(shù)患者硬膜外麻醉較全身麻醉在術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定上具有優(yōu)勢(shì),但在病情復(fù)雜術(shù)前合并癥多的患者中,兩種麻醉方法在這方面并沒(méi)有顯著差異,且硬膜外麻醉術(shù)后當(dāng)天更容易產(chǎn)生低血壓,帶來(lái)相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

        [參考文獻(xiàn)]

        [1] Simon MJ,Veering BT,Stienstra R. Effect of age on the clinical profile and systemic absorption and disposition of levobupivacaine after epidural administration[J]. Br J Anaesth,2004,93(4):512-520.

        [2] Panula J,Pihlajamaki H,Mattila VM. Mortality and cause of death in hip fracture patients aged 65 or older:A population-based study[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2011,12:105.

        [3] Lonjaret L,Lairez O,Minville V,et al. Optimal perioperative management of arterial blood pressure[J]. Integr Blood Press Control,2014,7:49-59.

        [4] Turgut Donmez,Erdem VM,Uzman S,et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy under spinal-epidural anesthesia vs general anaesthesia:A prospective randomised study[J]. Ann Surg Treat Res,2017,92(3):136-142.

        [5] Berninger MT,F(xiàn)riederichs J,Leidinger W,et al. Effect of local infiltration analgesia,peripheral nerve blocks,general and spinal anesthesia on early functional recovery and pain control in total knee arthroplasty[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2018,19(1):232.

        [6] Charlson ME,Pompei P,Ales KL,et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation[J]. Chronic Dis,1987,40(5):373-383.

        [7] Singh M,Rihal CS,Lennon RJ,et al. Influence of frailty and health status on outcomes in patients with coronary disease undergoing percutaneous revascularization[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes,2011,4(5):496-502.

        [8] Chang CM,Yin WY,Wei CK. Adjusted age-adjusted charlson comorbidity index score as a risk measure of perioperative mortality before cancer surgery[J]. Plos One,2016,11(6):e0157900.

        [9] Neuman,Rosenbaum,Ludwig,et al. Anesthesia technique,mortality,and length of stay after hip fracture surgery[J]. JAMA,2014,311(24):2508-2517.

        [10] Sieber Frederick E,Neufeld Karin J,Gottschalk Allan,et al. Effect of depth of sedation in older patients undergoing hip fracture repair on postoperative delirium: The STRIDE randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Surgery,2018, 153(11):987-995.

        [11] Bhandari,Swiontkowski. Management of acute hip fracture[J]. N Engl J Med,2017,377(21):2053-2062.

        [12] Rockwood PR,Horne JG,Cryer C. Hip fractures:A future epidemic?[J]. J Orthop,1990,4(4):388-393.

        [13] Dawe H. Modernising Hip Fracture anaesthesia:[J]. Open Orthopaedics Journal,2017,11(Suppl-7,M3):1190-1199.

        [14] Neuman,Mehta S,Bannister ER,et al. Pilot randomized controlled trial of spinal versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc,2016,64(12):2604-2606.

        [15] Wood RJ,White SM. Anaesthesia for 1131 patients undergoing proximal femoral fracture repair:A retrospective,observational study of effects on blood pressure,fluid administration and perioperative anaemia[J]. Anaesthesia,2011,66(11):1017-1022.

        [16] White SM,Moppett IK,Griffiths R. Outcome by mode of anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. An observational audit of 65535 patients in a national dataset[J]. Anaesthesia,2014,69(3):224-230.

        [17] Herrera,De Andrés J,Esta?觡 L,et al. Hemodynamic impact of isobaric levobupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid anesthesia in patients aged 65 and older undergoing hip surgery[J]. BMC Anesthesiol,2014,14(1):97.

        [18] Benes J,Chytra I,Altmann P,et al. Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients:Results of prospective randomized study[J].Crit Care,2010,14(3):R118.

        [19] Charlson M,Szatrowski TP,Peterson J,et al. Validation of a combined comorbidity index[J]. J Clin Epidemiol,1994, 47(11):1245-1251.

        [20] Quan H,Li B,Couris CM,et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries[J]. Am J Epidemiol,2011,173(6):676-682.

        [21] Sachdev M,Sun JL,Tsiatis AA,et al. The prognostic importance of comorbidity for mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease[J]. J Am Coll Cardio,2004, 43(4):576-582.

        [22] Goldstein LB,Samsa GP,Matchar DB,et al. Charlson Index comorbidity adjustment for ischemic stroke outcome studies[J]. Stroke,2004,35(8):1941-1945.

        [23] Frenkel WJ,Jongerius EJ,Mandjes-van Uitert MJ,et al. Validation of the charlson comorbidity index in acutely hospitalized elderly adults:A prospective cohort study[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc,2014,62(2):342-346.

        [24] Erickson SR,Cole E,Kline-Rogers E,et al.The addition of the charlson comorbidity index to the GRACE risk prediction index improves prediction of outcomes in acute coronary syndrome[J]. Popul Health Manag,2014, 17(1):54-59.

        (收稿日期:2019-07-05)

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