張英 王亞柱 張皓然
[摘要] 目的 探討心肌缺血再灌注損傷不同表現(xiàn)形式的危險因素及預(yù)后。 方法 選取2015年1~11月于承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院行直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療的患者91例,根據(jù)發(fā)生缺血再灌注損傷的不同臨床表現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行分組,緩慢性心律失常組21例,對照1組70例;快速性心律失常組9例,對照2組82例;再灌注低血壓組28例,對照3組63例。記錄病史、診斷、手術(shù)及治療方案,進(jìn)行隨訪并完成匯總。 結(jié)果 緩慢性心律失常組罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈、側(cè)支循環(huán)發(fā)生率高于對照1組,罪犯血管為左冠狀動脈前降支發(fā)生率低于對照1組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。快速性心律失常組癥狀-就診時間早于對照2組,罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈發(fā)生率高于對照2組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。再灌注低血壓組罪犯血管為左冠狀動脈前降支發(fā)生率、射血分?jǐn)?shù)、入院24 h β受體阻滯劑及入院24 h 血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑/血管緊張素受體拮抗劑低于對照3組,罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈發(fā)生率及總膽固醇水平高于對照3組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。根據(jù)術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果繪制生存曲線,經(jīng)Log Rank檢驗得出不同臨床表現(xiàn)形式分組患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲線,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈是發(fā)生缺血再灌注損傷的危險因素。存在側(cè)支循環(huán)對預(yù)測發(fā)生緩慢性心律失常、癥狀-就診時間短對預(yù)測發(fā)生快速性心律失常、總膽固醇水平高對預(yù)測發(fā)生低血壓具有重要意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 冠狀動脈介入治療;缺血再灌注損傷;緩慢性心律失常;快速性心律失常;再灌注低血壓
[中圖分類號] R541? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)08(b)-0064-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the risk factors and prognosis of different manifestations of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Ninety-one patients who underwent direct percutaneous coronary intervention in Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from January to November 2015 were divided into groups according to different clinical manifestations of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Twenty-one cases in bradyarrhythmia group and 70 cases in control group 1; 9 cases in tachyarrhythmia group and 82 cases in control group 2; 28 cases in reperfusion hypotension group and 63 cases in control group 3. Medical history, diagnosis, operation and treatment plan, follow-up and summary were recorded. Results The incidence of right coronary artery and collateral circulation of criminals in bradyarrhythmia group was higher than that in control group 1, the incidence of left anterior descending coronary artery of criminals in bradyarrhythmia group was lower than that in control group 1, the differences were statistical significance (P < 0.05). The symptoms-visiting time of tachyarrhythmia group was earlier than that of control group 2, and the incidence of right coronary artery was higher in criminals than that of control group 2, the differences were statistical significance(P < 0.05). The incidence of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery, ejection fraction, 24 h β receptor blocker and 24 h ACEI/ARB of criminals in reperfusion hypotension group were lower than those in control group 3, while the incidence of right coronary artery and total cholesterol level of criminals in reperfusion hypotension group were higher than those in control group 3, the differences were statistical significance (P < 0.05). The survival curves were drawn according to the follow-up results. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients with different clinical manifestations were obtained by Log Rank test, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion The criminals′ right coronary artery is a risk factor for ischemia-reperfusion injury. The presence of collateral circulation is of great significance in predicting bradyarrhythmia, short symptom-visit time, rapid arrhythmia and high total cholesterol level.
[Key words] Percutaneous coronary intervention; Ischemia reperfusion injure; Bradyarrhythmia; Tachyarrhythmia; Reperfusion hypotension
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是危及患者生命的臨床危重癥之一,目前認(rèn)為急診介入是最有效的治療手段,但可能因缺血再灌注損傷(IRI)而加重病情甚至危及生命。IRI在臨床上表現(xiàn)形式復(fù)雜、多樣,本文旨在探討發(fā)生IRI時不同表現(xiàn)形式的危險因素與預(yù)后。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年1~11月于承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院心臟內(nèi)科因STEMI于發(fā)病12 h內(nèi)接受直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療且血管完全閉塞的患者91例,依據(jù)發(fā)生IRI時不同的臨床表現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行分組:緩慢性心律失常組21例,對照1組70例;快速性心律失常組9例,對照2組82例;再灌注低血壓組28例,對照3組63例。
1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①發(fā)病12 h內(nèi)未能接受PPCI;②非完全閉塞病變;③PPCI術(shù)中或術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)死亡者。
1.3 IRI的判斷
IRI的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]:血管開通后發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重心動過緩、低血壓、頻發(fā)室性期前收縮;藥物治療和/或電復(fù)律、電除顫治療后,仍有嚴(yán)重室性心律失常。
1.4 臨床資料采集
采集患者病史、診斷、治療方案,統(tǒng)一錄入并匯總。
1.5 隨訪
出院前超聲心動圖評價。術(shù)后1、3、6、12、24、36個月電話及門診隨訪,記錄冠心病二級預(yù)防藥物使用情況、是否發(fā)生MACE事件。MACE定義:因冠心病再次住院、再發(fā)急性心肌梗死、再次血運重建、致命性心律失常、心力衰竭、腦卒中、重要臟器出血及心源性死亡。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0處理數(shù)據(jù),計量資料符合正態(tài)分布用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,計量資料符合偏態(tài)分布用中位數(shù)(M)和四分位數(shù)(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗;計數(shù)資料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗;兩組COX回歸應(yīng)用Kaplan-Meier法繪制生存曲線,Log Rank檢驗為雙側(cè)檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 緩慢性心律失常組與對照1組臨床特征比較
緩慢性心律失常組罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈、側(cè)支循環(huán)發(fā)生率高于對照1組,罪犯血管為左冠狀動脈前降支發(fā)生率低于對照1組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。根據(jù)術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果繪制生存曲線,經(jīng)Log Rank檢驗得出兩組患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲線,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2 = 2.548,P = 0.110)。見圖1。
2.2 快速性心律失常組與對照2組臨床特征比較
快速性心律失常組癥狀-就診時間早于對照2組,罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈發(fā)生率高于對照2組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。根據(jù)術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果繪制生存曲線,經(jīng)Log Rank檢驗得出兩組患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲線,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2 = 0.017,P = 0.896)。見圖2。
2.3 再灌注低血壓組與對照3組臨床特征比較
再灌注低血壓組罪犯血管為左冠狀動脈前降支發(fā)生率、射血分?jǐn)?shù)、入院24 h β受體阻滯劑及入院24 h ACEI/ARB低于對照3組,罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈發(fā)生率及總膽固醇水平高于對照3組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果繪制生存曲線,經(jīng)Log Rank檢驗得出兩組患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲線,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2 = 1.103,P = 0.294)。見圖3。
3 討論
長期以來,因IRI的嚴(yán)重性使再灌注治療被稱為雙刃劍,IRI在臨床上可表現(xiàn)為緩慢性心律失常、快速性心律失常、低血壓。目前研究認(rèn)為,IRI與氧自由基的釋放與堆積[2]、細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載[3]、線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔開放[4]、壞死心肌局部離子與電位差、炎性反應(yīng)[5-6]、兒茶酚胺釋放過多與一氧化氮釋放減少[7]有關(guān)。根據(jù)IRI表現(xiàn)形式不同考慮其發(fā)生機制與患者本身病情的特異性有關(guān),因此本研究按照IRI的不同表現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行分組,研究其危險因素與預(yù)后改變。
對于緩慢性心律失常、快速性心律失常、低血壓,罪犯血管為右冠狀動脈更常見,考慮與其為竇房結(jié)動脈、房室結(jié)動脈的主支血管,右冠狀動脈閉塞后常伴有迷走神經(jīng)興奮性增強,可表現(xiàn)為低血壓及緩慢性心律失常,同時緩慢性心律失常造成Q-T間期延長亦增加快速性心律失常風(fēng)險[8-9]。對于緩慢性心律失常,合并側(cè)支循環(huán)比例高于對照組,側(cè)支循環(huán)意味著更為嚴(yán)重、彌漫的長期、緩慢性病變。
合并快速性心律失常者發(fā)病-就診時間明顯早于對照組,目前認(rèn)為6 h為IRI的時間臨界點[10]。本研究證明,發(fā)病-就診時間快速性心律失常組早于對照2組,缺血時間過長心肌完全壞死、喪失電活動,反而不易發(fā)生IRI[11]。故早期行急診介入治療反而容易發(fā)生IRI,尤其是快速性心律失常。合并低血壓患者較對照組總膽固醇水平明顯增高,血脂增高可造成血管內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞損傷,引起冠狀動脈狹窄、阻塞;可造成血管壁彈性下降,促進(jìn)動脈硬化與血栓形成[12-13]。目前認(rèn)為,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、三酰甘油、總膽固醇均為動脈硬化的危險因素[14],本研究證實,合并低血壓患者較對照3組總膽固醇水平明顯增高。
總之,無論何種類型的IRI,患者出院后藥物治療方案及3年長期隨訪的預(yù)后均無明顯差異,提示IRI僅對發(fā)作時及圍術(shù)期造成影響[15-17],無論是否出現(xiàn)IRI,患者仍長期獲益,獲益于積極的血運重建與規(guī)范的藥物治療[18-20]。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-02? 本文編輯:李亞聰)