孫御芳 倪中亞 王莉新 朱詩國
[摘要] 惡性腫瘤是當(dāng)今世界發(fā)病率和致死率最高的疾病之一。近年來,腫瘤免疫治療作為一種靶向治療方法,其利用自身免疫系統(tǒng)誘導(dǎo)抗腫瘤效應(yīng),現(xiàn)備受關(guān)注。自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞是具有多種免疫功能的淋巴細(xì)胞,是天然免疫中的重要一員。NK細(xì)胞可以通過細(xì)胞毒作用及免疫調(diào)節(jié)直接或間接殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,在腫瘤免疫監(jiān)視中發(fā)揮著重要作用。但惡性腫瘤中存在著多種機制來逃避NK細(xì)胞的識別及殺傷,導(dǎo)致腫瘤免疫逃逸。因此,如何恢復(fù)和增強NK細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤作用尤為重要。在惡性腫瘤的治療中,中醫(yī)藥可以調(diào)節(jié)包括NK細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的多種免疫細(xì)胞功能。本文就腫瘤細(xì)胞如何逃逸NK細(xì)胞免疫監(jiān)視及中醫(yī)藥對NK細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 自然殺傷細(xì)胞;免疫監(jiān)視;腫瘤免疫逃逸;中醫(yī)藥
[中圖分類號] R273 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)10(a)-0052-04
Tumor immune escape from NK cells and immunomodulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine on NK cells
SUN Yufang ? NI Zhongya ? WANG Lixin ? ZHU Shiguo
Department of Immunology and Pathogens, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai ? 201203, China
[Abstract] Malignant tumers are one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. In recent years, tumor immunotherapy as a targeted therapy using its own immune system to induce anti-tumor effects has attracted more and more attention. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphoid cells with a variety of immunological functions. They are important members of natural immunity. NK cells can directly or indirectly kill tumor cells through cytotoxicity and immune regulation, and play an important role in immune surveillance. However, there are many mechanisms in many malignant tumors to help the tumor escape the recognition and killing of NK cells, leading to immune escape. Therefore, how to restore and enhance the anti-tumor effect of NK cells is particularly important. Traditional Chinese medicine can regulate a variety of immune cell functions in the treatment of malignant tumors. This article reviews how tumor cells escape NK cells immune surveillance and the regulation of NK cells by traditional Chinese medicine.
[Key words] Natural killer cells; Immune surveillance; Tumor immune escape; Traditional Chinese medicine
2018全球癌癥統(tǒng)計報告[1]顯示,2018年新增癌癥患者1810萬,死亡患者950萬。惡性腫瘤已成為嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康的疾病之一。傳統(tǒng)的腫瘤治療方法如手術(shù)、化療、放療等雖然可以有效地根除原位瘤,但并不能有效地抑制腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)[2]。腫瘤免疫治療作為近年來新興的腫瘤治療手段因其治療效果好、副作用低等優(yōu)勢而備受關(guān)注。自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cell,NK細(xì)胞)作為機體固有免疫的主要效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮免疫監(jiān)視作用。然而,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤患者體內(nèi)NK細(xì)胞功能受損,腫瘤細(xì)胞會通過不同的機制來逃逸NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視。因此,提升NK活性將成為基于NK細(xì)胞腫瘤免疫治療的重中之重。中醫(yī)藥歷史悠久,在多種惡性腫瘤的治療中均能增強機體免疫細(xì)胞的功能與應(yīng)答。本文就腫瘤細(xì)胞如何逃逸NK細(xì)胞免疫監(jiān)視及中醫(yī)藥對NK細(xì)胞抗腫瘤效應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)作用進(jìn)行綜述。
1 NK細(xì)胞的識別與殺傷機制
NK細(xì)胞是人體固有免疫細(xì)胞,占外周血淋巴細(xì)胞的10%~15%,NK細(xì)胞是否處于活化狀態(tài)主要取決于NK細(xì)胞表面激活型受體或抑制型受體表達(dá)水平的動態(tài)平衡。當(dāng)激活型受體信號占主導(dǎo)地位時,NK細(xì)胞即被活化。活化后的NK細(xì)胞主要通過以下幾種方式殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞:①釋放穿孔素和顆粒酶使腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡;②死亡受體介導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。NK細(xì)胞可表達(dá)腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)家族的配體,這些配體會和腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)的Fas和TRAIL受體結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡;③分泌一些效應(yīng)因子,如TNF-α、γ干擾素(IFN-γ)等;④通過表達(dá)CD16激活抗體依賴的細(xì)胞毒作用消除腫瘤細(xì)胞[3]。
2 NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視作用及腫瘤免疫逃逸
2.1 NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視功能
NK細(xì)胞在腫瘤免疫監(jiān)視中發(fā)揮重要作用,可聯(lián)合其他適應(yīng)性免疫細(xì)胞增強抗腫瘤免疫效應(yīng)[4-5]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)去除NK細(xì)胞會增加甲基膽蒽(MCA)誘導(dǎo)的肉瘤的發(fā)生率,提示NK細(xì)胞可參與到腫瘤細(xì)胞的消除[6]。O′Sullivan等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)與RAG2-/-小鼠(缺乏T、B淋巴細(xì)胞)比較,RAG2-/-γc-/-小鼠(缺乏T、B淋巴細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞)中MCA誘導(dǎo)的肉瘤發(fā)生率更高。Bottos等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)JAK/STAT抑制劑可通過抑制NK細(xì)胞活性進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。
2.2 腫瘤細(xì)胞逃逸NK細(xì)胞識別的免疫機制
NK細(xì)胞具有重要的免疫監(jiān)視作用,但仍有大量腫瘤細(xì)胞可以通過各種途徑逃逸NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視。其中,NK細(xì)胞的識別缺失是造成腫瘤免疫逃逸的主要機制。惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞上雖然表達(dá)NK激活型受體相關(guān)配體,但其可通過金屬蛋白酶介導(dǎo)的剪切等方式從腫瘤細(xì)胞表面脫落,進(jìn)而形成可溶性配體,其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤分期、轉(zhuǎn)移及不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[9-11]。與此同時,可溶性配體與相關(guān)受體結(jié)合導(dǎo)致脫敏和內(nèi)化,可降低NK細(xì)胞的活性。例如,可溶性的NKG2D配體可通過多種途徑來抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答,最主要的一種機制為可溶性的NKG2D配體下調(diào)激活型受體NKG2D的表達(dá)致NK細(xì)胞無能化[12]。NKp30是NK細(xì)胞另一激活型受體,Reiners等[13]在慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。–LL)患者的血液中發(fā)現(xiàn)可溶性BAG6配體,并隨著病程的進(jìn)展其表達(dá)水平增高,晚期患者的水平最高。可溶性BAG6配體會減少活化性受體NKp30的表達(dá),抑制NK細(xì)胞對CLL的殺傷。此外,腫瘤細(xì)胞另一種免疫逃逸策略是基于NK細(xì)胞抑制信號的增強。在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),與抑制性KIR受體結(jié)合的MHC-Ⅰ類分子的表達(dá)上調(diào)可抑制NK細(xì)胞效應(yīng)功能[14]。肝癌患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)人類白細(xì)胞抗原E(HLA-E)的高水平表達(dá),腫瘤內(nèi)浸潤的NK細(xì)胞尤其是CD56dim NK細(xì)胞則高水平表達(dá)NK細(xì)胞表面受體NKG2A,引起NK細(xì)胞功能受損,誘導(dǎo)NK細(xì)胞耗竭[15]。
2.3 免疫抑制因子對NK細(xì)胞的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用
在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中,腫瘤細(xì)胞及其微環(huán)境會釋放出多種免疫抑制因子來逃逸NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視。轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)是NK細(xì)胞抗腫瘤應(yīng)答的主要抑制因子之一,在多種腫瘤患者的血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)TGF-β的含量較正常人體高。TGF-β激活TGF-β RI/Ⅱ下游的Smad2和Smad3信號分子,下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子T-bet和E4BP4來抑制NK細(xì)胞IFN-γ的產(chǎn)生[16]。TGF-β通過減少顆粒酶和穿孔素抑制NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性,并下調(diào)幾種活化受體,從而抑制NK細(xì)胞識別表達(dá)其同源配體的腫瘤細(xì)胞。更重要的是,TGF-β對NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)和細(xì)胞毒性具有急性作用,僅暴露在TGF-β幾小時后可觀察到原代NK細(xì)胞功能受到抑制[17]。
吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶(IDO)主要從兩個方面參與NK細(xì)胞的免疫抑制:①誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg),Treg細(xì)胞是抑制性的免疫細(xì)胞,可抑制T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞功能。②色氨酸經(jīng)IDO代謝分解之后的代謝產(chǎn)物為L-犬尿氨酸(L-kynurenine),L-犬尿氨酸可以下調(diào)激活型受體NKp46以及NKG2D的表達(dá)。除去L-犬尿氨酸時,NK細(xì)胞功能恢復(fù)正常[18]。使用廣譜的Caspase抑制劑、Fas拮抗劑及抗氧化劑時,NK細(xì)胞無凋亡現(xiàn)象,也可能成為新的提升NK細(xì)胞免疫監(jiān)視的方法[19]。
前列腺素E2(PGE2)是一種生長和調(diào)節(jié)因子,在多種黑色素瘤中可以下調(diào)NK細(xì)胞主要的激活型受體,導(dǎo)致NK細(xì)胞無能,促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。Park等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺腫瘤患者分泌的PGE2可以抑制NK細(xì)胞成熟并通過下調(diào)激活型受體NKp30、NKp44死亡受體腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAIL)的表達(dá)來降低NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞溶解活性。
2.4 免疫抑制細(xì)胞對NK細(xì)胞的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用
腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生免疫逃逸后,免疫抑制細(xì)胞對NK細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步抑制。髓源性抑制細(xì)胞(MDSCs)是未成熟的骨髓細(xì)胞,是免疫抑制和腫瘤免疫逃逸最重要的參與者之一,大部分MDSCs可上調(diào)誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和精氨酸酶的表達(dá)。近期發(fā)現(xiàn)MDSCs對NK細(xì)胞還存在一種新的抑制方式:MDSCs通過釋放NO抑制NK細(xì)胞Fc受體介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴細(xì)胞毒性、細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等功能,抵消單克隆抗體的治療效應(yīng)。在乳腺癌小鼠中非特異清除MDSCs或抑制iNOS可顯著改善單克隆抗體的治療效果[21]。
腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(TAMs)是在腫瘤局部異常豐富的一種炎癥細(xì)胞。腫瘤細(xì)胞剛開始形成時,TAMs會轉(zhuǎn)化為M1型巨噬細(xì)胞并產(chǎn)生抗腫瘤效應(yīng);隨著病程進(jìn)展又會轉(zhuǎn)變成為M2型巨噬細(xì)胞,分泌白介素-10(IL-10)、TGF-β和蛋白水解酶重塑細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)環(huán)境,耗竭成熟的NK細(xì)胞[22],降低脫顆粒效應(yīng)和IFN-γ的產(chǎn)生[23]。
腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞(CAFs)可以釋放TGF-β抑制NK細(xì)胞活性,Balsamo等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)黑色素瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞可以通過釋放PGE2抑制NK細(xì)胞激活型受體NKp30和NKp44的表達(dá)。在肝癌中,CAFs則通過產(chǎn)生PGE2和IDO導(dǎo)致NK細(xì)胞功能紊亂[25]。
3 中醫(yī)藥對NK細(xì)胞抗腫瘤效應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)作用
腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生免疫逃逸后,如何恢復(fù)NK細(xì)胞的識別和效應(yīng)功能對于建立機體抗腫瘤免疫能力至關(guān)重要,也是腫瘤免疫治療的主要目標(biāo)之一?,F(xiàn)階段增強NK細(xì)胞活性的方法主要有以下幾種:①過繼性NK細(xì)胞療法;②基于NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒作用(ADCC)功能抗體治療;③免疫檢查點阻斷劑;④細(xì)胞因子治療;⑤嵌合抗原受體(CAR)修飾的NK細(xì)胞療法等[26]。中醫(yī)藥是我國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué),可以有效延長惡性腫瘤患者的生存期,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。多種治療方法均能增強包括NK細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的免疫細(xì)胞功能,達(dá)到抑制腫瘤生長、轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)的功效[27]。
3.1 中醫(yī)藥直接增強NK細(xì)胞的殺傷功能
很多研究已報道中藥可通過多種方式直接增強NK細(xì)胞抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。龔貴香等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)補氣健脾給藥組患者體內(nèi)的NK細(xì)胞活性比對照組患者體內(nèi)的NK細(xì)胞活性增加,生存質(zhì)量得到改善。蘭紅云等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)在黑色素瘤B16介導(dǎo)的小鼠肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移模型中,黃芪干預(yù)后可上調(diào)IL-17D,增強肺部NK細(xì)胞的募集。IL-17D促進(jìn)趨化因子CXCL9和細(xì)胞因子IL-15的表達(dá),增強NK細(xì)胞的抗轉(zhuǎn)移效應(yīng)。從沙苑子中提取出的黃酮類化合物可以增強NK-92細(xì)胞的增殖能力,可以上調(diào)激活型受體NKG2D及NKp44,刺激NK細(xì)胞分泌IFN-γ,進(jìn)而提升抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[30]。Houh等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)青蒿素可以增強NK-92細(xì)胞和人原代NK細(xì)胞脫顆粒效應(yīng),繼而激活NK細(xì)胞激活型受體信號的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。
3.2 中醫(yī)藥抑制腫瘤免疫逃逸恢復(fù)NK細(xì)胞抗腫瘤效應(yīng)
中醫(yī)藥對于腫瘤逃逸NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視機制也進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究。Luo等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)玉屏風(fēng)散增強lewis肺癌小鼠中腫瘤浸潤的NK細(xì)胞,增加脾臟的NK細(xì)胞數(shù)量,降低腫瘤微環(huán)境中NK免疫抑制因子TGF-β、IDO及IL-10,進(jìn)而增強NK細(xì)胞對腫瘤的殺傷活性。Yao等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)植物米仔蘭的單體——楝酰胺可抑制自噬關(guān)鍵基因ULK1的蛋白翻譯,阻斷非小細(xì)胞肺癌發(fā)生自噬,進(jìn)而恢復(fù)NK細(xì)胞顆粒酶B的水平及抗腫瘤活性。Lian等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)柚皮素可以顯著抑制黑色素瘤和肺癌中Smad3的翻譯和磷酸化,恢復(fù)Smad7的表達(dá),從而抑制TGF-β1的功能,達(dá)到恢復(fù)NK細(xì)胞活性的目的。
4 結(jié)語與展望
NK細(xì)胞是機體主要的、固有的免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之一,在免疫監(jiān)視中的地位顯著。已有臨床及臨床前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NK細(xì)胞具有良好的腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答能力[35]。但是腫瘤細(xì)胞及所處的微環(huán)境會提供多種逃逸NK細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視功能的途徑,促進(jìn)惡性腫瘤的形成。中醫(yī)藥從整體角度出發(fā),對患者的腫瘤細(xì)胞及腫瘤所處的微環(huán)境具有調(diào)節(jié)作用,可增強免疫細(xì)胞功能。無論是中藥復(fù)方、單味中藥或是中藥提取物、中藥單體對NK細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和活性都具有增強效應(yīng),可以達(dá)到更好的治療效果。但是,目前中醫(yī)藥關(guān)于腫瘤細(xì)胞逃逸NK細(xì)胞免疫監(jiān)視機制的研究較少,鑒于此中醫(yī)藥對這些抑制因素的調(diào)節(jié)作用將會成為今后的研究方向之一,也進(jìn)一步將祖國醫(yī)學(xué)和基于NK細(xì)胞的腫瘤免疫治療更加緊密的聯(lián)系在一起。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-01 ?本文編輯:任 ? 念)